Could 2 People Actually Repopulate Earth

So, there they are, Aiden and Ellie, the only  survivors to have not succumbed to the apocalypse.   Still in their late teens, the two are  in their prime, at least when it comes to   making babies. The good news is they have the hots  for each other, but can they repopulate the Earth?  You all know that there’s a version of human  history that involves two folks getting it on   and kicking off mankind. Those two  star-struck lovers were Adam and Eve,   a couple that made the Garden of Eden their home.  We’re not exactly sure what kind of food they   had to sustain their lives in the garden, but  probably a bit more than the forbidden fruit.  As for Aiden and Ellie, there is  plenty of food on their lonely planet.   The old blue ball didn’t get whacked by an  asteroid or anything similarly cataclysmic.   It was forward-thinking artificial  intelligence that wiped everyone out,   but then it destroyed itself just before  it could finish off the last two humans.  The animals were still around. The AI was  programmed to ensure the sustainability of   the Earth at any cost, and then it figured out  that humans were going to destroy the planet,   so the only rational thing to do was to  destroy all humans. Yeah, whoever developed   that program sure upset a lot of folks. For the first couple of months,   Aiden and Ellie didn’t really think much  about starting mankind again. They spent   much of their time hanging out in rich people’s  houses and driving fast cars. Ellie almost drove   into a tree one day, and after that, the  couple decided not to take too many risks.   There was some serious business to take care of. Thankfully, they lived in Los Angeles, California,   which having a mild climate meant the couple  didn’t have anything to fear from a brutal   winter and the fact there was no electricity.  Let’s just say that while the apocalypse was a   bit of a downer, these two got very lucky  in terms of their chances of survival.  They also had the added bonus of not  being related. That’s a good thing   because studies have shown that when children  are born from folks who are related there’s a   higher rate of infant mortality. Even if the kids  survive, there’s a much higher chance that those   kids will be born with some kind of defect. Nonetheless, Ellie and Aiden’s offspring might   be born healthy, but what about the offspring’s  offspring? Now we run into difficulties.  In a study undertaken in Czechoslovakia  between the years 1933 and 1970,   scientists looked at the children of parents  who were first-degree relatives. First-degree   is someone in your direct family. Procreating with  these people isn’t generally a cool thing to do.   Even if first cousins get it on, the offspring  has double the chance of having a birth defect.  In that study, the kids who were born  to first-degree parents didn’t have   great outcomes. 40 percent of them had  very severe disabilities. 14 percent   of them died because of their disabilities. We have a very good real-life example of this,   featuring a man you might think was trying  to increase the population of his country.   That man was King Chulalongkorn of  Thailand, who ruled from 1868 to 1910. This guy did a lot of good things  in terms of modernizing his country,   and he was also a formidable  baby-maker, just as his father had been.  That father was King Mongkut,  who had 82 children in total. One of them was Chulalongkorn.  Following in his daddy’s footsteps,   Chulalongkorn had a lot of wives, consorts,  and concubines, adding up to 116 women in   total. To keep the bloodline pure, several of  his partners with whom he had children were   actually his half-sisters. Back in those days,  it still wasn’t clear how bad inbreeding was.  But the proof soon became evident  in the pudding, so to speak.  He had a kid with a half-sister named Daksinajar  Naradhirajbutri. It died just hours after it was   born. He had eight kids with half-sister Savang  Vadhana. One of them lived for just three days and   most of them didn’t make it to adulthood. Vadhana  herself lived until the ripe old age of 93.   She was the product of inbreeding. In fact, if you research what happened   to his 77 children, you see that many, and we  are talking many, didn’t live very long at all.   A lot of them died when they were barely  out of their fancy infant clothes. Many others died in their twenties and thirties. European royalty was also into keeping things in  the family to ensure the bloodline was pure and   also to make certain money and property stayed  with the family after someone passed away.   European inbreeding in royal families was very  evident in the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Offspring   were often weak and sickly, and there was also  the now-famous deformity called the Hapsburg jaw. The internet might have been down in Aiden and  Ellie’s brave new world, but they did have access   to books and libraries, and being the prudent  folks they were, they read up on inbreeding.  After going through a few books on the matter,  they were rightfully afraid their kids’ kids   would bite the dust just as soon as they let out  that first primal scream or perhaps spend their   short lives hobbling around while carrying  a jaw that would put Desperate Dan to shame. The couple also read about the Colt family in  Australia and the marriage between June and Jim. In short, June was the child of a brother and  sister. She married Jim Colt. They were in New   Zealand at the time. They had seven kids of  their own and moved to Australia. More kids   were born once those kids were old enough to  have children, but the Colts didn’t stray much   farther than their own home, if you get what  we mean. The children were born through incest.  A lot of the kids had defects, and some seemed  a little mentally deranged and did things like   hurt animals. Many were very sickly and prone to  disease. Incest wasn’t working out very well for   the family. When an investigator found them,  he said it was “like nothing I've ever seen.”  This story sent shivers down Aiden and Ellie’s  spines, with both of them just sitting for a   while in the library thinking about a team  of kids running around with fungal feet   trying to set cows on fire. But did it have to be that   way? That’s the big question today. Some, not many, of King Chulalongkorn’s   children that he had with his sisters went on to  have fairly normal lives, although admittedly it’s   hard to find kids who lived past the age of 40. Aiden and Ellie were now certain that a small   gene pool was going to lead to a future  offspring of physically and mentally   ill kids once their own children started  procreating. But what choice did they have?  They had one kid, a boy, and named him Carl.  Then they had another kid and they named him   Asher. Damn, they thought, two boys. Then Carl  accidentally killed Asher when they were fighting   over toys, after which Ellie and Aiden had a  third child and named him Sebastian. Another boy!  With not much to do, these two last adult  humans just kept pumping out kid after kid,   as many in fact as was possible given Ellie’s  natural aging process. The kids for the most   part grew up fine, but the kids’ kids  were a different matter altogether.  Let’s us explain something now, before we get  to the strange case of the extended family.  You’ve heard of that thing called DNA. Well, it  has packaged into it 23 pairs of chromosomes.   Within every chromosome, there are hundreds  of thousands of genes. It’s these things   that will determine human characteristics,  such as hair color, but some of them are   also bad to the bone, sometimes literally. Every gene has a couple of copies and they   are called alleles. When two people have a  child, they pass on one pair to the child.  There are dominant and recessive genes,  too. If one pair of genes is dominant,   you will have the trait of that  gene when it’s passed on to you.   With recessive genes, it is different, because  you need both pairs of genes to gain the trait.  For example, the gene for brown eyes is dominant,  so if you get that you will have brown eyes.   But for blues eyes, it is different, because that  gene is recessive. You’d need both recessive genes   to get blue eyes. In this case, both your  parents passed on blue-eyed pairs of genes,   but if one of your parents had the  brown-eyed gene, you’d get brown eyes.  Importantly, though, as you know, not all  children get the same DNA from their parents   unless they are twins. You get 50 percent of  your DNA from both parents, making 100 percent.  Now, imagine that DNA, say, from your mom was  half a pack of cards. When the next child is born,   the pack is shuffled, so that the next child  doesn’t get the same DNA with all the same genes.   But, if there were lots of children and  you kept shuffling the pack, at some point   some sets of genes will look similar to  another child’s. This is important to know   as we go along with the Ellie and Aiden story. The good news is that many defective traits   are carried in recessive genes. This is  great, because they aren’t very common,   and to get that harmful trait, you’ll have  to get a pair of them. This is exactly why   it is good to play the field with strangers. Ok, that’s a joke, but if your parents are related   there is a more chance they carry some defective  gene, and in that case, the child might get a pair   and one thing leads to another and a child is  born with a chin that looks like an old boot.   If there are generations all from the same gene  pool, at some point even with all the shuffling,   some bad genes might match up. The Hapsburg, Charles II of Spain,   was the man famous for his chin. It took  generations of inbreeding to make him like that. In fact, he was born with scores of defects  and disabilities which made his life hell.   After many years of suffering, he died aged 38.  Just to give you an idea of what can go wrong,   here’s what his autopsy report said: “Heart was the size of a peppercorn;   his lungs corroded; his intestines rotten  and gangrenous; he had a single testicle,   black as coal, and his head was full of water.” When Ellie read that she fainted on the spot just   thinking about future generations of her family.  The first thing that came to mind was a grandkid   of hers looking like a character from a movie  she’d watched as a kid called “The Toxic Avenger.” But then one day she was reading another book,  and something improved her grim mood. She read   the lines, “The evidence for the short-term  effects of low genetic diversity is very strong,   but all these things are probabilistic. There  are stories of incredible journeys back from   the brink - anything is possible.” You can get very lucky playing cards.  Ellie tried to translate that in laymen’s terms  and came to the conclusion that if she and Aiden   knocked out enough kids and those kids knocked  out enough kids then despite the fact there   will be lots of challenges (cow burning even)  some of the kids could possibly flourish and   the future of mankind could be in the bag. Ellie’s hair eventually turned a shade of   gray and at that time her beloved husband was a  formidable farmer. Things didn’t seem too bad,   but some of her grandkids had lives  that were, as one of her favorite   writers would have put it, “nasty and short”. She and Aiden had 10 sons, 18 daughters, in total.   They in turn had kids with each other,  because that’s just how things had to be.   Evolution actually wants us to be attracted to  people who are genetically different from us,   but the future of mankind demanded  they make do with each other.  Ellie was still worried, having read that there is  more chance of defects the more inbreeding takes   place, such as what happened to the Hapsburgs. If  only Ellie knew what genes all her grandkids had,   she could safely match them so children weren’t  born unhealthy, but that wasn’t possible.  She had a reason for some optimism though  when she read about the people of the   small island called Pingelap, who lived far  from the busy world in the western Pacific. These people were almost wiped out in the  18th century when a typhoon struck the island,   but 20 of them survived. They flourished  after, even though a recessive gene   ensured that many years later a tenth of the  island was afflicted with color-blindness.  The thing was, this disorder, called complete  achromatopsia, was thought to have come   from one man. But it didn’t show up in the  population until the fourth generation. But still,   not everyone got it. This made Ellie happy. She sat there with the book in her hand and   with one of her granddaughters crying from a crib  nearby, she repeated those words in her mind,   “Anything is possible, anything is possible.” We are going to bounce back, she said under her   breath in a determined voice, even though  out of the corner of her eye she glimpsed   one of her less successful by-products giggling  while throwing an aerosol can into a small fire.  There was a long way to go yet, and what’s  called the “Founder effect” was in full   swing – meaning a profound lack of genetic  diversity as generations interbreed. Still,   while Ellie’s family admittedly all looked  very similar, she held out hope that in   generations to come there would be natural  mutations and some diversity would occur.  Since Aiden in those days seemed only  interested in tending to his vegetables   and cattle – he’d become so distant –  Ellie read more and more. In some ways,   they were a perfect couple, with she being the  academic one and he being so good with his hands.  One day Ellie told Aiden that there were instances  in history in which animals likely created entire   populations after starting as pairs. They were  eating when she looked at him and shouted “rats!”.  “What?” replied Aiden, feeling confused. She told  him a single pair of rats started a population   on some island and the rats thrived. He  then gave her a familiar look and said,   “Don’t tell me you read that on one of those  printouts from that old website, Quora.”  Ellie went quiet and returned to her  room, where she read the printout again.   It said, “Starlings in North America  originated from just 60 individuals;   there are a couple hundred million of them now,  most of which are nearly genetically identical.”  That seemed like good news, but she understood  that a “small population” was different   from the last two. She couldn’t find any examples  in her books when an animal species had gone down   to the last pair and then started up again. Ellie died first. She was 93. Aiden, 92,   held her hand as she drifted into the great  unknown. At her side were all her kids,   grandkids, and great-grandkids. One of them,  known as “Chinny” to the rest, made her moan   in distress just before passing away. The poor  kid had just put some broken glass in his mouth.  But she remembered some words written by a  scientist back in 2015. “If the whole world were   founded by two people, you would have to get lucky  in the genetic lottery many times.” Ellie and   Aiden might have been lucky, but as Ellie took her  dying breath she just couldn’t know. Surrounded   by all those faces, things didn’t look too bad. Nonetheless, she knew things could take a turn   for the worst, and she also knew that a  long time ago some researchers had said   you’d probably need 98 unrelated humans  to repopulate a planet, but there she was,   looking at people who had come from her and Aiden. So, could it happen, really, the repopulation of   the planet from these two? The answer is yes,  it could, maybe, but as those scientists said,   there would have to be a lot of luck. Perhaps if it did happen, thousands of years   later no one would believe the story of Ellie and  Aiden, the avid reader and the cabbage patch kid.  The reality is, scientists aren’t  sure how we evolved at the beginning,   but they certainly don’t think it all kicked  off with two randy people in the Garden of Eden.  They know there were different types of humans  (the homo genus) hanging about in Africa around   a couple of million years ago, such as Homo  habilis (handyman), Homo erectus (upright man),   and then it took quite a while for the  presence of Homo sapiens, uptight man.   Just kidding. It can be translated as wise man. Before homo sapiens, the oldest form of humans   mated with newer kinds of humans, such  as homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals).   Neanderthals and modern humans also mated.  So, in short, it wasn’t as if there was only   a very small gene pool when things started. With that in mind, we can’t look at the case   of Ellie and Aiden and compare it with something  from the past. We can only hypothesize that if two   people were left alone on the planet they might  be able to fill it up again. It’s a long shot,   but Ellie and Aiden at least tried. After that, you really should watch   “Why It Would Suck To Live Through The End  Of The Universe.” Or, have a look at...

Channel: The Infographics Show

Views: 6,746,541

Keywords:

Id: Z83I2tz5UzM

Length: 13min 58sec (838 seconds)

Published: Wed Dec 22 2021

Reddit Comments

[u/Cthulhu_Cometh]

If it's me and your mom, hell yes.

[u/OrangePufferJacket]

There shall be a subspecies of the homo sapiens called homo sapiens incestus

[u/Odd_Condition_4161]

Well technically yes, but there would be A LOT of incest (bible like)