CENTRAL DOGMA: FROM DNA TO PROTEINS 🧬💡

[Music] thank you in order for our bodies to function we need to supply them with a variety of nutrients we get from our diet our bodies cannot use the food as it is when it enters our digestive system the process of chemical digestion uses different proteins and enzymes to break down the food particles into usable nutrients our cells can absorb and where are the instructions to manufacture these and all the different types of proteins we need to stay alive the instructions to make proteins are contained in our DNA DNA contains genes a gene is a continuous string of nucleotides containing a region that codes for an RNA molecule this region begins with a promoter and ends in a Terminator genes also contain regulatory sequences that can be found near the promoter or at a more distant location for some genes the encoded RNA is used to synthesize a protein in a process called gene expression for these genes expression can be divided into two processes transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells transcription occurs in the nucleus where DNA is used as a template to make messenger RNA then in Translation which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell the information contained in the messenger RNA is used to make a polypeptide during transcription the DNA in the gene is used as a template to make a messenger RNA strand with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase this process occurs in three stages initiation elongation and termination during initiation the promoter region of the gene functions as a recognition site for RNA polymerase to bind this is where the majority of gene expression is controlled by either permitting or blocking access to this site by the RNA polymerase binding causes the DNA double helix to unwind and open then during elongation the RNA polymerase slides along the template DNA strand as the complementary bases pair up the RNA polymerase links nucleotides to the three prime end of the growing RNA molecule once the RNA polymerase reaches the Terminator portion of the gene the messenger RNA transcript is complete and the RNA polymerase the DNA strand and the messenger RNA transcript dissociate from each other the strand of messenger RNA that is made during transcription includes regions called exons that code for a protein and non-coding sections called introns in order for the messenger RNA to be used in Translation the non-coding introns need to be removed and modifications such as a five Prime cap and a three-prime poly a tail are added this process is called intron splicing and is performed by a complex made up of proteins and RNA called a spliceosome this complex removes the intron segments and joins the adjacent exons to produce a mature messenger RNA strand that can leave the nucleus through a nuclear pore and enter the cytoplasm to begin translation how is the information in the mature messenger RNA strand translated into a protein the nitrogenous bases are grouped into three letter codes called codons the genetic code includes 64 codons most codons code for specific amino acids there are four special codons one that codes for start and three that code for stop translation begins with the messenger RNA strand binding to the small ribosomal subunit Upstream of the start codon each amino acid is brought to the ribosome by a specific Transfer RNA molecule the type of amino acid is determined by the anticodon sequence of the transfer RNA complementary base pairing occurs between the codon of the messenger RNA and the anticodon of the transfer RNA after the initiator transfer RNA molecule binds to the start codon the large ribosomal subunit binds to form the translation complex and initiation is complete in the large ribosomal subunit there are three distinct regions called the e p and a sites during elongation individual amino acids are brought to the messenger RNA strand by a transfer RNA molecule through complementary base pairing of the codons and anticodons each anticodon of a transfer RNA molecule corresponds to a particular amino acid a Charged Transfer RNA molecule binds to the a site and a peptide bond forms between its amino acid and the one attached to the transfer RNA molecule at the P site the complex slides down one codon to the right where the now uncharged Transfer RNA molecule exits from the e site and the a site is open to accept the next Transfer RNA molecule elongation will continue until a stop codon is reached a release Factor binds to the a site at a stop codon and the polypeptide is released from the transfer RNA in the P site the entire complex dissociates and can reassemble to begin the process again at initiation the purpose of translation is to produce polypeptides quickly and accurately after dissociation the polypeptide may need to be modified before it is ready to function modifications take place in different organelles for different proteins in order for a digestive enzyme to be secreted into the stomach or intestines the polypeptide is translated into the endoplasmic reticulum modified as it passes through the Golgi then secreted using a vesicle through the plasma membrane of the cell into the Lumen of the digestive tract proteins are needed for most physiological functions of the body to occur properly such as breaking down food particles and digestion and the processes of transcription and translation make the production of proteins possible [Music] thank you

Channel: Biotech Made Easy

Views: 103,152

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Id: GdF7BX58H4I

Length: 7min 45sec (465 seconds)

Published: Mon Jan 16 2023