Black Hole Discoveries and Experiments - 3 Hour Compilation

so today we're going to be using space engine and I just wanted to briefly discuss one of the papers that Stephen Hawking's wrote and published online back in 2014 and the paper that's actually creating a lot of discussion amongst scientists who study black holes and considering the fact that Stephen Hawking is essentially the mastermind of black hole studies black hole sciences and he basically is the person who described him in a lot of detail it does take or it does mean to us that we need to actually consider this hypothesis in a lot of seriousness so what exactly is he speculating well let's actually talk about black holes a little bit more before we talk about what he proposed we're actually going to go into slightly different simulation here specifically one that doesn't look as gloomy anna's terrifying as the one you just saw this is actually a randomly or procedurally generated system that has two black holes one really small one only about four masses of the sun that's the one we're actually headed toward very very tiny in size but super super powerful and super strong and at this point we're so close to that will probably be shredded into little pieces and died a horrible horrible death and there's another one here nearby that is a lot more massive it's it has a mass of about 18,000 masses of our Sun and we can discover it or we can actually find it by going a little bit farther away from here and just watching things move around these unusual dark areas of space which are of course black holes so that's accelerate time a little bit until we see stars move and we're going to discover the area of space here where is going to be the most motion there's actually quite a lot of stars in this system and all of them are going to be spectacular we move around the black hole that has the most mass here so here's how we're going to discover it now you may kind of notice that everything seems to be orbiting around this area so this is where we're going to go this is probably where the black hole actually is and even though we don't see it just yet going to appear any seconds as soon as we kind of see the center of motion of these stars and this is actually how we've discovered the supermassive black hole at the center of our own galaxy as well now this is not a galaxy what you're actually seeing and the reason you've seen so many stars is because we are in the middle of a globular cluster that often has these medium-sized black holes in them and though it's actually kind of difficult to see the actual black hole it's right there this is I had to cheat a little bit this is where it is it's in this particular region so we're going to slow down and go check it out in a little bit more detail by basically approaching it and waiting for it to load and while we're moving toward it so what is it that Stephen Hawking is talking about and why is it he proposed in a completely new representation of a black hole so when it comes to black holes there is actually something known as information paradox when we talk about black holes you may already know that you know it's something that prevents light from escaping basically it has something called event horizon and things that enter this event horizon a term I'm about to approach never really access so basically here's the event horizon if you cross this according to modern theories you will never be able to come back and everything that falls into the event horizon kind of sort of gets destroyed and disappears but this by itself has a bit of a concern one such concern is actually the fact that we believe that information can be just destroyed so you can't just disappear as a matter of fact information has to be always available somewhere and according to Einstein himself he said that if you were to cross the event horizon of a black hole you shouldn't even feel anything you shouldn't even see anything you shouldn't be able to feel what he just felt and so what this suggests is that well it seems that event horizon is a bit of a problem now it would create a problem of information being destroyed and it cannot be just destroyed it cannot be just not available to us anymore it can just disappear and so for this reason some scientists suggested that there is something called the firewall basically as you approach the black hole you essentially experience this tremendous amount of energy bursting toward you that kind of burns your life and that sort of kills you and that's energy comes from this information that was previously absorbed by the black hole but what Stephen Hawking proposed in 2014 is something a little bit different as a matter of fact it's something completely different it's completely and totally gets rid of the idea of the event horizon in other words this black hole literally the black hole that you see on the screen right now according to him does not exist it doesn't even look like this he proposes that there is something called apparent horizon basically it's this area here where information kind of gets stuck on the surface and as you enter this you wouldn't feel anything you wouldn't even see the black hole but you basically kind of get stuck right here on the surface of this apparent horizon and all the information that enters black hole stays here until it gets released as what we know today as basically Hawking radiation this is a type of energy that he proposed is emitted from black holes and one of the reasons we now today believe that black holes actually actually dissipate and disappear so in other words as you enter the black hole you kind of don't feel anything get stuck right here on the horizon you obviously probably get destroyed but all of the information that came with you is then released through other energy in a very chaotic manner now it doesn't mean that you can just enter an exit because when you're released as a different type of energy it's so very very randomized it's so very chaotic so it's kind of like trying to predict whether months ahead you can never really predict it because it's so chaotic so it's the same sort of situation here and so what he actually suggested that when you are observing black holes instead of seeing event horizon what you might see is what's known as an apparent horizon full of this very interesting holographic storage of information so essentially black holes store like tremendous tremendous amounts of information that came into them through billions and billions of years now whether we can use this one day is still a question obviously and whether this is really is also a question but if he's right this actually creates a very very different view of how we perceive black holes today now some sciences disagree with him obviously and some scientists propose other things like for example they actually suggest that this apparent horizon doesn't explain everything about information paradox and they also suggest that firewall is still a better explanation but some scientists even suggest that okay maybe it's not apparent horizon maybe it's not a holographic representation maybe is that all black holes are actually connected to wormholes so as you enter a black hole you then sort of exit somewhere else in the universe or possibly even a completely different universe so that's just some of the other explanations I've tried to explain this information paradox so today we still don't really know what the actual answer is but for now that's the best explanation from the mind behind black holes Stephen Hawking but anyway that's really all I want to talk about in this video and I kind I wanted to present this new explanation for event horizon or basically the lack of event horizon that is unofficially now supported by Stephen Hawking so whether he's right or not we might not know for a while because even if we look at the black hole in a near future we'll won't really see anything different and we'll definitely not be able to tell if there is event horizon or if there's apparent horizon because it would probably look kind of similar from a distance and so unfortunately things can kind of froze here and looks like my computer cannot process this right now so we're going to have to create a completely new simulation and so let's start a new simulation here and what we're going to do is we're going to place the largest black hole right in the center here and we're going to actually make it a little bit more realistic so the largest black hole in the game is not actually same size as the largest black hole in real life the largest according to some of the articles I've discovered online was known as s500 1 481 the thing about this black Cotto is that we're not exactly sure how big it is because it's so far away but we think its total mass is approximately 40 billion masses of the Sun which mimics it's dramatically larger than our one central supermassive black hole known as the city there is a star which is only about 4.3 million masses of the Sun in other words it's like ten thousand times more massive than the one in our own solar in our galaxy so this particular black hole is kind of theoretical still we know it exists but we just don't really know what size it actually has or what mass it has but in terms of size if it actually existed it would be close to about 1600 astronomical units in radius that's ridiculously large now it's currently not entirely certain if this is how big it is of course but we know that it's coming from a very very bright laser a concept that I covered in one of the previous videos and we know that this black hole very likely contains or is one of the brightest objects in the night sky so how big is it well let me just place this particular object in our own solar system just so you can see and so here it is you can kind of see the outline of this black hole and right in the middle right there right in the middle is our own solar system that is how entirely tiny we are and into this enormous black hole so what do you think will happen if we were to start placing some of the largest stars we've discovered around this object well let's actually find out we're going to leave some of the planets from our own solar system in there we're just going to do this every time a little bit and let's actually start with the largest star was discovered uy scuti so we're going to take us Kasai and place it in orbit around this black hole look how tiny us retirees don't forget this is actually a humongous star it's about eight astronomical units it essentially reaches all the way from the center of our Sun to basically Jupiter it's in a normal star but it's super tiny in comparison to this tremendously large black on this black hole just completely destroyed the our solar system and okay so so far this is actually surprisingly surviving just fine but it's moving at a speed of like what two hundred and ten thousand kilometers per second this is what we would call a relativistic speed at this point this story is actually acquired in a lot more mass and the time on the story actually passes in slow motion which is kind of interesting because this is not something you would see very very often all right how about will place us feet ah here as well and the most massive star would know off currently r136a1 this is a star from the galaxy nearby from the Large Magellanic Cloud the star that's not very big but it's extremely massive so here are those giants just kind of orbiting around this tremendously large black hole but notice how they're not actually being destroyed a lot of times when I make black holes or I guess if you make black holes in this game you'll notice that they usually create an accretion disk and that's because of the tidal forces that break apart these stars but in this case what's happening is that because this black hole is so so massive it's tidal forces on the outskirts are actually very low the tidal forces that these stars are experiencing are not very high roll so this black hole can actually have stars orbiting around pretty much like almost on a border and it's going to be very very difficult to create any kind of a accretion disk for this black hole simply because it's so humongous and because of its tidal forces that are very very low which also suggests that its density is extremely low its density is like thousands of times lower then even the density of air on our planet Earth so if you were to basically place or if you were to fill this whole sphere with air from Earth it would create a black hole that would be even more massive than this this is how craziness is actually is so this also means that if you were to pass the event horizon in this black hole so let's say you should just let's take uy scuti and place it right right next to this black hole so if you were to actually past event horizon like it's going to do in a second you would actually not feel absolutely anything there'll be no tidal effects you would pass through the event horizon into the black hole normally and would not realize what's happening to you and then as you pass the event horizon things would start changing quite dramatically and chances are that after you pass through that would be the end of you there it is so this is actually very very interesting because first of all unlike small black holes if I were to place a small black hole somewhere over here and I were to then place a u.s. cute.i orbiting around this particular black hole you would see that as soon as you place it it's going to start orbiting here and you'll notice that because of the tidal forces this particular black hole will actually start shredding us pitaya part it's going to happen anytime anytime now and there you go it kind of just disappears and actually any star you place here around this particular small black hole is going to be very likely sure depart almost right away because of the title effects' so here is video juice and as soon as you place it it's going to very likely lose mass and become much smaller so you can kind of see it's losing my eyes like crazy but not with a supermassive black hole not with a black hole that's about 1,600 astronomical units in size so here no matter what star I place even if it's very very close to this black hole it's going to do just fine it's going to just orbit normally and not get destroyed because the title effects are not very strong but this also suggests that this particular blazer it's about 12 billion years 12 billion light years away from us is very likely filled with these stars and some of these stars as they actually fall into the blazer or I into the black hole very likely produce a lot of energy so let's make let me just actually demonstrate this so I'm going to take one of these and make the eccentricity here much much higher until it actually falls into the black hole so this particular star right now it's going to be slowly falling into the black hole and as it actually falls into the black hole it will get shredded apart and will help this black hole release a tremendous amount of energy that is then going to be directed into two directions basically upwards and downwards and these relativistic Jets will one day reach our solar system or a planet earth and this is how we know that this particular black hole exists because of these Jets that are kind of difficult to demonstrate here but I've talked about them previously in one of the previous videos and so these Jets will actually and so these Jets are actually the reason why we have these objects called lasers and quasars because they're essentially like little light houses pointing their lights at at us and we can see them because they're very very bright and their brightness is determined or created by absorbing quite a lot of matter from the from the galaxy that this black hole is part of matter of fact there is at least one supermassive black hole we've discovered that's maybe a little bit smaller than this one and that's like a black hole inside a Phoenix cluster several billion light years away from us this particular black hole is about half the size in terms of mass and half the size in terms of the size as well but it actually absorbs something like 60 million masses of Sun per year now don't forget our own black hole in the Milky Way galaxy is only 4.3 million masses of the Sun and this particular black hole absorbs like 15 times that in a single year which is absolutely crazy and so well that's really it that's all I wanted to say in this video I kind of wanted to show you some of the biggest black holes and also some of the most massive ones out there but also wanted to show you what would happen if you were to place the largest black hole currently are aware of with the largest stellar corona are aware of and the answer to that is well not very much but let's start with obviously fall into the black hole and get completely annihilated and so for this particular simulation I wanted to actually create something completely from scratch and we're going to put a black hole it'll actually display Sagittarius a star which is the supermassive black hole in the center of our own universe of our own galaxy sorry and we're going to play around with a few stars around this particular black hole so hypothetically speaking if you have any kind of a star let's just say let's just play Arcturus for example any kind of a star that is approaching the black hole and it's approaching it in such a way that basically it doesn't actually just fall into it but it just crashes the surface of the event horizon kind of like this this would hypothetically form what's known as the accretion disk around the black hole and this star depending on the size of the black hole would actually get shredded into little parts and you'll see this happen in a few seconds and then form an accretion disk orbiting around the black hole now this by itself should not really cause a supernova in any black hole and instantly it normally doesn't so we've actually seen many stars that got shredded by different black holes as you can see happening right now and this normally kind of just creates whoa this it creates a bunch of gas maybe a little bit more extreme than what you see in a game and then there we go so there is the accretion disk and the star gets shredded and sort of falls apart into little pieces and this disk might either come back like you see right there and start orbiting around the actual black hole and form the actual accretion disks that will then get released as two projectile jets from basically the top on the bottom these are called relativistic Jets and I've talked about this in on the previous videos and this essentially creates the accretion disk that is very very highly energized and very bright as well and this is all essentially what normally happens when a star passes by a like this now how would the super all occur though well this is where it gets really interesting we didn't actually think this could actually happen we know this this kind of mechanism works for Nova not supernova and I'll talk about more about this for topic in one of the future videos but supernova are basically or is normally events that happen for two reasons I'm gonna place Rigel a very large star right here I'm also going to place Sirius B which is a much much much much much much much much smaller star that's a white dwarf right next to it just to kind of show you how different they are now both of these stars are going to or may actually go supernova actually Rigel very likely will series B very likely not so much but many white dwarfs can in case of a white dwarf if it reaches a certain mass specifically a mass known as the Chandrasekhar mass of about one point thirty nine masses of Sun you could really see it shrunk a little bit boom it goes supernova this is called a type one supernova and now Rigel is covered in it but we can actually just go in here and delete it because we don't worry right now rightio is a supermassive star and one day when it gets really really old or somewhat more old than this I just say maybe five hundred million years it's also going to go supernova but this is what's known as a type 2 supernova it's a lot more energetic it's a lot more massive and it's also going to create a lot more new stuff and also very likely we'll leave something behind so in this case right you would either become a neutron star or possibly a black hole but we're not going to be talking about this just yet we're actually going to be talking about the idea of this happening next to a black hole and it's actually very very unlikely to happen next to Sagittarius a star because it's it's massive enough and it's big enough not to have a lot of tidal effects and when you're close to it but a much smaller black hole at for example this one right here that's only about 10,000 masses of Sun is going to have a much much higher tidal effects close to it and because of this it's a lot more likely to shred the star in such a way that it may actually go supernova now I'm going to place Rigel here again let's find it first I know let's place it in orbit around this black hole and make it go in circles around it well I think I should have actually used a much bigger black hole because this one is kind of hard to see it's barely visible even that that's how small it is compared to this massive star but you can see it's right away starts falling apart it basically starts falling apart it starts getting shredded by this black hole and it's tidal effects and the black hole starts acquiring this beautiful accretion disk and here's what's gonna happen with time this accretion disk is going to start spinning so fast and start to accumulate so much matter around this black hole that at some point it will become so dense and so hot that it may actually initiate a supernova and this is something that we've officially observed back in 2015 in in a system known as a s a SS and 15 LH also known as assassin 15 we at first thought it was a regular supernova and it was actually labeled as the brightest supernova ever discovered but it turns out that we may have been wrong turns out that it may have been not just a supernova but it was so bright and so energetic because it was supernovae around a supermassive black hole that caused the start to shred to basically be ripped apart into pieces okay this is not as as far as I thought okay let's try it with the larger black hole there we go that looks a lot better so as it basically gets shredded apart and gets sort of destroyed by the black hole its matter gets so dense and so energetic that it just kind of goes boom and you might actually see this anytime soon now because in this game there's currently a bug where the actual star doesn't really get it doesn't lose mass when it gets shredded and so if I were to increase the mass or sir if I were to reset the radius of this star right now you would see a very big boom and there is our supernova and that's actually just remove the star for just for now so this is basically they shredded star and the supernova that was created by Sagittarius a and this is what it will all look like if hypothetically a very massive star approaches a black hole gets shredded by it and then sort of creates a supernova now it doesn't look as impressive as you may have thought and the super low is actually kind of flying away from it from the black hole for some reason well let's actually just place maybe another star here and do this again I'm going to create a much more beautiful visually impressive thing here by essentially doing this several times look at that you can actually continuously do this over and over and create these massive supernova around this black hole and it will create this absolutely gorgeous and beautiful firework essentially in different colors that's that's why I love this game so much because it allows you to create these absolutely glorious effects now let's try this a little bit different so this was an orbiting star let's actually just place it just right next to the black hole and see if we can maybe just maybe do something a little bit different so this particular star is going to be approaching the black hole and we're going to activate it right here and there is there is actually a more realistic version of what may have been happening in that particular system that's about 3.8 billion light years from us it may have been actually started at sort of one supernova right next to the black hole but unfortunately supernova is still flying away but I think I can cheat the system if I do the following we're gonna race to start once again and place the star literally right next to the black hole so there we go now we're going to just go in here and go boom and there's the supernova right next to the black hole that's how it's done and so this will actually or this has actually probably covered the black hole but a lot of this material around the black hole would obviously right away gets to get absorbed by the super strong gravitational effects so that would be actually a black hole within the supernova which I'm not sure if I can recreate that or think I can but around it though everything around it would still be very very ultra high highly energetic very very bright and it created the largest or the most luminous the most bright supernova observed to date it was basically the brightest event that we've discovered in the night sky and so today and the only reason people thought it was not a typical supernova was because of the way that it actually started dimming or started to decrease in the light with time so like a lot of this started to kind of disappear and became dark and darker a lot sooner than other supernovae usually do and people started to rely or the scientists started to realize that maybe just maybe it's because something is absorbing the material and sucking it back in so it's very likely that they it's actually the supermassive black hole that started to absorb a lot of this stuff and made the supernova whose luminosity a lot sooner than these other ones that you see next to it and so essentially that's kind of all I wanted to show you in this video and so I wanted to talk about and kind of wanted to explain to you how this one day may actually happen you might one day see a very luminous supernova in the sky and it's probably because because it happened because a little black hole it's basically happened because a star or in this particular case maybe several stars approached the black hole relatively close and got shredded by it and the material released from the black hole created this amazing accretion disk and then accumulated to the point where it initiated the supernova so this is something that we think does happen and we think we observed it back in 2015 and there we go we're going to try to initiate another supernova maybe this time a little bit more manual by essentially causing one of these stars to go supernova right now and there we go so we're going to finish this simulation right here that's known as the black hole and the Sun just by watching you destroy our beautiful Sun into tiny tiny shred particles but we're actually going to be creating a black hole that's a lot smaller than that what you see here on the screen so a few years ago actually maybe like a decade ago when the the Large Hadron Collider was actually opened by the scientists of CERN to basically investigate various effects of particle acceleration so many different people freaked out and they thought that maybe just maybe by accelerating particles will might accidentally create a black hole that would actually consume our earth now it still might might actually happen but it's not going to be a big deal and I'm going to explain to you in this video why but we're actually going to focus on the idea of actually accidentally creating a large enough black hole that might actually cause us some concern so let's go to our planet earth for a second and open a simulation known as earth and the moon so let's just say that hypothetically by some accident CERN which is located in Switzerland it's coming up any second now it's somewhere right over here does create a tiny black hole now what do we mean by tiny well just actually define what tiny means we're gonna first talk about tiny in terms of size and then tiny in terms of mass or actually do the other way around let's start with tiny in terms of mass so let's just say that by accident CERN through various scientific methods accelerates particles and creates something the size of I guess a dice or something yeah like right here die that's only about five point three grams we're gonna take this die and place it in orbit around our planet Earth just around here there we go there is that die orbiting around our planet it's about 5 grams this is basically a very small object that we're going to be turning into a black hole now a particle accelerator technically can definitely do that it would take a lot of energy but it can definitely achieve that and when this black hole actually is created it's going to be theory very small in terms of size so here we're focusing on mass to make this into a black hole what we need to do is essentially lock the mass here and keep decreasing the radius of this die until the escape velocity right here turns into the escape velocity of the speed of light now this might take me actually a while and it's good to turn this dye really really really tiny so I'm going to just do this a little bit faster by adding a few zeros here and maybe adding a few more and it's actually going to take me quite a while to get to the size that I really want now right around this point the dye is actually quite invisible I don't really see it anymore but I still need to keep decreasing this to turn this into a black hole it's still it's only 30 kilometers per second of escape velocity so we need to do one more zero here so right around here I think I'm getting to the point where I'm basically close to turning into a black hole there's actually zero fold by twenty three zeros and then there is a few numbers after it so basically it's a very very tiny object it is essentially smaller than an atom it's it's a sub atomic size black hole and it's going to occur as soon as I change this into as soon as I add another zero here as soon as I make it 24 zeros after after the decimal point so right now this is technically a black hole the escape velocity is Lightspeed so this is a tiny microscopic subatomic black hole if this tiny dye actually does become a black hole what's going to happen is within the millisecond within the microsecond it's actually going to explode and release a tremendous amount of energy and that's because it's not going to be able to sustain its black Holness it's not going to be sustaining the singularity and through essentially evaporation process is just going to explode and it's going to release all of its mass as energy so here e equals MC square and all this mass is going to be created and over it and basically it's going to explode but the explosion is going to be very powerful I'm actually going to try to demonstrate this by essentially doing the following we're going to launch the same die at Switzerland where CERN is located which is essentially speed of light this will demonstrate to you what e equals MC square is going to do to CERN and let's actually just zoom in here and see how big of an explosion we'll get and here we go there is that explosion creating a very very large nuclear disaster in Switzerland and all around it actually maybe this is a bit of an overkill this is a little bit more than I thought it would be and I think this is a little bit more than it should be but essentially the tiny tiny black hole of five grams would create a nuclear explosion something similar to several Hiroshima bombs that were dropped they were dropped on Japan in 1945 now that was basically the mass but let's talk about the size so what if we were to create a black hole that was actually the size of this dye basically seven millimeters in radius in that case this would actually be a a very very massive supermassive black hole okay not super massive but it would be close to the mass of our planet Earth and as you can see this particular dice explosion created quite the disaster on our planet Earth that looks absolutely beautiful anyway when you to actually start a new earth here and let's see what happens to this other earth if instead of the mass will now focus on the sides so we're going to create a new black hole there is going to be formed from this tiny earth that's going to be orbiting around this other earth and here we're looking once again to make this into the speed of light by reducing the size of this black hole and so it's basically it gets to the size of that dice that we just head so that's going to be a few centimeters in radius and this particular black hole is going to be super super massive now we wouldn't be able to create this with sir mostly because it's just kind of impossible you will have to basically condense our entire planet earth into the size of that dye that we just saw or even smaller it turns out maybe even smaller but yeah it's it's going to be about the size of that dye right about here there we go this is a speed of light eight millimeters maybe just a little bit bigger than this die and now this is actually a black hole as you can see now this small tiny black hole that's essentially just a little bit smaller than the dice or maybe about the same size it's going to have a very different effect on our planet Earth now let's see what actually happens we're going to decrease time here and here comes the orbit of this tiny die size black hole around our planet Earth I'm going to accelerate just there's just a little bit so you can see what's going to happen now the thing about these types of black holes is that they have a tremendously powerful tidal effects and the closer you are to them the more effects you start feeling I'm going to move this a little bit closer now in the in terms of orbit closer to basically where it would be in you know closer to Earth because we're creating this I'm in Switzerland well technically now we're in Africa but let's imagine that this is Switzerland and look at that huge chunks of planet Earth start coming out and that's because the tidal effects that this tiny black hole earth is causing on this large earth are ridiculously high and they're causing the planet to essentially break apart and that's not it on top of this as it starts orbiting around the other earth it's eventually going to through interaction with the with the other earth basically get inside of it now I'm going not going to be able to recreate this here I mean so you're gonna have to use your imagination a little bit but at some point this tiny black hole earth is going to start orbiting around our own planet Earth and eat it from the inside is going to basically create this empty shell on the inside eating everything away and essentially eventually and then eventually basically arrest at the center with some of the leftover Earth orbiting around it now we might be able to create this here for run this long enough because this earth right here is going to absorb the majority of mass from the other earth and what you're going to have as a leftover is just an empty shell so in a sense is going to create a kind of a very interesting phenomenon with basically the tiny black hole earth eating everything on the inside and what's left is going to be nothing but the shell now this is very likely to not happen because even this tiny earth black hole is not going to last very long it might last a few hours or possibly a few days but it's going to slowly evaporate and basically disappear and for a black hole to be stable it needs to have a mass of at least three masses of Sun so creating a stable black hole on our planet Earth or really anywhere else in our solar system would be quite impossible because we have to find quite a lot of mass - to make this happen but as you can see what this black hole is doing to our earth though is that it's actually eating it apart it's eating it to life using its tidal forces and even as a much smaller much less massive black hole would do the same so it's not gonna last for very long but but by the time it's finished our earth would have been completely destroyed maybe in a different way from from the one previously that was microscopic and tiny in size this one here destroys it in a very different and much more dramatic way but anyway I think that's actually all I wanted to investigate in this particular video I just wanted to show you what would happen to our planet Earth if a tiny black hole was created by us somehow and tiny both in terms of size and in terms of mass so what you should have learned from this video is that if it was a tiny black hole in terms of mass you'll just create a very large nuclear explosion that would very likely destroy the facility where this black hole was created but if by some chance we create a black hole that's essentially the size of a die the size of a a small a human object or even the spool ball for example these this particular black hole would be so massive that'll just rip our earth apart using tidal forces spaghettify and everything in between so this is what you would be left with if that black hole was in the vicinity of our planet so our son got shredded by this black hole but that's not exactly what's going to happen when we begin a new simulation here we're going to open a completely new solar system simulation the one you start the game with when you just open the game now in this simulation when you just begin everything is either a planet a star like the Sun and asteroids or a dwarf planet we're going to actually get rid of some of the things that we don't need but before we do that let's begin by talking about so what exactly is a black hole and how exactly do you turn things into black holes well it's really nothing in our solar system will ever become a black hole unless it gets sucked in into one and adds to an existing black hole so even our Sun will not actually become one it will just become a white dwarf sometime something like six to seven billion years from now now we can still make a black hole in this game though by essentially reducing the size of this object while maintaining its mass essentially a black hole is something that has an extremely extremely high density it's essentially when something collapses to the point of what's known as singularity and creates this point in space or basically hole in space where nothing can escape it including light we can actually do this in a game by pressing this locking the mass and reducing the size of an object now as you reduce the size of the Sun you'll notice that both the temperature and luminosity start decreasing and at some point it's actually going to be a relatively dark but then it might also start changing its other parameters as well and here we're looking at things like escape velocity and also surface gravity and as soon as the escape velocity actually reaches the speed of light oh no that's not exactly what I wanted to do I returned it back to normal alright let's try this again so as soon as the escape velocity reaches the speed of light that's when you know you're creating something that's possibly similar to a black hole now interestingly as I reduce the size here that's already smaller than our planet Earth right now you'll notice that it starts moving around a lot as a matter of fact you'll notice that it's actually kind of circles around something so if I were to accelerate time here you would see that it actually is moving now why exactly is it moving well that's because it was always moving it has a barycentre basically a center of gravity with Jupiter Jupiter is so massive that it actually creates a berry Center with our Sun but because the Sun is so big we don't really see it not but now that the Sun is really small it's much easier to see the barycenter and that's why the Sun is actually moving so we're almost there we're going to reduce the size to about 4 ish kilometers and that's when our Sun should technically become a black hole and so at 30 kilometers in radius the escape velocity is already at 100,000 kilometers per second it's a third of the speed of light and we're slowly approaching that speed of light value which will turn this into a black hole now obviously this is not very realistic but it's possible in the game all right the world was there for kilometres radius and the escape velocities 260,000 270 280 290 and here we go so as soon as this value becomes a speed of light this becomes a black hole so right radius right now is about 3 kilometers this is smaller than the smallest possible neutron star and so if we were to compare this to things like crab pulsar for example it is actually much smaller than it so there you go that's how small our Sun is now but the thing is since I turned the Sun as a black hole first I won't be able to see any other planets now or at least it will be kind of dark interestingly though all of our planets have now frozen because they don't really get any light from the Sun anymore so maybe we'll go back and do the planets first and then do the Sun because I actually would like to see how these black holes look like when you turn them into black holes with the Sun still around so let's actually do this really quickly and we're going to start our black hole exploration with Jupiter so Jupiter is going to be the first object we're going to turn into a planetary black hole once again this is not a very realistic concept but it is possible in the game so let's start by decreasing the size of Jupiter to about 100 kilometers in radio and you'll notice that the density jumped dramatically everything basically decreased in size but it still looks like Jupiter it still looks exactly like it did before just in this much much smaller sort of proportions and escape velocity is only about three thousand kilometers per second right now so this is going to be a very very small black hole so because the mass of Jupiter is much smaller than the mass of the Sun it's very likely that this black hole is not even going to be a kilometer in size it's possibly going to be a few meters across and we're going to find out how big it is in a few seconds as soon as it reaches the escape velocity of the speed of light and so right now Jupiter is about a hundred meters in radius which is about 300 feet and it's escape velocity is 50,000 kilometers per second so it looks like we're going to be at a very very small site it's possibly even a size of a person this is how small this black hole will be once we actually establish it and we're at three meters in radius now two meters and there we go so it was about 2.8 meters so that's just over about seven feet eight feet so a little bit bigger than a person I guess size of a giraffe or something so we can actually compare the size of Jupiter black hole which I'm going to name it as that Jupiter a black hole this is basically comparable to some of these human based objects like for example the police box so there's the police box in the comparison to the jupiter black hole now in reality if we were to actually one day somehow manage to create a black part of Jupiter it would not live for very long it would only survive for something like a few seconds or maybe a minute because the size of this block black hole would actually not be able to be maintained and it would essentially evaporates almost entirely within a few minutes it would be not a very stable black hole at all because it just doesn't have enough mass unfortunately all right so let's do the same to Saturn and I'm going I'm guessing that in case of Saturn the size is actually going to be very very close to a size of a person so let's actually change it manually to two meters in radius and it looks like it's still not a black hole yet let's see how small the person is going to be we're going to decrease this until it does become a black hole right around now all right point eight meters that's about eighty four centimeters that is really nothing that's only like three feet it's a very tiny person that's basically I don't want to say measured by it's a anyway so this black hole is much much smaller than the Jupiter black hole and would also survive for much much shorter time it would only last a few seconds if this was actually real somehow Saturn turn into a black hole it would not be around for very long now let's do Neptune and Uranus really quickly we're going to go through these relatively fast we're going to basically reduce their size manually possibly making this into a really really small black hole really quickly and it looks like the size of Neptune is only 15 centimeters which is really tiny actually this is only like what six or so inches in size or at least in radius which basically means that you can possibly place this on your table if your table could withstand black holes and Uranus is going to be probably very very similar to this so we're going to lock it size may be a little bit smaller because it is a much much smaller object and so here we're going to reduce this to about twelve or thirteen centimeters so thirteen centimeters 15 centimeters 84 centimeters for Saturn and about 2.8 meters for Jupiter we're not going to do other objects like dwarf planets and such because they're obviously going to be much much smaller but we are going to do terrestrial planets starting with our favorite neighbor Mars so Mars how big of a black hole are you going to be if we condense you into a tiny tiny piece so let's do this manually first let's actually see how more shrinks as we reduce its size and keep its mass constant although interestingly this also increases its surface temperature as a matter of fact if you look at the surface temperature right here it's jumping up dramatically so I'm kind of curious what's going to happen as I reduce the size here because it seems to be actually terraforming this beautiful neighboring planet look at that where now has a surface temperature of over 100 degrees Celsius that's actually very impressive and the size of Mars here is about or was about 100 kilometers for that to happen and look at this it's actually now acquiring some kind of atmosphere and also is burning that is beautiful I really did not expect that at all so because of the increase in density this beautiful planet is actually becoming a molten tiny ball of fire and that's going to be very interesting to observe because it's going to be a tiny ball it's going to be like a marble sized fireball so I've reduced the size to about two meters now the temperature of the subject that used to be known as Mars is hotter than most stars it's basically a ridiculous seventy eight thousand degrees Celsius that is really really high and it's not even close to becoming a black hole yet its density is really really high it's escape velocities about one thirtieth of the speed of light but it's slowly heading there it's slowly becoming the black hole on it and we wanted it to create but the temperature here is ridiculous this is already close to two hundred thousand degrees and wonder if we'll be able to reach a million degrees before it becomes a black hole and look at that at four point five millimeters we've actually reached million degrees Celsius that is a very very hot object it's going to be really tiny it's even going to be smaller than I thought it would be this is not even a marble this is just a really tiny your fingernail like structure and here we go it's now oh that's interesting look at that I found a bug what is that that's not a black hole that is not black hole at all now it is so those are short block there for a second but there's our Mars as a black hole it's size is about one millimeter so that's essentially the size of a fingernail and I'm talking about the white part of your fingernail the part that some of us bite sometimes so that's how small it is it's very very very tiny it is ridiculous I can't even see it actually it's totally invisible oh here it is no here's not Hey and so here you go this is our Martian black hole that seems to behave very strangely it seems to be either bug or it might be some kind of a shrinkers black hole like Schrodinger's cat it exists and doesn't exist at the same time so there you go that's pretty cool anyway let's go to Earth's Venus and Mercury and do the same thing starting with Mercury which is going to reduce its size right away to five millimeters and decrease its size until it reaches the speed of light escape velocity and becomes a black hole that's about half the size of Mars so there is our mercury black hole it's somewhere right here once again also invisible and partially obscured by the bug that I just discovered so this is going to be mercury black hole next is Venus so let's reduce its size again and we're going to look at that look at how transformation whoa look at the transformation that is insane I did not expect that it suddenly started to transform almost instantly basically increasing the temperature dramatically and the density is jumping up as well and this is still at the very large size this was only about a thousand kilometers in radius so looks like this might be actually the hottest object we'll be able to create before it turns into a black hole and just as I thought so at only centimeters in size it's already over two million degrees Celsius in temperature this is the hottest object I've created in the game ever this is ridiculous this is hotter than the inside of some stars actually and here we go we're going to be able to create a black hole that's about it's probably going to be bigger than Mars but it's definitely not as big as other objects and right around here at about one centimeter maybe a little bit less than one centimeter a few millimeters I guess okay so it looks like it was about seven millimeters seven millimeters in size that is essentially your Venus black hole and last but not least is of course our own earth and then we're going to finish with the Sun so let's see what happens to Earth as we decrease its size and as we essentially do exactly the same thing we just did to Mercury Venus and Mars so I wonder if the temperature here changes and it looks like it doesn't actually change it still stays at the same 15 degree Celsius but this is basically becoming a shrunk earth world and look at that it seems to be covering in snow there seems to be more snow everywhere because we're decreasing the size and I guess the snow can distribute itself much easier now because the temperature is definitely not changing so this is only about 10 centimeters in radius the temperature definitely hasn't changed at all interestingly and like Mars and Venus Earth doesn't seem to acquire any temperature but it does a quarter density and obviously acquire a surface or escape velocity that is and surface gravity so here what is going to be our size at the end and the final size is about how interesting it's about 9 millimeters that seems a little bit smaller than then what the Venus was or actually nevermind venus or seven millimeters and this is 8 millimeters all right perfect and the last but not least is of course the Sun so let's change the Sun into a black hole and there we go so there is our black hole system basically everything here with the exception of some of these asteroids and dwarf planets that we're going to remove right now is essentially a black hole I'm going to actually go into the chart view just to show you how all of this compares in terms of size and so this is the chart mode where you can actually compare things by size and the first object here is Pluto because we didn't remove it so this is the largest war planet and as we go down we'll get to see other asteroids other larger rocks in space and some of the other minor planets and dwarf planets until we reach the ends where we have our Chinese Chinese tiny black hole known as the Sun and there it is I'm gonna try to zoom in just to show you how tiny it is there is the Sun and right there there is the other black holes that we have just created so this is how tiny they are ridiculously small smaller than anything else you can kind of imagine the space and so that's essentially how the system would look like if everything in our solar system turned into a black hole so notice how none of the Orbis changed all of the exactly the same as they were the only difference is of course that these are much much much smaller objects they produce no light other than Hawking radiation and everything else stays the same so if the Sun or anything else in our solar system became a black hole nobody will really notice other than of course us not seeing anything and so there you go that's what a solar system with everything as a black hole looks like so in one of the previous videos we actually got to visit the slowest black hole discovered so far known as IG RJ 1709 136 24 I also kind of explain to you how it was very likely created and what's going to happen to this system in the future but in this video let's actually assume a hypothetical example where this system actually decides to come close to our solar system and possibly even approaches our planet earth and specifically I'm not really talking about this a red dwarf that you see here which is the partner star for a gr G but I'm actually talking about the black hole itself that's about three two maybe five masses of the Sun and it's about to swallow this red dwarf I think yep there you go it's gone so let's assume that this star somehow made it all the way to our solar system even though it's technically like twenty eight thousand light-years away from us right now let's assume this is the future or maybe there's a similar black hole that we haven't discovered yet that is actually on the way to our solar system and is going to basically fly through it at a distance of a few astronomical units away from the Sun we're going to aim right here I don't know exactly where but we're going to launch it at a velocity of about 240 kilometers per second which is actually an approximate speed of our Sun around the central black hole in the Milky Way galaxy and so it's going to be moving relatively fast and and so here it is entering our solar system and it's actually not very big and it's close to invisible it's very very tiny about five kilometers in radius only five masses of the Sun so in comparison to earth this would be a very very small object this would be basically the size of a kind of a large asteroid kind of maybe similar to the one that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago and it's moving through our solar system really really fast so I'm going to accelerate time here and let's just watch and see what happens to the entire solar system as this five masses of Sun black hole passes through essentially the central region or the inner solar system and you can kind of see that most of the planets have already kind of started divert their orbits it's so actually a little bit easier to see if I if I look at this from from top here and if I accelerate time from from this angle so you can see the Venus is already stretching away Earth is kind of moving closer here as well and there goes that black hole really really really fast and look at that so Venus gets slingshot maneuver from this approach and the Sun gets kicked out as well all the planets basically get thrown out of the system and I think for the most part this actually will destroy our solar system most of the planets that are not captured back by the Sun will actually stay in place right there like Saturn and Jupiter will actually very likely be orphan planets now they'll have no parent star and it's possible that this actually happened in the past if if a star passed by another star which is actually not a very common event it's actually kind of rare but if this happened the one of the stars might actually fly away leaving all of the other planets behind living completely empty solar system that doesn't have a son anymore or essentially all of these rogue planets that will now just kind of spread through the galaxies by themselves but as you can see both Mercury and Earth and also a few asteroids are still kind of in orbit around the Sun and Earth actually seems to be Wow just fine okay no nevermind it's a little bit hot it's a little bit toasty 60 degrees Celsius on average but nevertheless is still around so what about if this particular black hole approached really close to our planet Earth or better even just for the sakes of making us very beautiful let's go to a simulation known as earth and the moon and let's assume that this black hole actually decides to capture earth in its orbit relatively close to itself so we're going to actually place this black hole in orbit of about 20,000 kilometers here and so here we go here's the black hole in orbit around our planet Earth although technically it's going to be earth orbit in the black hole and it's actually very very small it's not very large you can kind of take a Great Pyramid of Giza here for comparison you can see how small it actually is so it's just a few kilometers in size now what's going to happen is that right away our earth will actually start falling apart and this is going to happen relatively quick actually they're going there are those those rocks flew out of Earth really quickly and this is actually in milliseconds per second so this is fifth of the actual real time now the reason it's happening is because this tiny tiny black hole even though it's mass is not actually very large it's exerting a tremendous tidal force on our planet and the tidal forces here are so strong that chunks of Earth are essentially leaving the planet making it slowly lose mass you can actually check out the mess graph here just to see that it's actually going to start losing mass over time so if I were to accelerate this a little bit faster you will see that this is actually going to happen with quite a lot of intensity relatively fast let's actually change it to okay this is almost real-time so this is second per second now watch what's gonna happen to our planet essentially this is in real time and this is what you would most likely see if you were to look up into the skies and actually let's let's just stand somewhere something somewhere that it's not destroyed yet maybe right here and so here we are on the surface of our planet Earth and we're going to be looking into the skies and just seeing what would we see I basically press c2 to stand on the surface and there is that black hole with all of the chunks of Earth and have now become almost like a ring around our planet and this is the fire that's created or I guess the molten earth is created by all of the asteroids that do fall back to the planet and also the tidal forces that essentially heat up the planet from the inside now let's run this for maybe a few minutes and just just so you can actually see what's going to happen to our planet eventually and also don't forget that somewhere nearby there is also our companion the moon there it is and as you can imagine the moon is actually also coming this way and at some point is going to approach our planet Earth and very likely either collide with the black hole or collide with with earth and so I'm gonna run this just for fun just to see what all of this turns into because right now our planet is just being shredded essentially the equator here is being bombarded with tremendous amounts of its own matter so basically earth particles and the rest of the planet seems to be it looks okay but it's really not tremendous tsunamis earthquakes huge tidal forces that will probably rip everyone apart and at this point everyone is essentially but the planet is still still kickin it's still kind of round it's still spherical it is getting hot dull it's getting really really really hot anyway we're gonna run this and observe what happens and most of our planet is now covered in the bulletin part of the surface and you could kind of see that even the moon started to slowly fall apart because of the tidal forces that are generated by the black hole this is actually what it looks like from a distance here and we're going to observe our approach from this angle for a little bit but you can see that even the moon particles are striking back at the moon and ripping its it itself apart and so here goes nothing here comes the big collision between the Earth and the moon or possibly the black hole and the moon and this is going to be very likely very very beautiful so here we go ready and let's slow down time here and here it is and I just got to disappear it interesting alright so that's basically a moon being sucked into the black hole and disappearing completely now if I were to run this continuously for many many hours what you would eventually see is that well first of all our earth is going to start evaporating and create a very very beautiful very fiery looking accretion disk around IAG rj7 1709 and i think i'm gonna run this for maybe a few more in-game minutes just to show you what it's going to look like later on and so there goes those fiery particles creating a very very beautiful very alarmingly looking and very interesting looking accretion disk there's actually even a fragment of became its own moon masses 13 masses of the moon and all of this is coming from Earth earth is essentially falling apart it's already under three masses of the moon and it's creating these huge huge particles and also a lot of other really interesting special effects and so essentially that's uh what would happen if the smallest black hole in our galaxy actually orbited or came close to our planet Earth and look at what this game is doing to all these crazy particles it's creating its own system its own a planetary system around itself and all of this is created from our beautiful planet Earth that's slowly losing more and more mass and well it didn't take long to create something absolutely marvelous and incredible looking so there you go this is actually what I was trying to create this whole time a very beautiful very unusual looking accretion disk made entirely out of our planet Earth and hopefully this is something that you enjoyed watching if you did don't forget to subscribe and what start will the number one interesting fact or misconception about black hole and that's of course what makes them so terrifying and so scary well it's actually not their mass it's their size that makes them so incredibly incredibly strong and so incredibly terrifying and not the big size it's their tiny nough sam at ER of fact it's the fact that so much mass has been compacted in such a tiny tiny point so in other words if I were to take earth and if I were to turn it into a tiny pinpoint it would turn into a terrifying black hole as well and although in reality this would be kind of impossible a star that's big enough to go through supernovae might actually collapse and might turn into a tiny point and this tiny point would then turn into a very very powerful and terrifying black hole and so the first misconception here is that what makes black hole really scary is it's tiny tiny size and this of course takes us to the second misconception about black holes and that's the fact that they're not infinitely small but they do have a finite size and this size is known as the Planck length and Planck length refers to the tiniest possible size in our universe and this is essentially the size of a black hole this size about is about 10 to the minus 35 meters and this is about 100 quintillion of a proton basically it is ridiculously small so no it's not that black holes are infinitely small it's just that they're really super super tiny and the third misconception about black holes is that they're not really black okay yes they do prevent the light from escaping and they do cause things around them to turn kind of darkish but the reality is that did you emit some kind of energy first of all anything that comes close to a black hole gets shredded apart and that by itself creates a true menace amount of energy as a matter of fact some of the brightest objects in our universe were created by black holes shredding them we actually think that black holes create some of the brightest light in our universe and many quasars are essentially black holes that create a tremendous amount of energy but on top of that black hole itself actually emits energy known as Hawking radiation and this principle we'll discuss in more detail in one of the future videos but it occurs around every black hole and it can actually be detected if you're close enough to a black hole so no they're not invisible or black they just emit radiation that we can't see with our eyes another misconception about black holes is that some people think that they create funnels or look like a funnel because they're often represented that way that is very very not true the most realistic representation of a black hole was in the movie interstellar they're essentially spheres that from the outside would look like little balls or possibly large balls that work and stretch space around them causing all kinds of interesting Doppler effects of light and basically creating something that may look similar to what you see on a screen and so the infamous funnel representation is basically when you combine 3d space into two dimensions in that sense that yes they do create a kind of a gravitational funnel that you may have seen before but in reality they don't actually look like this because they're basically just spheres that have tremendous gravitational effects around them and because of this gravitational effect they can get really really really big because essentially a lot of matter does fall into the black holes increasing their size and thus increasing their so-called event horizon as the event horizon grows as the black hole grows larger and larger it can reach some massive sizes some of the largest black holes were discovered are several times larger than our entire solar system and pretty much every major galaxies in our universe a supermassive black hole in its center including of course our own galaxy that has a black hole by the name of Sagittarius a star it's about 26,000 light-years away from us but all of these black holes have huge masses and as a result of this have really really large event horizons so even though black holes themselves the singularity itself is really really tiny their event horizon is really really huge and the event horizon is what people imagine when they think of black holes so it's not that black holes are actually large it's that the event horizon grows with mass now we come to the next unusual fact about black holes and this is a relation to things getting really really strange when you get really close to them for one it's basically impossible to stay in stable orbit when you get really really close to a black hole the black hole itself will distort space so much that at some point you reach the area where no matter how fast you move you will always always end up falling into a black hole even if you try to go really really fast on the other hand if a black hole is spinning which it can totally do there is an area outside of black hole or outside the event horizon known as the air goes sphere and inside this air go sphere space is always dragged around you and even if you try really hard you will never be able to stay still you will always always be moving even if you try to move against the flow in other words it will always scare you somewhere along with it and eventually you'll probably end up falling into a black hole yet again and what's even stranger is that every sphere can even move faster than the speed of light yes matter cannot move faster than speed of light but space itself can so a black hole that spins really fast can actually create an atmosphere that will move faster in speed of light meaning that you might actually get dragged by that Ergo sphere at the speed faster than the speed of light which is by itself incredible and terrifying but since you can't move faster than the speed of light you will be stuck inside that thing forever until of course the black hole swallows you and now we come to some gruesome unusual facts about black holes depending on the size of a black hole and depending on how close you are you will most likely die in a horrible and terrifying way if the black hole is really really small in other words if its event horizon is really small and the black hole has low mass then approaching it within a few kilometers means that you will get spaghettified you will get stretched and pulled into long spaghetti that will hurt like crazy and will kill you practically instantly but in those few moments of you being stretched you will experience pain like never before on the other hand if the black hole is really really big and you come to its event horizon and decide to cross it it's very likely that the time around youth will slow down and as the time around you slows down you get burned a life to a crisp by the increased amount of radiation that suddenly rushes toward you this is because the time has slowed around you but the universe itself has accelerated so more and more energy gets thrown at you and as the time around you accelerates and the time inside of your spacecraft slows down more and more energy hits you and eventually you hit by so much energy that you basically burn not particularly a fun way to die either but on the other hand if a black hole is real really small and is far enough away from you like for example at a distance where our moon is or even farther away where Mars's in that case you wouldn't actually feel anything the black hole especially if it's small enough in mass would do absolutely nothing to you would not suddenly start sucking in matter it would simply act as another planet that is ultra super small but has a mass of a planet so black holes don't really act like vacuum cleaners unless they have a tremendous mess and start increasing that mass by absorbing more and more objects around them but that doesn't really always happen and finally we come to the last interesting bit or an unusual fact that you may have not known about black holes because of the way that the event horizon forms and can be considered as the definition of a volume of a black hole seem to have or can have very very low density as a matter of fact if we were to create a black hole from the center of our solar system up to about a Jupiter the density inside of that black hole would be approximately same as the density of water on earth if however we were to actually move the black hole to a larger size and make it even bigger past the orbit of Neptune and this would be a giant sphere that would essentially be a black hole its density would be similar to air on earth which is very strange but on the other hand a black hole that's about three times the sun's mass or basically the smallest theoretical possible mass of a black hole would have its event horizon at a radius of about nine kilometers and this would mean that its density would be incredibly incredibly high it would be about two quadrillion grams per cubic centimeter now that's something that you don't really see very often in daily life so density of a black hole does change and decreases dramatically with the size of event horizon the more massive the black hole the less its density so in one of the previous videos I've actually already tried to put a supermassive black hole in our solar system and we saw kind of what happened nothing good and we also tried to put a really small black hole next to our planet Earth and we've discovered that nothing good happens from that - but well our galaxy has silat errors a star in the middle it's about 4 million masses of Sun but some super massive black holes out there are a lot a lot a lot more massive so I'm going to actually go in here and start a new simulation and give you an idea of what kind of a size we're talking about here so let's actually just place our Sagittarius a star right here so this is actually already a really big the radius of this if we look at it here is close to about 8 percent of the distance of Earth from the Sun so basically however the place earth this is where earth would be if this was our own solar system it would be somewhere around here right here there is so this is a UTSA star now some of these supermassive black holes that were discovered specifically the type of the sort of a galaxy known as a quasar that I've talked about in the video last year you can check it out on the channel these squeezers often host ridiculously massive supermassive black hole some of these don't even there's there's no term for them it should be called ultra massive black holes like for example in 2015 there was one black hole that was discovered that was the brightest one of the brightest objects in the skies and also the most massive discovered to date now a few years later we'll discover another one that may actually be larger but it hasn't been confirmed so as of now the supermassive black hole known as as DSS J zero one zero zero one three two eight zero two two five point eight is very likely the most massive with known now I'm going to show you how big it is in comparison to Sagittarius a so we're gonna actually place it right here and increase its mass to 12 billion masses of the Sun so there it is there is the Sagittarius a star I don't know if you can see it it's kind of hard to see because this is really very little reflection here but if I put a star nearby just so we can actually see the little bit better let's put Betelgeuse there we go this is a big star so we'll be able to see this much easier so there is the sdss J 0 1 0 0 1 2 8 0 2 so this particular black hole and this particular quasar and I guess this particular galaxy is located oh look at that it's attracting things right away it's already swallowing everything it's located about approximately 212 point eight billion light-years away from us meaning that the light that we see coming from this galaxy is close to 13 billion years old in other words right now this black hole is very likely a lot larger than then we see it or we saw it back in the days so the light from it is already twelve point eight billion years old so it's very likely that if we were to somehow warp space and land right next to it right now it would be a lot more massive now quasars are very unique stellar objects but we're not going to discuss them in this particular video in a lot of detail most of because I've already talked to them mostly because I really talked about them previously but also because it's not really important for this particular video in this video I want to really focus on this this black hole its size and essentially how large it would be in comparison to our own solar system and we're going to find out what will happen if you actually place this in our solar system in a few seconds now interesting you'll see that Betelgeuse is about to start losing its mass because the black hole is going to basically stretch and warp it and the tidal forces are going to be so strong that is going to turn it into a long ring and a long accretion disk around itself which is then so we're going to be sucked into the black hole which will then produce these tremendous Jets that create quasars and look at that it was extinguished right away you turn into a gas giants that's really interesting so that's the end of Betelgeuse and one thing I wanted to mention before I change to our own solar system is that this is actually not a very realistic size here because in reality and this black hole is a lot a lot larger in this game for some unknown reason the actual diameter is not accurately represented because in reality the size of this black hole is a lot large and I'm going to show it to you when I put this in our solar system so let's go there now and here it is our beautiful solar system and well here's the thing we need to actually zoom out of here quite dramatically for me to be able to place this black hole in our solar system or close to our solar system just to see what's going to happen so the reality is that the event horizon of that particular black hole lies around for light days away from the center of the black hole now how much is for white days are ya how many chemical units is this well we can figure this out mathematically pretty easily in a game let's actually just take a look at this so here is one right here this is one right here you can kind of see that it's sort of divided into these squares in the game and we're looking at the this is a four light days which is approximately 190 or close to about I guess one hundredths of this distance so if we look at this square this is approximately 6,000 what is this 606060 600's Chronicle units so we need about a tenth of that which is about 66 or maybe 67 astronomical units so in other words the actual radius of this black hole is going to be something like this big so it's going to be covering the entire solar system so we need to kind of just place it maybe next to it and just to see what's going to happen so let's actually do this right now or actually I think this is a mistake the more correct value here would be close to about seven times the distance of Pluto from the Sun because I think I miscalculated a little bit so the actual radius of this black hole would be close to about maybe 280 ish astronomical units so let's place it right around here so there it is there is that large black hole that I'm going to name by its shortened name sdss J zero one zero zero Plus to 8:02 now one thing I forgot to mention about this black hole is that as a quasar it's obviously very very bright and because it is so bright it's to luminosity is equivalent actually not not not equivalent it's 40 times stronger than the total luminosity of all of the stars in our galaxy it is a ridiculously bright object even though it's a black hole those Jets that it emits from both sides the relativistic Jets that all quasar self creates such a bright object in the sky that we can see it from very very far away and it's very very very bright but let's actually decelerate time a little bit go to our planet Earth or maybe just stay here and then see what happens to our solar system so we're going to let it oh Jesus that's way very very fast I'm going to let it go and we'll see that everything in our solar system starts to get sucked into this black hole so if such a massive object passed by even within like several thousand light-years away from us it would be essentially deadly to our solar system so things will not last year very long they're going to get sucked into the black hole it's very very quickly you see them all over them basically falling into the black hole in a few seconds now and all of the things here will obviously get spaghettified as they approach the black hole now our planet Earth is right there and you can kind of see how things are getting stretched more and more as they approach the black hole and our planet Earth is also going to start getting destroyed really really soon this is essentially what it looks like if I were to decelerate time a little bit we're now moving at relativistic speeds and we're about to enter the event horizon of this black hole and let's actually see what happens to our whole solar system let's zoom out a little bit and you'll get to see how everything basically gets absorbed inside as a long kind of a spaghetti that's falling into this black hole and that's going to be the end of that solar system well so that wasn't a particularly fascinating it wasn't particularly exciting either so maybe we'll try something else let's actually see so imagine this was the central black hole in our galaxy let's actually see what kind of effects we'll be getting from this block black hole in terms of gravitational effects if we were to place earth at the same distance where it's located in our in our galaxy so the distance of about twenty-three thousand light-years away I'm going to place earth right around here and now we're going to zoom into it and just take a look at how fast is an increasing speed toward the black hole and you'll notice that it's actually not that fast so as a matter of fact it's increasing speeds very very very barely so the tidal effect here from this black hole at this distance are actually quite miniscule even though it does look so big the gravitational effects are not particularly high and this suggests that in that particular galaxy where this black hole is located there's normal stars out there with normal planets with potentially even life so even though it's such a powerful quasar it's such a supermassive black hole as a matter of fact possibly the most massive black hole we've ever detected despite all of this this might actually be still a normal galaxy with normal stars that we can totally go in place in orbit around this black hole by creating these randomly generated stars that I'm going to generate right now placing them everywhere around this black hole just to simulate a kind of a miniature galaxy that you'll see in a second and all of these stars are actually barely visible because they're compared to the black hole they're really really tiny so we may actually have to place something larger let's play Betelgeuse let's place one large Betelgeuse here and that's actually place the largest star as well.you I scoot I tend to be right here so this is how small the largest stars are in comparison to this tremendously huge black hole so for this video we're going to be using beautiful space engine which is a free app that you can download in the link below and we're going to be exploring various black holes and talking about how they may actually influence our universe and how they actually might be this unusual dark matter that we're looking for to begin with now this is not a new theory this is actually something that has been around since early 90s and back in the days scientists were very excited because they actually thought that maybe just maybe dark matter is black holes now let's actually go and visit one of the black holes in space engine one of the first discovered ones known as Cygnus x1 this is actually one of the more well studied black holes as well and it's it's actually a binary system with I believe what seems to be a blue supergiant and a black hole orbiting around it now one day this supergiant might also become a black hole or at least a neutron star but for now it's actually a system with one black hole and one large star now in February of 2016 something really interesting happened we actually for the first time in history detected a collision between two black holes and this was pretty much everywhere in the news this was kind of reported by a lot of scientists and what we've detected was something that basically looked like this it was essentially a collision between two very very dense bodies about 30 to 32 masses of the Sun and these two bodies were basically black holes that we've never seen before they were unusually structured and they were orbiting around one another and it's something that we were looking for to begin with so this so called LIGO or laser interferometer for metric gravitational wave observer was essentially looking for these ripples in space-time also known as gravitational waves and what this meant to us is that we have now discovered colliding black holes we've discovered binary black holes that basically and Cree created these unusual waves now this black hole that you see right here is actually a relatively small it's only about 94 kilometers in diameter end to end and it's basically only about 16 masses of Sun although it's actually possibly even small in that these small stellar black holes are actually very common but anything thirty to sixty times the mass of Sun is unknown to us and why God was able to detect these black holes now when we detected those two black holes we actually were very surprised to have found it so quickly it'll literally happen almost right after LIGO was turned on and since then in about a year time we actually found at least two more of these collisions signifying that these colliding black holes are actually really really common in in our universe now we haven't seen any in our galaxy yet because all of those were from other galaxies but nevertheless these collisions seem to happen a lot more often then than we thought they do this also suggests that there is a lot more black holes out there than we imagined and what this also suggests is that there is actually a lot more of these unusually massive black holes between 30 to 60 masses of our Sun out there now what does this all mean all for one it means that we don't really understand black holes that well just yet and we also don't understand how many of these black holes were created in the beginning of the universe now none of these are new theories and these theories have been talked about previously and they've also been explored and even disproven so for example back I believe in late 90s there was an experiment by the name of macho experiment and this was basically a telescope that was supposed to observe the skies and was supposed to look for all possible black holes in a night sky now we actually didn't find that many we thought there would be a lot of black holes in our night sky but we didn't find a lot we actually found a lot less than we imagined and so what this suggested to us is that maybe just maybe black holes didn't really explain this whole dark matter business and maybe just maybe these black holes that do exist out there could not really provide enough mass to explain our understanding of dark matter as it is today now what do I mean by this if you don't really know what I'm talking about it's the idea that okay let me just actually skip this for a second and zoom out of our galaxy just so I can show it to you the idea is very simple if we were to actually look at our own galaxy from a distance oh really any galaxy for that matter we would see that the galaxy actually spins now it doesn't spin here because space engine doesn't provide spinning galaxies just yet but let's actually just make it a little bit more visible the galaxy spins around in such a way that the Stars on the outskirts of the galaxy move a little bit too fast for us to to account for when I use invisible matter so basically these stars on the outskirts including our own Sun move faster than they shoot and something is holding them together something holds these galaxies together from falling apart and that something is today known as dark matter and the most recent theory on dark matter speculates that there is something called weakly interacting particles or weakly interacting massive particles also known as wimps that might be these invisible particles that don't really interact with anything that actually hold galaxies together hold universe together and basically are the dark matter and who spent trillions of dollars and spent a lot a lot of money trying to find them we've been looking for these particles for a very long time including the most recent Locke's experiment that used this really super complex zenon chamber buried deep deep deep underneath the grounds that was supposed to detect the interaction with these particles and we actually thought we find it and we haven't we found nothing there's not a single clue to these wimps and there's not a single clue to understanding their from that perspective just yet hold possibly ever so we might be returning back to the idea of black holes as a dark matter because the likely experiment seems to be bringing in more and more of these black hole collisions and there seems to be more and more of these black holes out there that we didn't really know existed so we can actually even do this in space and we can actually just use the star browser here go into settings and try to find any kind of a black hole within the radius of ten light-years away from us if I click on this or actually might need to change this tool maybe let's just do it like 90 light-years and if we actually search for one there's at least two right from where we are so black holes are unusually common and there's quite a lot of them out there now according to calculations if black holes are dark matter there should be about 10 billion of them in our galaxy alone now we notice about 400 billion stars and 10 billion would be these unusual black holes and there should be at least one of these black holes within a few light-years away from our own Sun now we haven't really seen any just yet and we haven't really detected anything unusual in the vicinity of our solar system but we haven't really looked for one either so for all we know there might be actually a very interesting very unusual black hole maybe about 30 to 60 masses of our Sun lurking somewhere in the vicinity of our solar system and we have no idea that it's seven there and this is us inside a black hole mrs. universe closing behind us and the fact that so many collisions between these black holes have already been detected by Lego and the fact that none of these collisions have yet been detected in our own solar system and we don't really see that many black holes in the vicinity may also mean that we just don't really understand how galaxies are structured so for all we know or for all we care I guess maybe the black holes that are the dark matter are actually positioned somewhere away from our own solar system maybe even on the outskirts of the galaxy and so somewhat in a bubble like formation around the galaxy that's holding it together and we wouldn't really be able to see it very easily either because it's just kind of hard to see black holes unless they interact with matter so it's possible that we didn't really see any black holes during those matter experiments because they are some more entirely different position in a way where we can't just see them very easily and the future of this research including of course more and more detections by LIGO will hopefully help us discover where all of these black holes are located and maybe just maybe we'll even find a collision between two black holes in our own solar system or not ours and sources about a whole galaxy because if it does happen in our own solar system we'll probably be dead pretty quick for now though the only black hole we kind of are pretty sure is out there and we understand the most is this one right here known as Sagittarius a star the supermassive black hole the center of our galaxy and even this black hole wasn't really that well understood a few years ago so in the next decade or so chances are were actually going to reach a much much better understanding of everything about our own galaxy and our own universe and we're going to be able to actually quite confidently say what exactly this dark matter business is and whether it's actually black holes or something entirely different so we're actually going to race this black hole because because we currently don't really need it it's not required for our deeds but we're going to imagine that we go to this galaxy twelve billion years light-years away from us and we're going to basically imagine that somewhere out there there's this cloud of water everywhere essentially this galaxy has like 4,000 times more water than our galaxy the Milky Way and is a matter of fact it's something like 20 billion times more massive than our Sun and most of that mass is actually very close to the central black hole so this is a lot of water out there and it's very likely that some of this water combines into large chunks of things large objects so let's actually place something in the middle here and we're going to name this particle that's relatively small it's only about 200 meters in size water this is basically a large chunk of ice that's going to have other chunks of ice close to it that will eventually basically approach it and combine into one single object so let's start by you basically seeing what we can actually create in universe in box if a lot of this ice and water of this water basically starts orbiting around a central object and starts approaching itself and basically combines into something singular so what we're going to do is we're going to add rings here and specifically we're talking about rings of Saturn these are the ones I usually choose and we're going to choose I'm gonna show you what I usually do here choose manual settings because we want to change color let's change colors to something that looks more like water so something more blue and here we're going to select total mass and a since I'm actually aiming to create some kind of a I guess gas giant first let's select the mass equal to about I don't know like 30 Jupiter's or something like that and then what we're going to do here is we're gonna keep everything else the same we're going to change the radius so let's place this relatively far actually we're going to place this at a distance of about up to maximum about 0.1 astronomical units and we're also going to change the shape of this to sphere that's going to be randomized and it's going to also be filled completely so if I add this ring now you'll see that it creates this very beautiful large large large amount of particles that are essentially just water and each of these is actually very very massive now most of these will actually start orbiting my water particle now but to stop them from orbiting I'm going to go in here and hold all of their velocities because I want them to slowly move toward my central water object in the middle and what I'm trying to create now is essentially I'm trying to create a large object and in this case is going to be a brown dwarf or possibly very large gas giants and this is going to be essentially the first object is going to be created through the through the combination of all of these particles together as they approach my tiny tiny water particle in the middle and so here come the first collisions they're kind of missing my water because it's a little bit too tiny actually also because I think my time is right a little bit too fast so let's slow down a little and maybe one of them will combine and here we go once a few of them combined it becomes a chain reaction they all start combining really really quickly it basically takes just a few days for us to grow this object to very massive proportions and as you can see it's growing really really fast it's already at ten masses of Jupiter you can kind of see it's already formed a shape although it's kind of hard to see because it's so dark here so I may have to place some sort of a bright object just so you can see what's going on but it said 12 masses of Jupiter contains huh why does it contain a silicon okay that was my mistake I've created silicates matter that should have done that and so there we go this is much much better it's also much brighter so you can actually see how all of this grows in real time and there goes our water bowl increasing in size becoming what would basically be a rogue planet that is slowly acquiring more and more mass it's going to become a gas giant first as it requires massive amounts of ice and then this will slowly turn into a brown dwarf it as soon as it starts heating up essentially we can actually keep checking the temperature here it's still very very cold and it for the most part it just contains nothing but water so this is essentially one giant ice bowl but it's about to cross the limit where it's going to turn into a gas giants because it's going to reach that critical mass when gas giants are formed it's gonna happen anytime soon now and there we go at 13 masses of Jupiter it's actually very very beautiful gas giant so we're now are on the way to turn this into a brown dwarf to make this happen a little bit quicker I'm going to add some more particles here just so that it actually starts increasing in size so little bit faster and so one of these water particles will start adding up to our total water bowl a lot a lot faster and you can kind of see it's happening relatively quick and they actually start orbiting even more chaotically and even though there's quite a lot of water on the outskirts for the most part you you see that this is very beautiful ring forming around the water bowl and that's essentially how all of these solar systems are born eventually this will start orbiting in a very sort of a disk like fashion and turn into basically what we would call a helix or a helix like motion so here let's just accelerate this a little bit faster wait for it to grow in size and then we're going to turn this into what's very likely going to be a star and I think the fastest way to do this is to actually just go into powers again and just basically holds all of the velocities because now look at that it's going to start acquiring mass dramatically fast and it's also going to start becoming much harder and acquiring even more mass because it's more massive and more hot now and finally possibly turn into a star it's going to become a red dwarf but not just a red dwarf it's going to become a water red dwarf now at this point it's still just water but because there is so much heat now because there's so much pressure a lot of that water is going to start falling apart into its components hydrogen and oxygen and as we know with hydrogen that's essentially the fuel for stars and this is what's going to be fueling our star as it's about to form the oxygen will stay closer to the center of the star and it might actually turn if it's massive enough it might actually turn on the so called carbon nitrogen oxygen cycle which creates even more energy for the star so it might actually become a super super powerful star but for the most part even the hydrogen's conversion hydrogen fusion will actually be creating quite a lot of energy for for the star that's about to form here any second let's stop all velocities one more time and here we go water star excellent so this is a red dwarf very very very unstable very reactive very pulsating and very beautiful at the same time has a lot of flares has a lot of different activity going on and for the most part this is actually essentially start now we're going to create a few more particles here just to give the star a little bit more mass but I think this is actually kind of what I wanted to create except I actually was expecting it would have some crazy special effects around it as well let's see if we can add that maybe I'll do the following I'm going to go in here and this time choose to give it total mass of watts 50 sons it's going to be super super heavy and it's all going to contain nothing but water that's going to be basically blue and it's going to be at a relatively similar distance to what it was before and so now what we're going to do is we want to basically just slow this down one more time and let's see what happens to our beautiful star and look at that it just explodes crais's huge massive massive star this is a star that's 50 masses of Sun not exactly what I expected actually I was hoping for something a little bit different but this is actually even more fun okay let's add some more let's see what happens if we had some more but this time we're going to add tremendous amount of mass so this is basically a huge huge amounts of water that is just kind of combined into this one large star so once again let's hold all velocities and see what actually happens and look at that it just absorbs it it creates a huge star that's over 700 800 masses of Sun this is bigger than any star of discovery the biggest star that we currently know is actually in the neighboring galaxy the Large Magellanic Cloud and that star is only about I don't know 100 something 260 maybe 350 Suns so star known as r136a1 so about 350 Suns this one here is two thousand suns in in mass very very very huge it's also very large in radius but you know what it's actually not that big compared to you WAIS cute.i which is the larger started we know it's still relatively tiny that's because it actually still has a relatively high density and for some reason it still seems to be a red giant and I think that's because of the temperature that never really changed alright so can I actually create maybe something else using a very similar technique well I think I can I think I'm actually gonna erase this for a second start on your simulation and using a similar approach by maybe using things like connection which already has a lot of water I'm going to see if I can turn this into a different type of a star I'm gonna see if I can actually create something a little bit different so I'm going to do the same parameters as before but this time I'm going to add a lot of masses of water like 50 Suns masses of water right away it's going to start orbiting right away and there you go there is that star that I was actually looking for I should have renamed this to water actually and this is this is the effect I was kind of looking for look at that I've created a very large pulsating what seems to be a regular orange star and it's it's pulsating very beautifully and on top of that it's also water star as well it's made entirely out of entirely out of water if you go here it's 100 percent water and what's interesting is that it's not always at a pulsar but it's also a star that's like 40 9.5 masses of Sun sets to start that's not going to live very long it's actually going to explode and create a very large supernova followed by a black hole that's very likely going to have 10 to maybe 15 masses of Sun now we can't really do this in the game technically we could by pressing this button but I know every time I pressed as the game crashes and this is a bug that's hopefully will get fixed soon but for now what we can do is actually we can change this into the black hole manually let's do it this way turn this off fix this and start shrinking this thing down I'm going to slowly shrink it to the point where this escape velocity right here becomes the speed of light so you can see it's becoming smaller and smaller and smaller and let's actually see what happens to it as the size of the star shrinks it's basically going to become a tiny Waterworld with super high density ridiculously high amount of radiation power and very likely it's going to become a black hole and almost there the escape velocity here is 260 thousands as per second this is very very close to the escape of the speed of light basically and so close a little bit more let's go down 240 kilometers in radius and look at that I've created a quasar or something that looks like a quasar basically a black hole that is spinning and that has very very strong magnetic field that also seems to be containing a water water go figure it anyway it's a water black hole we were able to create a water black hole water quasar and essentially that's kind of what I wanted to do in this video now what I wanted to actually show you in this video is not the fact that you can create anything out of anything basically any material would actually create a star any material would create a planet if you had enough of it but what I wanted to talk about is that there's actually some crazy crazy things out there in our universe there are super powerful black holes that produce a lot of a lot of power and all of this power actually is powered entirely by water so in that system that I talked about called APM eight two seven nine five to fifty five that's a system that we discovered a few years ago it's only about no not all about but it's basically about twelve billion years at 12 billion light years away from us that system has a very large black hole 20 billion masses of Sun which I may actually change here let's do that so let's go right now 20 billion masses of Sun and that particular black hole produces huge huge huge rays of radiation of huge jets that are visible from far far away and all of this is produced by the fact that there is actually water a loads loads loads of amount of water orbiting around it and that water creates this beautiful effect so here we are orbiting around earth but we're actually are going to go pretty far away so there's at least three confirmed black holes that we've discovered but they're relatively close and when I say relatively close we're talking about a distance of about anywhere between twenty eight hundred to about eight thousand light-years away so yes it is pretty far just to show you how far away it is we're going to escape from here and go at a distance of about five thousand of ideas from our planet Earth you can see the distance right there and let's just move away to a distance of five thousand light-years away and this is one two and five so it is pretty far now somewhere within this region there is quite a lot of black holes that we still haven't discovered as a matter of fact that it's probably a lot of them there's maybe even thousands and millions of them but we'll never see them because once again there are black holes they're black and we would not be able to see them because their actual emissions are very very very very low close to impossible to detect but we can't detect black holes that are essentially around a binary system so part of a binary system so if there's a star next to them we'll be able to see them and this is what happens several decades ago when they discovered one of the black holes that I'm going to show you in this video and this is a black hole I've talked about previously known as Cygnus x1 so we're going to go ahead and fly to Cygnus x1 and if you just type syg it shows up right away and we're just going to go there directly so this is about six thousand five years away from us or approximately that much and this particular black hole is actually no because we discovered it completely by accident back in 1964 during a rocket flight a very very huge amount of x-ray radiation was detected and it was unknown where it's coming from and then they discovered is actually coming from stay right here this black hole is essentially absorbing mass from its companion star and using its relativistic Jets is then propelling it into outer space and basically distributed all of it across our galaxy and it creates somewhat a very very highly a radioactive x-rays and so there is a Cygnus x1 now if we go a little bit farther away and if this is about 8,000 light years away both discover the third closest black hole to us known as V 404 Cygnus and the Cygnus here indicates that it's actually found in the constellation Cygnus just like this one here V however indicates that it's a variable star and it's variability comes from the fact that it's a binary star where one of these stars is essentially a black hole and sometimes obscures or remove some the luminosity now v40 four is in the game for some reason egg-shaped and that's probably because it's an orange giant that has been stretched due to its really really fast rotation and right there you can actually see something that orbits really fast this something is of course the black hole so let's go check it out this is actually is known as a micro quasar because this particular black hole is ridiculously powerful it's consuming so much mass from its companion that it actually releases it to the point where it almost seems like a quasar it's really bright it's really really powerful and on top of that it's also very likely a nova so here the material that accretes around the black hole eventually reaches the critical point and explodes creating a very very large nuclear reaction this is what we call a nova explosion and you can actually check out the video where I explain what Nova are in one of the previous videos but if I actually approach this black hole a relatively close and I've just if I just kind of stand next to it you'll notice that it's actually it's going to be orbiting visibly across the skies here so you can actually see it move as it orbits the star which is actually pretty cool you don't really see this very often in the game but in this case you get to see how this particular black hole is just kind of slowly moving across the the solar system and on top of that we can actually see this in action by accelerating time and just seeing how this black hole orbits around this very very massive orange ient where it absorbs a lot of this mess and basically then spews it out into the outer system and that's black hole number two now let's actually go to the closest black hole we've found so far about which we don't really know that much well it is much much closer it's only about 2,800 or 3,000 light years away from our solar system and it's known as the six one six monocerotis because it's in the constellation of monoceros so this is about three times closer to us than the black hole you just saw a second ago and here this is actually the closest black hole we've discovered to date to our solar system now there is definitely black holes that are closer but we'll probably not find them for a ridiculously long time until we find a technique where we can actually see black holes even when they don't have binary systems but they just in tell you about this particular black hole in this game is that look how fast it moves across the sky here it is actually pretty fast as a matter of fact if you click on it you'll see that it's orbital velocity it's close to about a thousand kilometers per second so this is a pretty fast-moving black hole it's definitely flying away from us really fast and the coolest thing is if you actually look at it from this angle right here as it passes in front of its star and this is a pretty awesome effect look at how beautiful this actually is now let's try this again with maybe a little bit less luminosity just so you can see how amazingly beautiful this all is and remember this is all in real time so this is the kind of effect that this black hole creates as it passes in front of its companion star also known as v6 1/6 so this is a pretty cool effect and a pretty cool looking black hole possibly one of the coolest black holes that I found in the game so far with the exception of the central supermassive black hole in the Milky Way and anyways so that's really all I wanted to say in this video I just wanted to show you these three real actual black holes that we've discovered that are possibly the closest black holes will have for quite a while for quite some time these black holes might never be visited by the human beings but it's still cool to know that they are out there and what we're going to do is we're going to actually start this video by going back in time several millions of years when the black hole was still a very large star very likely in the binary system that may have actually looked something like this two very large very very massive and very bright stars one was slightly more massive and slightly brighter than the other and the other one was slightly less so so this was on IG RJ 79 1901 a and 2b now with time this particular started the bigger star very likely grew larger and larger and possibly at some point got really old and basically went supernova so we're going to do that right now by initiating supernova as soon as this target gets to a slightly larger mass and we can actually do that by just doing it this as well so it went supernova and as it went supernova the remainder of them as basically shrunk into a very very very very tiny point of about twelve kilometers in radius and became a black hole that we actually detect today so this is how this particular black hole was made but this was not the end because now we also had this other star that was still orbiting around it and because the black hole has now actually well first of all it was very small it was only about about twelve kilometers in radius and second of all it actually lost the water of its mass the orbital parameters of these two stars changed dramatically and the black hole very likely started to orbit a lot closer to its partners star and so we're going to recreate this by basically making it orbit a little bit closer and started to essentially slowly eat away at its partners mass and so over time every time the black hole approached its partner star and most likely this would happen every every few days because the orbit here would actually decline pretty quick it would actually take a huge chunk of its of the partner's mass and this would also create an accretion disk around the a black hole and so today we know that there's actually quite a lot of extra emissions coming from IG RJ a oh let's call that let's call it eager JA for the lack of better name because you know what pronounced you know those numbers is kind of hard so eager job the black hole orbiting around its partner image be would basically create a very large accretion disk around itself and would essentially produce quite a lot of x-rays through through the generation of these really strong emission jets that with then detected on our planet Earth now interestingly over time though and this is over millions and possibly even billions of years because we're not really entirely sure how old this particular system is this star lost most of its mass so this very large partner star started to shrink because of its mass was being eaten away by its partner and at first this generated a lot of x-rays this very likely was one of the brightest and one of the most active quasar like black holes out there producing a lot a lot of energy but then this star started losing its mass started to decrease in size and eventually started turning into what it is today basically into a red red dwarf and so because of this black hole this star has actually gone through different stages of existence going from what's likely was what was likely a white giant or a blue giant down to essentially what it is now a red dwarf going through every single stage that we kind of know including of course the orange star that you see here and so all this math start to escape making this the star smaller and smaller and smaller as you can see right here the mass actually decreases making this a smaller and smaller object and so every time the black hole past is lost a bit of an orbit and every time it came back it sort of took away less and less mass so this particular decrease in size started to drop dramatically up until the point where it is now so what we have right now in the system it looks something like this we essentially have the black hole orbiting around a remainder star a red dwarf that's slowly losing mass even now and it's creating a much much smaller but still quite energetic accretion disk around this black hole now let's see if we can actually create this now that we have a much smaller star here and so I'm not really sure if this disk is going to survive for a very long time but let's actually see if we can run the simulation and okay nevermind it kind of just disappeared but anyway so the accretion disk here is still kind of really really powerful and the actual speed of these particles is like 6% of the speed of light it's actually really really really fast and that this creates the fastest sort of wind speed in in the galaxy who discovered so far but all this is created by the matter that's essentially observed from this star in the background right there also known as IG RJ the red dwarf now with time this black hole will very likely absorb the rest of the mass from this and it might actually turn into a gas giant or basically a planet so over time over the next millions and possibly billions of years this particular system might actually look completely different it might actually turn into something that looks like this so there is our red dwarf that became a gas giant and so this is very likely the future of this system so this might actually become a very large gas giant that will also transition through the through the brown dwarf stage essentially creating a black hole with a planetary system and so this star will very likely one day become a planet or at least that's the science behind it and this is what we think might happen one day and this actually is what happened to very very many black hole systems that used to have companion stars and we think there is like close to a billion of these black holes out there that we just don't see any more of this so there might be even a smaller cohdon the one that you see here but as of now this is officially the smallest black hole of discovered it's about three to five masses of Sun and this is essentially the smallest theoretical limit for a stable black hole so in 2017 there was actually a very it is in publication about these so-called spit balls these particles that you see been sort of shredded from the star and spit out by the black hole what these scientists discovered is that there's actually quite a lot of these particles that are formed in our galaxy and are being tossed around even in the direction of our own solar system so there's actually quite a high chance that at least one of these particles will one day pass relatively close to our solar system and so in this video I wanted to actually give you an idea of what these things are and what they might actually do to our solar system long story short probably nothing but it's still fun to actually look at all of these beautiful spit ball particles now we've actually observed the shredding of the star at least several times by now and when this actually occurs it takes approximately a day for a black hole to completely disintegrate a star one of the biggest or one of them brightest supernova we've actually observed was not a supernova roll but it was actually a very very very bright flash caused by a star that was shredded by the black hole and was essentially destroyed by date this destroyed star and then creates millions and billions of these spitballs these things however don't necessarily end up in a black hole a lot of them get tossed out into the galaxy basically a lot of them end up flying all over the place so it kind of looks like this so here's another black hole in the middle of a random galaxy and it's going to basically shred apart start a removal about to place here we're gonna place the relatively close so and as the star is shredded apart it releases releases these spitballs basically releases its own particles and those particles if they get to get ejected from the black hole turn into these spit balls that I kind of created here randomly they're all over the place now what exactly are these spit balls let's take a look at one of them that's essentially flying through space right here here is one called young couple we randomly generated but basically it is sort of like a planet now it's not necessarily a planet and it said for me to explain how these spitballs are created I need to actually show you how this material gets recom bind into a planet first but essentially once they get ejected this is what happens they start flying around all over the galaxy and basically start escaping into the outer parts of the galaxy at the speeds of about eight to nine thousand kilometers per second or about 32 million kilometers per hour in other words really really really really really really really fast so first let's actually create one of these completely from scratch by doing the following we're going to wait for a little bit more parts to get shredded we're going to stop the simulation erase the Sun here erase the black hole as well and basically now we're going to stop the velocity and have all these pieces combined into into one so here is how this material would be actually combining into itself or into something very large and this star material which for the most part would be either hydrogen or helium would essentially form these really really massive gas giants possibly several times the mass of Jupiter now as this material coalescence which actually takes somewhere around a year it creates these pseudo planets these fake planets and so once all of this combines into something it will create something that may look like this now this is not a true planet first of all it only took about a year to make this usually planets take millions of years to develop and second of all for the most part it will only contain pure hydrogen or pure helium or something that basically would be inside a star but it will also be very very cold some of these might even become brown dwarfs and as you can see it's still absorbing some of the materials and growing larger so some of these might even create smaller red dwarfs at some point if there's enough material but for the most part they will just be very very very large gas giant like objects and according to the same scientist there is about one in about a thousand of rogue planets so one out of a thousand is actually a spit ball so if we look around and we find about a thousand different rogue planets in our galaxy at least one of them has actually been created in this way now this unusual object oh look at that is actually it's becoming a brown dwarf Wow very impressive I definitely absorbed quite a lot of material and so anyway so one of these objects might actually or very likely escape our galaxy at some point and will be flying really really fast towards other galaxies which also implies that neighboring galaxies like Andromeda and large and small Magellanic Clouds actually throw these at us at all times as well and it's very possible that if we look hard enough at some point we might be able to detect what are these objects now if it's a planetary sized object in other words if it's about the size of like let's just say Jupiter if it's very massive but not very bright we might not be able to detect it very easily but if by some point it's actually a brown dwarf or even a red dwarf so in other words if it's even a little bit more massive than this at a mass mass of about 80 Jupiter's in that case we might be able to detect these objects now how would we actually know that this is a spitball well for one it will be moving really fast it will be moving through a galaxy at an unusually fast speed and so far we haven't really found a single one of these on the other hand it will also not have any planetary objects around it so it would actually be very likely just alone by itself what possibly may be a binary object of about the same size but very likely it would probably be completely alone and since for the most part the subject will be made entirely out of essentially leftover star material it's actually making a little bit smaller it would be very very interesting to study this because it would actually potentially show us what's or what used to be inside the stars and we'll be able to actually measure some of the really really cool things about these objects specific we essentially how different materials evolved inside the stars so now let's make it maybe a little bit smaller until it cools down a little bit and turns into a more realistic looking spitball which would be maybe the size of a relatively large gas giant planet now interesting way we think that's about 95% of these objects probably are on a course to escape our galaxies so in other words most of these objects will essentially leave our galaxy and fly into the outer intergalactic space but the chance for at least one of them to hit another galaxy is relatively high and the chance for one of these to essentially enter our own galaxy here here comes another one from the outside is also very relatively high as especially if we look at the periods of billions of years and especially if you look at all of the galaxies in our vicinity so this also implies that an inside the intergalactic space there's actually quite a lot of these rogue planet like objects that are flying around that used to be star material and these objects are still there they're there have been there for millions and billions of years and they're essentially like all over the place moving really really fast in between galaxies we of course will not be able to see them unless their turn into some sort of a red dwarf that we can kind of detect through its radiation because for the most part all of these objects will be very very very very dark planetary or planet like objects that we will be unable to detect now this one that looks relatively bright but in reality they would be all super super dark which of course means that there is quite a lot of mysteries out there in intergalactic space and there's quite a lot for us to learn about our universe and of course about our own galaxy as well and so that's the idea of these spitballs and how they're formed and hopefully you learned something from this video and hopefully you subscribe if you still haven't so what you see in front is a recreation that I made previously where I was trying to play around with the idea of galactic tides or the effects of the central black hole and the central region of our galaxy on various object in our solar system but we're actually going to recreate this from scratch and I'm going to talk more about the details and why we're actually doing this but before I was Tarot that's what's actually briefly define what tidal force or a galactic tide actual represents so any kind of a tide is essentially a tidal force experienced by any object like for example right here there's earth right here that's actually is experiencing tidal forces from the East Center from the galactic center that's right there we are familiar with tides on earth we see them anywhere there is water and usually those tides are caused by either the moon or the orbit of the moon around the earth and so in this case the moon is right there and because it's right there it's actually pulling on earth so the water level right here is going to be raised compared to water level on the other side and we also get the same tidal effects from the Sun as well so because earth is actually orbiting around the Sun the side that's the closest to the Sun also is experiencing tidal effects as well but they're actually very very minuscule but because our Sun is orbiting around the galactic center it's also experiencing tidal effects from that so as the Sun actually orbits around the galactic center if you go about to see in a second so there's a uterus a star as it orbits around this region it's also experiencing galactic tides from essentially for the center of the galaxy and these set of effects are very very small but they can actually affect objects in our solar system as a matter of fact if you were to compare the Galactic forests from the Sun from the moon and from the galactic center the galactic center forces are very very very miniscule and so if the tidal forces from the moon would raise the water level on Earth by about 10 meters then the tidal forces from the Sun would raise it by about 5 meters whereas the tidal forces from the galactic center would only raise it by a tiny tiny number of about 1 picometer which is actually smaller than the size of an atom so the actual forces aren't quite as significant but the thing is when it comes to objects on the outskirts of our solar system like for example things like comets that I just added right there or things like asteroids and Kuiper belt these objects actually might get quite a lot of influence from the tidal effects let's actually see if we can maybe simulate this a little bit because they're actually far enough away from the Sun to be affected by any kind of perturbations and also over time over millions and billions of years even these tiny effects of tidal forces might actually influence various objects in in our solar system and so specifically a lot of scientists they believe that the tidal forces from Sagittarius a star and from the central galactic region might actually have caused a lot of different comet collisions and asteroid collisions in the past and they may also have created up to 90% of all comets that we have today and so as you can see even with just a little bit of time these various asteroids have already started to change their orbital paths a little bit even with just a little bit of the gravitational effects from the central black hole but what I want to do here is actually find out if there is any significant effects from tidal forces that can possibly even influence our solar system in other ways so let's actually create a new simulation with Sagittarius a star in the middle and possibly a few other smaller black holes just kind of orbiting around it sort of just to represent the galactic center we're going to place them in a completely random order they're going to just orbit everywhere just to add a little bit of effect to the gravitational forces here and so now what we're going to do is we're going to place a few Suns with Earth's orbit in a random and I'm going to try to investigate two things to potential hypotheses that have been kind of unanswered still and hypotheses number one is actually going to try to answer a simple question could have the effects that we observed in orbits of objects like Eris and Sedna have been caused by the galactic tide and not planet 9 that is still being searched by the scientists could it has been done by something else in other words as you can see here this is the planet 9 simulation the current hypothesis is that those really extreme orbits of various hyper about objects has been caused by the hypothetical planet 9 the other question we're going to try to answer is in regards to some asteroids that we've discovered in our solar system that have a very peculiar orbit as well and specifically we're talking about orbit that is retrograde and very very very highly inclined sort of like this and the third question we're going to try to answer is in regards to our own solar system or just actual planets in our solar system that all seem to have a bit of an inclination so if you were to actually look at all of the major planets here they all seem to have just a little bit of inclination specifically here's this like 3.44 venus 2.54 saturn and even 1.3 degrees for jupiter so this inclination has never been explained the only explanation that we had so far is that maybe just maybe Planet 9 has actually caused that as well and maybe there is something that's causing the actual orbital plane to slightly inclined in comparison to other objects but it's also possible that this could have been also caused by the Galactic tides so like for example Venus has three point four degrees and Mercury has seven degrees and it's not really explained yet at least scientifically and we only have speculations but we're going to find out if it's possible to actually create this kind of inclination using a simulation with a central galaxy and basically a miniature solar system so let's do it again I'm going to place a bunch of Suns here we're all going to have relatively similar parameters first Sun is going to be in circular orbit second Sun is going to be in circular orbit as well third star is going to get a little bit of an inclination because we want this to be just a little bit different more a little bit more realistic because our actual Sun is not perfectly in a circular orbit around the galactic center then we're going to place another Sun with us slight inclination as well and basically we're now going to place Earth's orbit in around them and we're going to kind of investigate various galactica tidal effects on these earth so we're going to place earth and completely perfectly circular orbit around the first Sun completely perfectly circular orbit around the second son and the other son's as well now the distance here is a little bit different but we're just going to keep it relatively similar for now so let's actually name them as well and the first son is going to be known as the circular son this son right here is also circular but we're actually going to maybe give the earth that orbits around it a little bit of initial inclination just so it has some just some inclination we'll see how it actually changes later on and we're going to name the son inclined earth the third son will get a slightly eccentric earth we'll see how that changes with time as well and we're going to name this eccentric and the last son will get a bit of everything and so it's going to be both eccentric and inclined and actually I think I'm going to add one more son and this is just going to be another circular orbit son and this time we're going to place earth in a more realistic serve war but basically it's going to be orbiting sort of perpendicularly at about ninety degree inclination right here so kind of like this this is what it's going to be doing and now that I've actually set up all five of them I'm going to kind of see what happens after a few orbits around the central black hole now I think a lot of them are smoking mostly because the relatively close to the Sun but I think with time they should stop smoking and start basically orbiting now the reason I wanted to actually change the parameters for all of these different objects is because I wanted to take a look at various graphs here so we're going to actually accelerate time a little bit so that the actual planets are orbiting around the Sun which I think they're doing right now let me just double check if they're actually orbiting yeah I think they are and as they orbit around the Sun they should start getting various changes in their parameters here so maybe not all of them will have a stable or but I think actually this one here just flew away but one of these other objects are going to stay in orbit around the parent star I think this one is definitely orbiting so is this one so it is that one and this one as well but I'm guessing it's it's because I place the Earth's a little bit too far away maybe I should place them a little bit closer so that we actually have a slightly better visible orbit now let's try this again so this time they actually have their parameters reset and they're a little bit closer to the Sun and about ten million kilometres so as you can see this one here was supposed to have only inclination and what I wanted to actually do is to look at the graphs here and how they actually change as the sun's orbit around the central galactic region or sense a black hole but if I were to actually click on inclination here and set it up as a separate graph and also click on eccentricity you would see that both of them would start kind of going up and down a lot as these stars orbit around the galactic center the Galactic tides will actually start influencing both the inclination and the eccentricity of every single earth that we've created and it will be more visible with certain stars because like if a star has a very high eccentricity to begin with and it actually comes closer to the galactic center it will obviously have higher galactic tide effects and so the these effects right here are actually the galactic tide effects of your observing so you can see that this a particular earth that's actually orbiting the inclination star was supposed to only have high inclination but in reality even though it actually has increased its inclination it's also increased its eccentricity to about almost 1% now and it's going to stop non-stop but continue doing this for quite awhile let's actually take a look at other graphs as well so this was the inclination earth let's take a look at the circular earth and I think the circular earth lost its earth again oh that's not good let's replace it again we need to try to make a stable system here we're just going to place it a little bit closer and so here we go so this was a circular earth the second ago and this is going to be its inclination graph and that's the eccentricity graph and as you can see that right away even though it was a circular earth with circular orbital parameters basically it was in play and it was completely circular almost right away it acquires a bit of eccentricity and a bit of inclination and it will start going up and down quite a lot and with time this will change quite dramatically now you may ask yourself so you know how many orbits has our Sun actually done around the galactic center and the answer to that is well approximately 25 one orbit takes just over 200 million years and and our Sun is about 4.6 billion years old so it sits somewhere more than 20 possibly less than 30 and so within those orbits it's experience quite its experienced a lot of galactic tides ups and downs from various parts of the galactic center and from various interactions with other stars and because of that it obviously had some of the eccentricities and some of the inclinations changed in within itself within other objects of our solar system so for example Venus and Mercury have a high inclination and it was possibly done by the Galactic I tides not by the so-called tide at 9:00 but you know what for now it's just a speculation so we don't really know we're gonna leave this for now we're gonna check out some other ones and I believe actually many of them have lost their earths because they weren't really in a stable orbit and as you can see even the the earth that was placed perpendicularly starts changing its eccentricity and inclination quite dramatically and quite periodically as well so the Galactic effects will basically affect every single object in our solar system no matter how far away from the Sun it is included of course the Sun itself and so here the eccentricity is slowly increasing and the inclination keeps going up and down but I guess more down than up and let's actually maybe investigate the other Suns as well and here this one is the eccentricity Sun this is the one that had high eccentricity already and the eccentricity here has increased even more the inclination is also increasing and actually very very very fast so no matter how you place these Earth's no matter how you place the Suns the Galactic tides have a very very very big effects and the last earth I'm going to take a look at is the earth that already had a bit of eccentricity and a little bit of inclination and I just wanted to kind of see what the actual patterns will emerge here with time so here we go orbiting around the galactic center and as you can see as we orbit around it there's going to be a bit of a repetitive pattern now it's not really predictive it's kind of actually hard to predict mostly because there's other interactions with these black holes and other stars in the system but with time you'll see that the inclination will kind of return to its original value then possibly drop down possible increase so there's always going to be some kind of an effect on this planet here and so we're just going to wait a little bit and make it orbit around the Sun just to kind of see what kind of a pattern emerges here so this is probably the most realistic representation of our Sun except of course that the actual earth should we orbited more particularly but we're just going to let it run for a little bit just to see what kind of a eccentricity and what kind of an inclination pattern emerges now so there's the galactic center in the middle there there's a lot of craziness going on but as you can see this is essentially the inclination curve so it started at about eight degrees it slowly increased over time up to about 15 degrees after one orbit and now it's at around 18 degrees and it keeps increasing now whereas inclination sorry eccentricity keeps going up and down periodically so eccentricity is not changing too much but the inclination definitely is changing which is really a kind of an important finding here because this suggests two things one is that galactic tides could actually have caused our the the planets in our solar system to change their inclination quite dramatically so maybe that's why Mercury's inclination is about seven degrees to is that possibly the asteroids that would have liked for example the two asteroids I've talked about in one of the previous videos that have a very unique inclination and very unique orbital path may have actually been created because of this as well maybe there they were influenced by the Galactic tides and the inclination was increased to about 110 degrees because of that and three is that maybe the effects were observing from various dwarf planets like for example Eris and Sedna are actually not quite at 9 but are actually caused by ad galactic tides as well now all this will be discovered in the future when we do a little bit more research but for now for now this is actually what I wanted to talk about in this video I wanted to show you how strong the galactic tides are and how much they might be actually causing in our solar system including of course various potential collisions that could have actually wiped out the dinosaurs as well so the asteroid that hit our planet 65 million years ago may have actually being redirected to our planet by nothing else but a galactic tide now whether it's true or not maybe one day we'll discover maybe not so what happened to our moon oh I guess we'll never know but what seems to be an earth moon system is now a black hole or a system if I accelerate time here you'll see that they're actually orbiting around one another and the black hole is creating quite a lot of really cool effects of banding white and blue shifting lights around our planet earth as a matter of fact if I were to actually come closer to Earth you would see that the way we perceive the galaxy and the universe would change dramatically everything here would be blue-shifted so earth as we know it is a lot different this is kind of what things would look like from our planet Earth including of course our Sun that would be blue-shifted as well and the sunlight would appear very different now the thing is our planet Earth can probably survive at this distance from this black hole and not fall apart into little pieces but the tidal effects here along with the fact that we have so many other and predictable effects coming from this black hole what very likely mean that things will not be fine on our planet Earth if you watch the movie interstellar one of the planets there has these tremendous effects one of them was the mega tsunamis which will of course experience pretty much every single day tsunamis will be so large that they will very likely wash hundreds of kilometers are sure and the earthquakes and the volcanoes that will be created by these tidal effects will be tremendous as well except for that there will be also an effect known as time dilation time on our planet Earth will not actually be the same as time on other planets in the solar system and we were basically appear moving in slow motion to people outside so if I were on Mars and if I were to look at earth everything would appear that like it's moving in slow motion but in interstellar that effect was ridiculously high like one second there was something like two hours whereas here it would not be as dramatic for that effect to be so dramatic this black hole has to spin really really really really really fast and it has to be also very very mad if this black hole is only intermediate-sized and it's not spinning at all so the time dilation on our planet earth would be maybe about 1.8 to about two times the normal time in other words we'll be moving in slow motion by about a half not too bad but still quite unusual as you can see there's a lot of other effects that are basically the bending of the light and the earth completely disappearing behind black hole right now and of course the blue shift effects that you can kind of see if you come really really close to this black hole which I'm going to do right now just to show you what a planet earth looks like from essentially the event horizon of this black hole so let's stop time get to the event horizon and from this event horizon let's actually try to find our beautiful planet Earth I think it's actually right there this blue spot that's sort of stretched and twisted is what our plane it will appear like from this region and this is I believe the Orion Nebula which is normally red but in this case has a very strange and very unusual color and yeah you can see that this is Earth because it's moving relatively fast compared it compared to other objects here now so this is all pretty interesting obviously not realistic but still very unusually beautiful and this is actually something I always wondered about when I was younger what would actually look like if we had a black hole orbiting around our planet Earth or if we orbited a very massive black hole in our planet or on our planet and here the reality is that this particular black hole if there was actually this massive and was in our solar system would require everything to orbit around it or fall into it pretty much within a few hours okay maybe not a few hours but definitely within a few days most of the planets will accelerate dramatically toward this black hole and would get sucked in I'm going to demonstrate it for you in a few seconds and if I were to stand on the surface of our planet like I'm doing right now there is that massive black hole in the sky it would essentially be covering proportion of the skies including um very likely covering a huge proportion of our sunlight so our planet ah never it should be a lot colder a lot less friendly to life and very likely not develop any life at all because these tidal effects would be so dramatic that they would wipe out life unless it was extremely resilient to to live on such a planet and there is the black hole set I guess and look at that sunrise now let's actually maybe stay and let's actually wait for the the rise of the black hole from the horizon from the other side and see what it looks like from this angle as well and look at that we just kind of missed it it was really really fast but because the black hole is so black it will essentially be kind of difficult to see due to the refraction of the light in the sky so you will basically see emptiness there will be no stars whatsoever that's because they're covered by this black hole and there it is and it's in all of its glory and anyway the oldest looks very majestic and very beautiful you can kind of see the aurora here and the edge of the black hole event horizon showing in this particular picture but what I would actually like to find out now is what would really happen if this massive black hole is at the distance of our moon located in our solar system let's actually explore this in universe sandbox and escape from this hypothetical system look at this beautiful black hole one last time and at Earth orbiting around it and let's go to the universe and box and so what we're going to do in our solar system is we're going to go to earth and place a black hole that's around the size that you just saw in in space engine I'm going to see what's going to happen what we place in intermediate sized black hole right next to our planet Earth and let's actually just decelerate time make it more realistic and yep that's what I expected earth starts orbiting really fast and essentially starts falling apart into little tiny pieces now this is like real time this is one second per second and you can see that what you saw this phase engine was not very realistic this is a lot more likely to happen the title effects are so strong that not only to get tsunamis we get pieces of earth literally flying off the surface and creating what's going to be a ring around this black hole and that's not it if I were to zoom out and if I were to actually accelerate time you would notice that everything in our solar system is going to change its course including our Sun everything is going to actually get sucked into this black hole because such a huge mass suddenly appeared in our solar system things will now be a little bit different an interesting you can actually see fragments of earth flying off this location they're actually creating this very beautiful accretion disk around the black hole because our earth has now been shredded into little pieces and it's kind of sort of gone but other planets will come do the same and the Christian desk will probably grow larger but the interesting part is that you can definitely see these fragments flying off at the ridiculously high speeds and being very very very hot which is essentially with a lot of black holes that are that massive creates pretty much every single time something massive comes next to them and so as we observe this black hole with the earth Christian desk around it let's just wait for something else to make it here and to be completely destroyed by essentially this black hole that used to be the moon and within a few hours you can kind of see that both the mercury and the Sun are basically flying toward this black hole a ridiculously high speed the velocity of the Sun is already several thousand kilometers per second sing from Mercury and they're coming closer and closer and let's actually see what happens when they get to this black hole and possibly stop this video here and here we go the Sun is going to grow larger and larger I'm guessing mercury will probably come here first but maybe not and so here comes the Sun it's literally falls apart as it approaches the black hole creates a huge amount of fragments because the tidal effects spaghettify the Sun and here it comes it's going to collide with this black hole the moon and possibly disappear and the Sun is gone it was sucked into the black hole and disappeared forever anyway so that's all I wanted to show in this video I wanted to explore this hypothetical idea of a black hole the moon in our solar system but also give you an idea that out there somewhere out there there are these intermediate black holes that are not supermassive and are bigger than stellar black holes and we found at least one of these very recently in a global or cluster known as 47 Tucanae so is it possible for us to actually orbit this black hole especially if we use a spacecraft feature in the game let's find out what we're going to do today is talk a little bit about orbits talk a little bit about orbit in black holes and possible effects that we'll encounter as we approach the black hole closer and closer so first of all let's just stop here and let's place us our craft the spacecraft by pressing this button right here and creating a first spacecraft known as harmony to be at a distance of approximately what is this 200 something astronomical units I think yes 225 mr. mcclean it's away from the black hole at this distance our spacecraft barely feels anything as a matter of fact the black hole itself has very little effect on us right at this distance and so we're not really accelerating toward it almost at all so we're going to move a little bit closer and try this again and possibly let's actually just choose a different spacecraft because I didn't realize this one's gonna be so bulky looking me and here's our second spacecraft also a little bulky looking but this one actually looks a little bit better this is wayfarer and you can see right away that it starts getting attracted into the black hole even though we're we've only moved about 120 astronomical units closer but right away it starts getting sucked into the black hole and starts moving toward it which is kind of what I was looking for and the total gravitational acceleration is experiencing right now is about 2.2 meters per second square which is about the force of what we experienced on the surface of our planet Earth anyways so what we're going to do now is we're going to control the ship we're going to take control of it and try to establish some kind of an orbit around said Oteri's a you can see our speed toward is increasing right here it's already at 130 meters per second and growing faster and faster so what I'm going to do is I'm going to click this button right here called pro-grade and this will position us so that we're actually pointing at the velocity vector but right now I'm going to disable it and move to the left because I want to be pointing this way I want to point so that we can actually establish a more stable orbit around this black hole and let's see if this actually works all right perfect and now let's engage our engines full thrust ahead and we're going to be moving this way and watching the parameters that you see in red on the right side here so there's two things we need to we need to look at one is called period season one is called epilepsy so this is the lowest part of our orbit and the highest part of our orbit the highest part will be where we are right now at 106 astronomical units and the lowest one currently is at something like 600 meters which is not really enough so we actually need to try to move away a little bit and really aim at the the pro-grade here just so that we can actually increase the puri axis to as much as possible and I guess one of the better ways one of the faster ways of doing it is to click this button right here for anti radio and blast your engines into radially away from the black hole or away from the anybody that you're trying to increase pre apses with and this will actually make it jump dramatically and as soon as you kinda like the number so I'm gonna actually stop it about a thousand kilometers I'm going to now return back to the pro great so that we can actually establish a more stable orbit because we need to increase our speed for us to be able to orbit this black hole without really crashing into it all right so now that we're moving toward the black hole or I guess toward this area right here and increasing our speed and also increasing our periapsis we're going to accelerate time just a little bit and this will allow us to pass time a little bit faster as we're changing our orbit as we're increasing our periapsis and you can kind of see the orbital path is growing it's slowly becoming more and more circular you can also do this right here you can actually just boost the exponent this is the hyperdrive you can actually hyper drive your way in to increase in your orbit although I personally think this is not really as fun as just increasing the the time and just watching the spacecraft move closer and closer to the black hole all right so our Puri abscess is now at point one astronomical point one one is from a clearance okay now maybe even shut down our engines and see how this looks as we approach the black hole so in other words we're currently in a very eccentric and somewhat unstable as it says here orbit around salute eros a star and so let's actually accelerate time and let's see where this gets us so we're we're going to very likely approach the black hole very very closely pass by it and experience some crazy effects of gravitational pull and tidal effects and then move away back into our Apple APS's of 100 economical units now what I want to do while I'm approaching a black hole is watch this number right here in gravitational acceleration so as we're approaching this closer closer the gravity that will experience will be higher and higher because we're technically in a freefall right now if you're on on the spacecraft you're not going to feel it but if the spacecraft was trying to move away from the black hole you would actually feel all of this so right now it's about a third of the rotational pull on earth as moving closer closer it's going to increase dramatically and right around now the gravitational pull is similar to this surface of Earth and this is at a distance of about 52 astronomical units away from the black hole now we're going to keep going and let's see how high this gets this is going to get very very high and this will eventually start becoming the very very powerful tidal force that will act on different parts of our ship differently basically possibly making it break apart as well now we're now about 18s travel units away from Sagittarius a star it's very very bright luminosity here it's ridiculously high and the gravitational forces the rotational acceleration we're feeling right now is close to about 10 times higher than it is on the surface of Earth now it's still not high enough for us to basically be spaghettified obviously simply because this is a very large black hole and this would only happen if we go inside of it but nevertheless this is actually really really high so if we were to try to start escaping from this black hole we would have to deal with these ridiculously high gravitational forces we can now kind of see the black hole there it is actually we can now see the event horizon of the black hole and the gravitational forces were experiencing right now are essentially 600 meters per second square and remember that on earth it's about nine meters per second square so this is several times higher than the gravitational attraction on earth we're also experiencing really high temperatures of about 13,000 degrees Celsius and the luminosity here an amount of energy and radiation released will probably kill most of the astronauts on board of the spacecraft within a few hours unless of course they're protected but very very thick LEDs or titanium shields that would protect them from all of this emission anyway so let's accelerate a little bit more and get to about one kilometer per second square gravitational acceleration which will happen in a few seconds and there we go so one kilogram per second squared is a ridiculously high acceleration if you were to stand on a planet that had this gravitational acceleration you would most likely have all your bones broken and become a pancake and this is a this is about five instruments away from Sagittarius a star but our PE axis is points 12 us from cleaners so we're going to be approaching it much much closer so I'm going to accelerate time a little bit more and we're going to approach it even closer and right as we basically see everything we basically see the actual event horizon I'm going to check the gravitational acceleration here and it is close to ninety or 20 kilometers per second squared so this is ridiculously high this is about 2,000 times more gravitational attraction that we experience on the planet Earth and so here things will start getting a little bit difficult for the astronauts especially if they decide to use their engines and move away from the actual black hole they will start experiencing some ridiculously high G's and it's increasing dramatically fast so I'm going to change this to real-time and you can see it's actually increasing very very fast and let's actually look at our speed our speed right now is ninety five thousand kilometers per second that is about a third of the speed of light so we're actually going to start experiencing the relativistic effects and essentially the time for the astronauts here will move a little bit slower than the time for the astronauts left somewhere out there on the planet Earth and you can also see a bit of a blue shift happening so at this location around the black hole will everything will actually move a little bit slower compared to the outside and things will be blue-shifted as well so not only will answer us here we'll experience time travel but they're also experience ridiculously high correlational tidal effects which may start breaking apart their spacecraft although it's very likely that they might come out of this life now let's move to our Puri OPS's so this distance is about 0.5 external clearance we're moving to about point 13 and this will be much much closer to the event horizon and will basically zoom past it very very fast at like a fraction of the speed of light and we're going to be zooming past this location in real time at about 57% of the speed of light so at this point the time dilation and other relativistic effects will start kicking in things will start looking longer and they'll be more stretched everything around us will be blue-shifted the astronauts are two people outside they will be moving in slow motion and are basically technically time-traveling and we might be able to reach about 60% of the speed of light and we're going to be zooming past the event horizon and through the accretion disk which will actually very likely be deadly to the spacecraft but we're going to imagine that it survives the encounter so at this point the gravitational acceleration is close to four or actually over 500 kilometers per second square in comparison to earth this is about fifty thousand times higher gravitational acceleration now once again you're not going to be experiencing it if you're an astronaut here because you're technically free-falling but if you were to start moving a spacecraft away from the black hole right now that's when it would kick in and squish you and basically make you suffer but because of the seguro de chinon acceleration it does sort of act differently on different parts of the of the spacecraft and this might cause some tidal effects ooh here we go we passed through the accretion disk this might cause some tidal effects that might actually cause us to experience some kind of destruction on a spacecraft some some things might start getting a little bit bent some things might start creaking and stretching because different parts of spacecraft like this part gets more gravitational acceleration than this part so this would actually affect the actual structural integrity as well now we just passed our Pierce's which was this green ball right here and we passed it at a velocity of about 66 percent of the speed of light the rotational acceleration reached something like 675 kilometers per second square and it's now decreasing because we're now moving away from the Sagittarius a star and we're moving toward our apoapsis which actually has decreased dramatically as well now because this is an unstable orbit around a black hole we'll never really be able to reach anything stable in this particular location we need to be much farther way to have a stable orbit around this black hole so since we actually pass so close to the event horizon will very likely after a few orbits fall into the black hole which is actually something that I want to try to do right now I'm going to accelerate time and we'll survive our first encounter with the periapsis and let's see where we actually end up after a few orbits so now the Apple abscess is increasing again and once again this is because the orbit is not particularly stable in this location and so here you can kind of see us moving away from the black hole and from the accretion disk but we'll never really reach the same height as we did before which was about hundred or so local units so right now it says thirty to thirty two astronomical units is the new apple abscess so let's reach that and come to our peer we have seasoned possibly collide with the black hole it's very likely that we might be actually able to enter the black hole after a few more of these unstable orbits now after a third orbit my both my three options now perhaps has changed again and this will keep happening over and over because in order for you to establish anything stable around a black hole you need to be actually pretty far away from it and because I was so close in terms of periapsis I will not be able to actually have a stable orbit in this location and so here is a passage number three and the epileps is decreased again or actually look at that it jumped up to about 260 our thermal unit so we actually got kicked out of the black hole for some unknown reason and I really can't explain why that actually happened so our approach this has increased to even higher than what it was before it's very likely because this might be actually spitting black hole that kind of gave us a slingshot boost away from itself but you know what let's actually just stopped completely we're going to use our main engines to decelerate and essentially free fall into the black hole with this very very small a perhaps is about a hundred thousand kilometers in other words were actually going to be entering the event horizon this time and we're going to see what happens to our spacecraft as it plunges inside the black hole so in other words were adjust the orbit of our craft it's going to be moving at a ridiculously high speed and I would also like to find out how high the speed is going to be when we reach the event horizon and will pass through it actually because of the acceleration it's actually going to be very very very high so we're going to accelerate time just a little bit more and watch the black hole get closer and closer and closer to us we're about fifty mr. mcclean is away from it experience you've really really high gravitational forces again six five four and here it comes so alright we're moving at 65,000 filmers per second that's not as high as it was before we're experiencing eight point five kilometers per second Square rotational acceleration which is also not as high as it was before so we can maybe accelerate time just a little bit more and wait until we get a bit closer to the event horizon and here we go hundred thousand kilometers per second this is 43 percent of the speed of light let's move a little bit closer and a little bit closer and a little bit closer and right around here we're going to just run it in real-time and so this is what it looks like as you would to fall into the supermassive black hole in real time basically if you were to just kind of stop orbits in it's somewhere over there and if it were to gravitationally attract you into itself and as you can see the world around us is now going to be shutting down we're essentially entering leave and horizon and entering the singularity the gradation acceleration is about to reach the amount that it was before 600 kilometers per second square and our speed is is 63 percent of the speed of light we're essentially crossing the event horizon there is no going back now and as we cross the event horizon the universe behind this is going to start closing the time in front of our eyes will start becoming fast-forward and so basically if we were to look at a person on one of those planets 100 stars they will be moving in fast motion in fast forward motion and we would be moving in slow motion for them and we're essentially time traveling entering the black hole disappearing from this universe and this universe is about to end for us because we're about to essentially see the entire universe be destroyed in front of our eyes we're moving at 80 percent of the speed of light rotational acceleration is 1,500 kilometers per second square the universe is gone forever we're not escaping us anymore and let's see how high the speed will get oh okay so now I think we're at singularity so the game can't really handle it very well but I think this speed was 83 percent of the speed of light and the gravitational acceleration right here at the center is 1700 kilometers per second square which is 200,000 times higher than the surface of our planet Earth so here at this point we will definitely start experiencing spaghettification and things would stretch most of us would die a horrible horrible death and will eventually be stretch into infinity now can I actually get out here is there any way for me to get out if I were to accelerate and if I were to use my engines I guess not what if we use boost exponents nope looks like we're kind of stuck here yeah this is definitely the end there's no way for us to get out our spacecraft is stuck inside the black hole who might as well just keep it here but you know what this was fun anyway hopefully you learned something from this video hopefully now you know a little bit more about orbiting black holes spacecraft so they get spaghettification and basically how high the gravitational forces are outside and inside the black hole and I'm just going to escape the black hole manually and leave my spacecraft behind and it's actually still right there here you can see it inside the black hole and anyway thank you so much for watching we subscribe if you still haven't share this video with someone who enjoys watching educational videos using video games and consider supporting this channel patreon as well and you know what come back tomorrow is going to be something else educational something else fun or will I just play a video game that will teach you something I'll see in the next video Kim you later and as always bye bye

Channel: Anton Petrov

Views: 671,568

Rating: 4.2610192 out of 5

Keywords: anton petrov, science, technology, astrophysics, astronomy, universe, whatdamath, what da math, amateur astronomy, steven universe, space engine, universe sandbox 2, black hole, black holes, black hole discovery, unusual black hole, biggest black hole, smallest black hole, what is a black hole, what happens inside a black hole, falling into a black hole, black hole paradox, strange black hole, spinning black hole, most massive black hole, black hole giant

Id: MrmGAChgxyM

Length: 184min 33sec (11073 seconds)

Published: Tue Mar 26 2019