Supported by: Protocol Labs What does our future hold? "Everything has its wonders, even darkness and silence..." - Helen Keller What does the future look like? How will the universe meet its end? We may never be truly certain. But science has begun to paint a stunning picture of how the future might unfold. Let's take a journey to the end of time. We will travel through time exponentially, doubling our speed every 5 seconds. The vision of the future will surely evolve
as we probe for more clues. But one thing is clear: The universe has only just begun. [Anthropocene era]
The Holocene has ended. What we do now, and in the next few years, will profoundly effect the next few thousand years. The only conditions modern humans
have ever known so far are changing. And changing fast. Nothing stays the same on this planet. everything changes. The Earth is going into one of these jumps and you don't know what is going to be on the other side of those jumps. [Earth's magnetic field flips] The Earth is always jumping. [Comet Hale-Bopp returns] [Drastic sea level rise]
Things move on this planet! Things are not still! [30 meter asteroid impact]
Everything is turning. [Antares goes supernova] [Sahara becomes tropical] [Constellations begin to wander] [Voyager I passes nearby star] [Interglacial period ends] [Supervolcano eruption] [New Hawaiian island appears] [New island chains] [Apollo footprints fade] [Betelgeuse goes supernova] [Stone monuments erode] [Deadly gamma ray burst] [Mars moon becomes a ring] [Saturn's rings vanish] [Antarctica melts] [Major asteroid impact] [New supercontinent] [Sun increases luminosity] As it begins to run out of fuel, [Photosynthesis begins to cease]
the sun won't simply fade away to nothing. [All plant life dies]
the sun won't simply fade away to nothing. [All plant life dies] [Oceans evaporate]
Its core will collapse, and the extra heat this generates
will cause its outer layers to expand. [All life dies] [Sun expands] [Sun becomes red giant] [Earth destroyed by the dying Sun] [Sun becomes a White Dwarf] The sun is now dead. Its remains slowly cooling in the freezing temperatures
of deep space. The fate of the sun
is the same as for all stars. One day,
they must all eventually die, and the cosmos will be plunged
into eternal night. [Stars begin to die off]
All stars eventually will run out of fuel. The temperature of the universe drops. The stars, one by one, in the night sky, will turn off. And there will be no more new stars created. And so the universe will end
not with a bang, but with a whimper. [Last Red Dwarf stars die] And not in fire, but in ice. [Degenerate era]
With the death of the last sun, the age of starlight comes to an end. The universe becomes a cosmic boneyard, strewn with remnants of dead stars. Our Sun becomes a White Dwarf - a hot, dense, shrunken stellar corpse. With no fuel left to burn,
the white dwarf's faint glow comes from the last residual heat
from its extinguished furnace. Looking at it from where the earth is now, it would only generate the same amount of light
as the full moon on a clear night. The faint glow of white dwarfs will provide
the only illumination in a dark and empty void littered with dead stars and black holes. In some ways it's kind of a ghost universe -
it's the corpses, the zombie stars, that will take us into the future. Over time, gravity ejects dead stars and planets from their galaxies, sending them out into the freezing void. By chance, some Brown Dwarfs collide and form accidental new stars. Colliding neutron stars puncture the darkness with ultra bright supernovae. [Neutron star collision] [Degenerate era]
Any surviving life forms may find refuge around aging White Dwarfs. But in time, even the White Dwarfs will fade and die. [Stars become Black Dwarfs] [Stars become Black Dwarfs]
A black dwarf will be the final fate
of those last stars. White dwarfs that have become so cold,
that they barely emit any more heat or light. Black dwarfs are dark, dense, decaying balls
of degenerate matter. Little more than the ashes of stars, Their constituent atoms are
so severely crushed that black dwarfs are a million times denser
than our sun. Stars take so long to reach this point we believe there are currently no
black dwarfs in the universe. Any matter that fails to escape its galaxy is sucked into a supermassive black hole at the center. [Black holes swallow stray matter] Long dormant black holes flare up in a blaze of glory. [Degenerate era] The rotational energy of black holes becomes the last reliable source of power for any exotic future civilizations. We have a pace of life that's based
on the energy available to us now. You could imagine living, conscious systems,
which have a very different pace and therefore, can extend out, at least,
a lot farther than you'd imagine otherwise. You could have a living system where if, it had a thought
every 10 trillion years, that would seem normal. Even if our life dies out, one could imagine at some time arbitrarily far in the future, a fluctuation occurs which allows intelligent life
to exist again, for a little while. So you might have islands in time of intelligence. [Expansion of spacetime] As the expansion of the universe accelerates, it begins to spread matter apart faster than the speed of light. By this point, distant galaxies and stars are receding do fast that their light has become undetectable. The secrets of the cosmos are locked away forever. [Proton decay]
Current theories predict that atoms themselves will begin to decay, destroying all remaining matter in the universe. [Proton decay]
Current theories predict that atoms themselves will begin to decay, destroying all remaining matter in the universe. [Proton decay]
Current theories predict that atoms themselves will begin to decay, destroying all remaining matter in the universe. A proton, one of the fundamental building blocks
of atomic matter, what makes us up, can just spontaneously fall apart. Any material that evades the pull of a black hole eventually dies away as its protons disintegrate. [Proton decay is still unproven - and so this chapter of the future could look very different in light of new discoveries.] The matter inside black dwarf's,
the last matter in the universe, will eventually evaporate away, and be carried off into the void as radiation leaving absolutely nothing behind. [Black hole era] With the black dwarfs gone,
there won't be a single atom of matter left. All that will remain of our once-rich cosmos
will be particles of light and black holes. The Black Hole Era begins. No planets, no stars, no lingering stellar remnants for life to cling to. Yet even now, time has only begun to tick. On the scale of a human lifetime, the universe has just emerged from the womb. Cold, dark, and empty - this is how the cosmos will spend most of its life. Our universe gives life only a brief moment to shine - a haven in time, safe from its fiery birth and icy death. The arrow of time creates a bright window
in the universe's adolescence during which life is possible. But it's a window that doesn't stay open for long As a fraction of the lifespan of the universe,
as measured from its beginning to the evaporation of the last black hole, life, as we know it, is only possible for one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billion billion billion billionth, of a percent. Black holes become the fundamental
building block of the universe. A galaxy will basically be a supermassive black hole in the center, with smaller black holes orbiting it. Zombie galaxies filled with black holes continue to evolve. They'll eat each other, and they'll get bigger, and maybe they'll fall into the supermassive black hole and it'll get bigger. The universe will still be an exciting, dynamic place it's just that the time scales we're talking about are now trillions of years,
instead of thousands or millions of years. In this far flung age, black hole mergers become the main event. [Black home mergers] Some grow to enormous sizes, possibly trillions of times the mass of our sun. When they merge, they send out powerful gravity waves that resonate throughout the universe. Black holes can bang on space-time
like mallets on a drum. And have a very characteristic song, Imagine two black holes
that have lived a long life together At the end of their lives they're going around each other,
crossing thousands of kilometers in a fraction of a second. As they do so, they leave behind in their wake
a ringing of space - an actual wave on space-time. Space squeezes and stretches as it emanates out
from these black holes banging on the universe. Those are the gravitational waves and are literally
the sounds of space ringing and they will travel out from these black
holes at the speed of light as they ring down and
coalesce into one, spinning, quiet, black hole. If you were standing near enough, your ear would resonate
with the squeezing and stretching of space, You would literally hear the sound. Imagine a lighter black hole falling
into a very heavy black hole. The sound you're hearing is a light black hole
banging on space each time it gets close. As it falls in, it gets faster,
and it gets louder. Scientists used to think
black holes were immortal, but even these will one day die. Now we're talking about time scales of unimaginable length - quadrillions of years into the future. On that time scale,
even the black holes begin to evaporate. [Hawking radiation] [Hawking radiation] [Hawking radiation] According to quantum mechanics,
space is filled with virtual particles and antiparticles that are constantly materializing
in pairs, separating, coming together again,
and annihilating each other. In the presence of a black hole, one member of a pair of virtual particles
may fall into the hole, leaving the other member without a partner
with which to annihilate. The forsaken particle appears to be
radiation emitted by the black hole. And so, black holes are not eternal. [Black hole evaporation] They evaporate away at an increasing rate,
until they vanish in a gigantic explosion. [Black holes begin to die] Quantum mechanics has allowed particles and radiation to escape from the
ultimate prison - a black hole. Black holes begin to evaporate away, erasing the last large-scale structures in the universe. As they die, they light up the darkness one by one. As the black holes slowly die off, the universe continues to expand, driven by a mysterious force we don't yet understand. [Dark Energy inflates the universe] This is the frontier of human knowledge - a frontier ripe for exploration and discovery. Philosophers and poets have asked the question,
"Will the world end in fire or ice?" We can now give an answer. The latest evidence shows that the universe is not slowing down, but it's speeding up out of control. And the universe, we think, will die in ice -
trillions upon trillions of years from now. Empty space itself has energy. In every little cubic centimeter of space,
whether or not there's stuff, whether or not there's particles,
matter, radiation, whatever... there is still energy, even in the space itself. And this energy, according to Einstein,
exerts a push on the universe. What is the weird stuff that's accelerating the universe? We call it 'dark energy'. And this stuff is the dominant stuff of the universe - almost 3/4 of the matter-energy content of the universe is this dark energy and we don't know what it is. Dark energy, unlike matter or radiation,
does not dilute away, as the universe expands. This has crucial implications for what
the universe is going to do in the future. So, what will be the future of the universe? Well, if the dark energy remains
dominant and repulsive, the universe will expand forever. Faster and faster and faster with time -
a runaway universe. 70% of the energy of the universe resides in
empty space and we don't understand why. But we do know what will happen. If that energy continues to be there,
the universe will become cold and dark and empty. That's the future as it might be. We don't know because we don't yet understand
the nature of dark energy. Until we do, we won't know the future,
we won't even understand our own origins and that's why we want to know
and study this subject. Discovering the true nature of dark energy could change our vision of the future dramatically. If it somehow weakens over time, the universe could collapse under gravity - a "big crunch". Given a boost, it could tear the universe apart at the seams - a "big rip". [Black hole era] Physicists increasingly suspect that there may be multiple universes beyond our own, each with their own unique laws of physics. Some would harbor the right conditions for life.
Others could collapse or be ripped apart. Others sill could be far more exotic than anything we could imagine. New pieces to this puzzle are out there somewhere, waiting to be found. The forecast does seem to be for an ever-colder,
ever-emptier universe. But then of course we have to ask,
"Could that end lead to a new beginning?" And there are ideas, whereby what actually is the end of our universe, could in some sense,
lead to the beginning of a new one. Some speculate that there may be a way to escape our universe before entropy erases everything. We could create simulated virtual universes, or with enough energy, create another one just like our own. We've worked out the mathematics,
the equations, they seem to say that if you have an atom smasher, that can constrict tremendous
amounts of energy at a single point, you can perhaps open up a gateway - a 'baby universe' Facing the death of everything there is -
this perhaps is their only possibility of escape. And this also raises a very intriguing possibility,
sheer pure speculation of course, that perhaps any universe that has intelligent life in it, will create baby universes, will create 'lifeboats',
and will proliferate child universes. [Last black hole evaporates] So an evolution may take place among
universes, in the multiverse. Survival of the fittest may take place. So those universes which do not have intelligent life are 'infertile', they have no children. But those universes that have mild temperatures,
stars like ours, would create civilizations that could open up
child universes and they would then proliferate. If there is no way to escape the universe, then entropy will march on, destroying the last remaining supermassive black holes. As the last one explodes and dies, it bathes the universe in light one last time. [Last Black Hole evaporates] After an unimaginable length of time,
even the black holes will have evaporated, and the universe will be nothing but a sea of photons gradually tending towards the same temperature as the expansion of the universe
cools them towards absolute zero. Once the very last remnants of the very last stars
have finally decayed away to nothing, and everything reaches the same temperature,
the story of the universe finally comes to an end. TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS For the first time in its life, the universe
will be permanent and unchanging. Entropy finally stops increasing, because the cosmos cannot get any more disordered. Nothing happens,
and it keeps not happening, forever... "Everything has its wonders, even darkness and silence...
...and I learn, whatever state I may be in, therein to be content." - Helen Keller CRAFTED BY MELODYSHEEP Supported by Protocol Labs What will you discover? How will you change the future? Thanks to: Juan Benet & my supporters on Patreon. MELODYSHEEP.COM | @MUSICALSCIENCE For Ash Subtitles by the Amara.org community
It amazes me that our universe came into existence 14B years ago, and our species, having been sentient for essentially a second is capable of understanding how it will all end so far into the future that the numbers become meaningless
Aside from the astrophysicists themselves, the real heros here are the people that come up with the sights and sounds (like in this video) that allow a layperson like myself to gain some level of appreciation for these concepts. Very nicely done.
It's a half-hour video, and the stars are burnt out in the first four-and-a-half minutes.
Matter is gone in less than twelve.
It's going to get pretty boring around here.
These videos always give me an existential crisis
I wrote this on the other thread for this vid:
One of the cool things I like to think about is how future civilizations will try and create this kind of solar power when the stars begin to die out.
We've had the film Sunshine, which has the conceit of restarting a dying star with the use of atomic energy. But what about creating new stars entirely? Or hell, setting off a new big bang that begins to create more cosmic trash that'll eventually create MORE planets and stars.
Humans have advanced at an incredible speed within only a hundred years. Now think, if we can get our shit together, what we can do with a hundred thousand.
Forget Dyson spheres, how about a Dyson galaxy? Or one siphoning off the energy of a black hole?
And perhaps the reason we haven't seen another civilization do this yet is because, like the video says, we're still very much in the beginnings of the universe. Or perhaps they already have, and the light from their work hasn't even gotten to us yet.
I'd love to see this type of video with ideas of how we counter the death of the universe involved.
"Bye, last proton."
The perfect tone and perfect quote. Everything is so far in the future it don't really matter to me, but still rooting life finds a way to make it's own mini universe. Maybe our universe is one of them. Kind of like generations of universes.
I'm so happy that, living in this age, we can comfortably answer many questions about the universe. Also, at the same time, I feel a sense of pending doom knowing that just after 100 years, once I am not around, they will have a significantly better understanding of it than I do. So no matter how I play this, I'm the clueless one in the end.
Reminds me of the short story The Last Question by Isaac Asimov.