Bird & Birdsong Identification with Luke Cannon

[Music] hey good morning I'm Luke Cannon and thanks for coming out today and what I'd love to do today is to give us a chance to get out into the wetness into the garden into our wild spot into our different habitats here on the land and look and listen and talk about the different birds that we see on the landscape what we're hearing where they are on the landscape what what observations we can make of the birds color and size and shape and those pieces so we're going to go into identification right in the field right away and I kind of wish at times when I teach bird classes I could do the background and context and big-picture stuff first and then we could go out to the field and you have some things to to be practicing and looking for but the early worm gets the bird is what I always say right the birds are most active in the morning and so if we can get out into the field now not only that but there's a good chance of thunderstorms sometime in the next few hours so I think getting out there early gives us the best chance to observe birds in the wild space so we'll go and we'll play and we'll get off our feet wet and we'll get a little dirty and we'll have our little moment and then after checking out a few habitats out there we're gonna come back this way and then I have a little slideshow presentation or PowerPoint presentation it's Ben Wade's pointing out a nest here oh yeah they sure do have you seen any any action in there this morning great let's keep our eye on this one before we start I want to read you a poem this is from Mary Oliver's book owls and other fantasies and it's a poem called wild geese you do not have to be good you do not have to walk on your knees for a hundred miles through the desert repenting you only have to let the soft animal of your body love what it loves tell me about despair yours and I will tell you mine meanwhile the world goes on meanwhile the Sun and the clear pebbles of the rain are moving across the landscapes over the prairies and the deep trees the mountains and the rivers meanwhile the wild geese high in the clean blue air are heading home again whoever you are no matter how lonely the world offers itself to your imagination calls to you like the wild geese harsh and exciting over and over announcing your place in the family of things and before we jump into the field I just I just want a presence that you know what a treat to be able to study birds like like what beauty and what joy they bring us especially as we get used to seeing them and and recognizing them and getting no no individuals and as you get to know that the individual Cardinal or the Carolina wren or the Phoebe that's nesting under your porch Eve's a lot of joy can come into our lives and a lot of learning too so I just want to name that that some of the reasons that I do this one is for the joy it brings to my life to Ecoliteracy I want to be a responsible earthling and learn about my greater community not just the human world but like what else is here on this astounding planet that allows us to to be and allows this whole habitats and ecosystems around us to function and then lastly I also we just want to name like responsibility and this day and age bird-watching is a joy for us and a pleasure for us and even further I think we have responsibilities as humans as stewards especially as creatures that have such great impact of on the environment to learn about what's here and how we can live in some sort of harmonious or beautiful way with it and we are learning that a bunch you know there's this big surge right now of folks who want to reconnect with the land who who want to learn the plants and the wildflowers and and the animals that live around them that are interested in becoming eco literate again which is nice because I feel like so many humans we got a pileated woodpecker flying by so perfect timing because pileated woodpecker is what we call a keystone species there are hundreds of species not just bird species but but insect species and animal species mammals and all sorts of creatures that depend on the pileated woodpecker living just how it does and so it lives in a way of service that allows so many other creatures to live so I just want to name that as a nice example for us to go for and and let's take this time and go and see Birds and enjoy them and and we're just going to naturally thing start to make connections with them that will help us make choices in our lives that will help us steward the ecosystems we have here so how's that sound I'm gonna bring my book with me so if I'm talking about a bird and you don't get to see it let me know and I'll open up my field guide and be able to show you a picture there's probably a few folks that maybe have phone apps that they could also use to show you a picture and I will talk about books later but just to say this is the one I most recommend for folks who are beginning this is the Peterson guide Peterson's guides of birds of eastern and central North America and again there's a number of field guides and later on in the slideshow I'll talk about a few different ones in the pros and cons of different ones but briefly I'll say what I love about this one is it the pictures and sides are drawings rather than photographs and the drawings are big and so the arrow that points to the feature that they want you to look at it's easy to see there's a nice description and another thing is rather than just having this teeny tiny little map on the side that you can barely see unless you pull out your magnifying lens or your botanical lens is in the back they have the range maps enlarged it has a few less species in it than the Sibley's guide or a couple of the other guides but that's actually helpful when we're starting to have less species to decide which wren we're looking at etcetera so highly recommended and there's there's lots of great books so if you have a Sibley's or a Kaufman or something like that still great awesome perfect let's mosey down there's a piece called the honoring routine that some of you may have learned about how many folks here came to the bird language workshop last summer okay oh good okay well we'll talk about honoring routine but there's actually a decent influence on how we're feeling and what our thoughts are focused on and our moods that it makes a good influence on what we're seeing in the natural world and how it's responding to us so one of the first things I'm often encouraging I'm always encouraging my students to do is to tune in onto something that helps them feel peaceful or relaxed or happy and then usually the next step is I'm asking folks to tune in to their senses and so right one of the senses right now that we might want to just engage in is yeah I see I just saw a few folks take a breath nice let's take a few breaths and maybe just reach out with your ears for a moment your voice is a distant car on the country road maybe here the stream and go even a little bit deeper what are the different sounds you can hear in the water what are the the higher notes in the lower notes as you start turning into birdsong you'll probably hear some that you recognize and know the names too you'll probably hear some you recognize and don't know the names too and you might very well hear some you have no idea what it is that happens to me every day but one thing that I'll ask you to do is we start to observe birds and learn to identify their songs is that the songs or actually the vocalizations that they're making are going to give us more than just identification as we turn tune into bird vocalizations we're gonna start understanding the different moods that the birds are in and it's it takes a little bit of time to get to know the different species but it's actually a lot easier than you think I have students all the time who start doing this piece of trying to figure out what mood the bird is in and they're just really accurate with it right off they just start asking what is this bird thinking about how is it feeling what is it up to and so many times birding or bird-watching can just stop with the identification of a species and the style of bird-watching and birding that I really am promoting with folks is a type of birding where folks connect in with the creatures that they're observing I don't care if it's a chipmunk or a squirrel or a bald eagle like what's it up to it not just not just identifying it but what is it up to what is it doing because it's going to be through deepening our relationships with the animals on the landscapes that we're going to learn how to stored the land we're going to learn how to make decisions around where to place our barn and what crops to use and what we want to use to take care of cucumber beetles are not used to take care of you come on girls etc so there's going to be a lot more information well it might even later today we'll get just a little bit in the bird language later this afternoon and you know we'll learn that what the birds are saying and how they're feeling will tell us other information about the landscape like when the Fox is moving through when a hawk is going after your chickens if there's a deer that just gave birth and a little patch of woods in your backyard that you didn't even know they were deer in so a lot of neat information comes from bird language okay I want to walk around the landscape and what I'm gonna do is like a point or gesture a little bit sometimes I think in the bird world it's rude to point a lot of times when I point right to a bird that's singing it stops singing so it's all kind of be like yeah I'll point to some sounds and what we'll do is we'll try to hear them if we're having trouble hearing them I might pull out my little gizmo my bird app and I'll gather people in and we'll listen to it and then we'll listen again to see if we can match the sounds because sometimes when I'm teaching folks bird sound in the beginning there's just so many different noises it can be overwhelming how many folks here already do a little bit of birding you've gone out a few times okay you might know cardinal or Carolina wrens great anybody hear an ear birder you spend a lot of time listening to birds and identifying them by ear awesome great because turns out that even though our our visual sense can be blocked by a lot of different objects and thus we only have so far we can see I can't see any birds on the other side of this house right however I can hear birds on the other side of this house our sense of hearing can reach out around the landscape in amazing ways if it's the right landscape if I'm next to a roaring Creek not so much if I'm next to an interstate or a busy road it can be a lot harder to do but in a lot of natural environments our sense of hearing are going to reveal sometimes dozens and dozens of species on the landscape that we might not be able to see especially this time of year once the leaves have come out on the trees and a lot of birds are expert hiders you know you can have a hundred birds in a tree and and not even realize it you know as you're walking closer you see 25 grackles pop out you're like oh I didn't know there were grackles in that treating you walk closer and then 50 grapples pop up oh my gosh there's still more in there that was amazing and then you get closer and another 50 jump out in this tree at this point is only ten feet away but your ears would have told you that the whole time right the common grassle often here in pretty big flocks making these interesting like rusty hinge noises and almost like the swing set playground that hasn't been greased forever right the grackles make a sound like that with their throat so so we have two of the most common birds singing here near us and there are two birds that live here all year the Carolina wren and the Northern Cardinal let's walk over towards this Northern Cardinal I only have a song Syracuse let's walk over towards the northern Cardinal and we'll take a listen to it song and we'll talk about it later bit can you see right up here at the top of this will oh we have a bird singing we have a song sparrow and I love this moment because later on this afternoon I'm going to talk a bit about birds on the landscape and particularly location on the landscape right in the top of this willow if you step this way you'll have a silhouette against the sky it might be a little easier to see yeah the male song sparrow loves to perch about 10 to 15 feet off the ground and he's getting up there and singing his song letting other song sparrows know that this is his area this is his turf this is my side of the garden letting female song sparrows know how good of a singer he is and so he just flew from this perch which is kind of a nice zenith place a place where he can be seen really easily now song sparrows prefer how about this song sparrows in our area prefer to perch around 10 to 20 feet I would say that bird is 20 maybe even 22 feet high at this point oh and we have a hawk flying over and everybody goes quiet and the hawk has something in its claws I think it was a rodent I think it was like a meadow vole or something so songs barrel this song even though it's a very common bird this song is not the easiest one to learn it's a little complex can anybody here imitate it we've been sitting here listening to it for a while and by the way when I say imitate I don't mean like do a good job it's sounding like it I just mean like it's general floor [Music] doesn't sound anything like what I'm doing but what I'm going for is a little bit of cadence and a little bit of pitch there's a mnemonic for song sparrows that says this is an old one you'll be able to tell it says maids maids maids put on your Tcat a little add a little and and what I say for the song Sparrow is like one two three and then something in the middle and then a trill at the end but it kind of does that it has this little introductory and then it has something buzzy in the middle and then it has a little bit of a trill at the end now song Sparrow is one of our most diverse species there's 16 subspecies maybe more at this point because that information is a few years old but at least 16 subspecies of song sparrows in North America so this is a bird that can really have a lot of flexibility in its habitat and in the stripes that it puts on and it's song to a lot of variations of the song but most songs barrel songs have that pattern a few introductory notes a buzzy thing in the middle and then a trill at the end here's a little trick you might feel shy about doing this on camera or even just in public or even when you're alone you might feel shy about it but if you imitate the birds you hear you'll learn them much faster you hear bird you might maybe just look around make sure nobody's nobody's looking at you or anything like that and then when you hear the Cardinal go just do it and and I swear by it my students who take the time and do that learn the bird calls much faster so because you're getting it in your body you can even do a little dance like if you see the bird do a movement like make up your own little movement while it's singing that song and it just brings it in matter of fact even my students that I teach plants I try to encourage them to use as many senses as they can to take it in and what does it smell like if it's edible what does it taste like because using more of our body's inner senses is going to help us build relationship right we're not just trying to learn birds up here we're trying to learn birds like as a relationship like all together yeah it's good sounds like a big with his voice is it is it a regular little sparrow right yeah this is a sparrow that can fit in our hand but it has somehow it's little syrinx which is about the size of a drop of water and has 29 different muscles that control the sound moving through it you can project really big yeah okay that's wonder a little bit more and see what else we hear and anybody recognize this bird offhand this is a mourning dove and what was it that allowed you to recognize it I heard a number of people say dove why doe only the wings you need blood oh nice another feature is that long thin tail it is a long slicked slender bird quite an aerodynamic bird some of the members of the Dove and pigeon family are some of the fastest fliers in the world some folks think that the reason why Falcons learn to fly as fast as they Bly is because they want it to chase members of this family the Dove family they're super graceful often beautiful songs and by the way this one is called the mourning dove and it's spelled with a u as if it's song is sad but I've been rebellious and whenever I write it I don't write the you because my association with this bird is like the sweetest time of spring and hearing it in the mornings and I always thought it was a happy sound oh nice there it is flying off full wing beats I meant to point out that it has white outer tail feathers before it flew I was going to go over there and scare it and we could watch it fly but it already flew when you next see a dove or spook one from your garden right often they're on the ground feeding on little and vertebrae they're gonna fly up to a perch and and it's interesting because having electric wires you know they can be a little bit of an eyesore but what electric wires do for birds is they provide a perch that's high up and out in the open and gives them a good view very off as you're getting into birding going and checking the field there where you live that has a big electric wire or a big stretch a big expanse of electric wire or telephone wires it can be a great place for a lot of species because so many things just like the safety of that nice high perch where they can get a bird's-eye view so we have a northern Cardinal that is on this electric wire you might be able to hear it going do-do-do-do-do-do but this is a male Northern Cardinal these days I do sometimes carry a phone that has bird sounds on it but that's not necessary for years and years I've heard it without any sort of apps but I carry a book with me at all times I'm checking habitat and checking range Maps so here is our Northern Cardinal male bright red female mostly doll-like Brown and Buffy tones notice the tops of their heads can you see that nice big tuft recently I got to see a summer Tanager in our area a bird that is an infrequent guest to the mountains the summer Tanager is a bright red bird unlike the scarlet tanager which is here a little more often the summer Tanager also has red wings scarlet tanagers have black wings so how did I know the difference between a northern cardinal and a summer can injure what are the features to look for and that's where these books are nice they have little arrows that show you what to look for to be able to tell the bird from similar species and in this case the tuft on the top of the head and then the other arrow is pointing to the beak because even from where you are can you see the big honkin beak on this bird yeah it's a pinch like beak it may be a Finch relative they've actually been moving in it around taxonomically they're not positive what it's relatives are but it sure seems like it has a beak that's ready to crush open some tough seeds so that's a nice feature that's a very different looking beak than that of the summer Tanager and would be a good identification feature now song-wise their songs sound very different so for me just seeing a red bird in the distance and hearing the Northern Cardinal song don't even have to get my binoculars on it to see the beak features but I'll put my binoculars on it usually anyway just because it's a beautiful bird most folks here familiar with Northern Cardinal it's quite a common bird and one of the funnest things for me is I sometimes host people who come from other states and want a bird in our area and there's often certain birds they want to see especially birders from the west coast that it's their first time birding in the East Coast this is the bird they most want to see they're just like oh I've always wanted to see a northern cardinal and there might be other rarities that they're interested in but like to get to watch people see northern Cardinals for the first time especially if they're coming from areas that don't have brilliant Redbirds such a treat really refreshing for me having grown up with this bird oh my god yeah it's a Northern Cardinal the truth is though I really try whether it's a chickadee or a cardinal or Iran I try to always watch the behavior because I'm constantly learning new things they're introducing me to new areas of my yard and new creatures crawling around and all sorts of things I might not have seen otherwise so I just heard a wild turkey in the distance what are you seeing up there it's like circling the gain altitude [Music] hawks and hawk identification Hawks can be a harder group I don't know if any of you saw the book I have in there on Raptors but you know you start flipping through the pages and you're like there's another brown one with the whitest chest with a little orange on it and stripes on the tail it can be a tricky group just take your time you'll get it habitat is helpful size is helpful but slice is hard to tell because how far away was that bird you know depending on how far away it is it will look really small if it's really far away or really big if it's up close so it can be hard to tell size while something's in the sky but there's little features to key into about the wing shape about how much the head sticks out about whether or not light shines through certain feathers where the dark spots are but habitat and behavior as a helpful thing we'll talk more about behavior later but behavior is one of these pieces that as you get to know the behaviors of different birds it's going to be really helpful matter of fact even if I didn't see if it was too dark to see any color matter of fact even if it was so dark I could barely see the shape of that dove that was here in the garden that flew up to the wire just by the behavior of it feeding in the garden and flying up to the wire I might be able to guess it was a dove yeah although if it was a smaller faster bird and it flew off in a lower angle and landed on the wire I would have probably guessed Eastern Bluebird because I see you stream bluebirds fly from gardens and land and wires all the time and are there other things that could be sure there's a number of other birds that could be but you start to get to know where different things are on the landscape oh there goes that Hawk again nice so we have a red shoulder Hawk I'm hoping it might feel a little call for us at some point it's interesting that it ended up flying to the same area with the hawk earlier flew - and does anyone know if we walk the garden this way can we get over to this clearing over here okay let's do that I don't know if anyone saw those three birds that just came through but a nice example of burr identification through behavior as well as vocalization they were three birds and did anybody see their little flight pattern they were doing this thing like they were riding a little roller coaster and they like go down and down and down and all of a sudden they flap a little bit and come back up and then go down don't like fly back up and that is a real typical pattern of the American Goldfinch then it did a little call notes something a little bit shorter than a song there's a woodpecker showing the other group of birds that does this too although woodpeckers are more like this they're like that long old wooden rollercoaster as opposed to the modern fancy ones that are the American gold finches oh it's great it just they just call note again it did a little seaweed so they have to cull notes it's just one high-pitched few on the other call note they uses a little particular curry and I might be able to play those for you I'll take a moment to mention bird apps does anybody here have a bird app that they use that you enjoy what you wish to use use the Merlin I love the Merlin app and the autobahn those are my two favorites actually one nice things about both of those apps is one they can be free there's free versions of them they don't take up too much space on your phone and you can get Eastern versions of both of them at some point ten years down the road you might want to be learning a lot more about West Coast birds or occasional Birds or rarities in which case you'll probably want to get a North American app which might cost a little bit of money I've been trying out one called eye bird pro it has pros and cons one of the pros is it has many many species that has all sorts of rarities it also has a lot of unusual songs that was a red berry picker but sometimes it's hard for me to find the typical songs in AI bird Pro I think they do a good job of showing the variety that's out there however when I am helping new folks try to hear the most common song I prefer the Merlin in the Audubon app I'm going to move come back to the American Goldfinch because we're listening to a nice Carolina wrens name and it has okay so here we are Northern Cardinal and Carolina ran very common birds lots of variation of their song matter-of-fact are all of our most common Birds Carolina wren Northern Cardinal song sparrow in bluej they have more variety than most other birds two kind of interesting but they're the ones that hang out around us maybe they've been able to survive near humans because there's such tricksters or because they have such a variety I'm not sure about that but Carolina wren typically is in three syllables one of its other songs the mnemonic I give to it is slippery slippery slippery slope and one goes figaro figaro figaro figaro so often it's got three notes to it you could probably waltz to most of the Carolina wren songs that is the red-bellied woodpecker it goes but a little but I'm gonna put it up this is real hot pitch it's it's not too high which baby will join little Carolina in my house nested where we hang our hose it built a nest in there and and it just had its first egg hatch two days ago so I'm like it's like really fun bird-watching type and we can't use that hole we actually went out and bought another hose just to like leave it there you know we try we try our best we needed another hose anyway we were just being lazy Carolina wrens okay let's rap about them for just a minute and at some any moment I might pause to point out a bird flying by but Carolina wrens we have a bunch of different wrens winter wrens are down here at low elevation in the winter then they go way high up we'll listen to winter in songs later today house wrens could be around here on a regular basis Carolina wrens are here all year long Carolina wrens tend to mate for life please have a yellow-billed cuckoo fly but like most of our songbirds in North America the Carolina wren usually the male that seems that's about 85% of the time true in temperate areas is it's primarily the male who's singing when you get into the tropical areas my understanding is it's a little closer to 5050 but up here likely because of higher predation it's typically the male who sings it's also typically the male that's more colorful so why is it that the males are colorful and the males are singing and the females aren't mating dance because because the gals have to sit on the nest absolutely and they have to be camouflage that's super important and if one of them has to be the singer yeah absolutely the male is going to be the one that we're gonna risk getting taken by the sharp-shinned hawk or the Cooper's hawk as opposed to the female so another way of saying that is the males are more expendable okay we're done with that let's keep going so how is singing used singing is used for a variety of purposes one of the reasons why we're hearing this Carolina wren Singh over here is it's letting other Carolina wrens know that this is its its territory this is it area it wants to use the resources that are in this given spot it's probably used this area over and over again each year of its life when it dies most likely one of its siblings that lives nearby will be the ones that will come back into this area it would be similar to you putting a fence up around your property or even just signs that say no hunting or whatever your signs might say so claiming area is one of them many species will fly around their area regularly kind of patrolling the borders especially if there's high pressure of other males wanting that territory especially if resources in a given area are low if resources in an area are really high or birds have adapted to use resources that are really abundant is another way to say that then they can possibly have lots and lots of birds close to each other so it varies from species to species one example of a bird that does that is red-winged blackbird I've learned to make their homes and wetland habitats and eat foods that are very abundant aquatic in vertebrae and so they can actually be together in hundreds and during the mating season they barely spread out you know it'll be ten or 20 feet between two nests Carolina wrens however might want a lot more room because they're going for caterpillars to raise their young and and there's only so many caterpillars in a given habitat so an area that's mowed regularly they're going to need a lot more space than an area like that it's going to be a lot more chuck full of caterpillars and so we've got birds flying over here I think they're cedar waxwings and they are and they're not making any noises for us remind me when I'm done talking about Carolina wrens to mention cedar waxwings and then we'll go back to American Goldfinch you mentioned the yellow yellow go cuckoo yeah yup we'll try to pick a pepper too it's probably going wherever there are cherry trees and tent caterpillars so look for that Carolina wren the male and female stay together all year long most self-respecting birds would never try to stay with their mate through the entire year right there's just too much of a pain in the rump the Carolina wrens do however and I think therefore the spirit was kind to her and gave her a lot of vocalization too you can hear the female Carolina wren growling or sometimes purring at her partner and sometimes he'll sing a song and she'll kind of growl back and he'll sing again and she'll do a log trill and they'll just go back and forth once you learn the females call it's one of the ways that you can then positively distinguish the Carolina wren song from the similar Northern Cardinal song is because you hear the female calling back which won't happen with the Northern Cardinal some cool behaviors in Carolina wrens you ever like leave your garage open for a week in the spring and then you go in there to grab your kayak or you know a shoe box with something in and you find it's been chuck full of moss and you're just like what is all this moss and pine needles or dead grass like stuffed into my different boxes and cover it's not even a bird nest it's just like this mess of like stuff like what is going on there Carolina wren does this sweet thing he is the nest builder in the couple very often it's the female but but it depends on what species it is but for Carolina wrens the male is building nest and he'll build like five to even sometimes 10 different nests and then she'll come around and she'll check out his work and be like oh yeah this one this one looks good it's got a nice view and no no you know this one's right near the mulberry bush good thinking and she'll kind of check out the different properties and be like oh this is the one this is the one that's safe enough and well-placed enough and well-built enough it's gonna it's gonna survive a storm it's gonna be camouflaged from the Blue Jays who are trying to find our eggs let's use this one and she makes the call very often with Carolina wrens by the way their nest almost like a squirrel's nest there'll be an entire ball and it will just have a little opening or two in it although it can be an open cup as well so once she chooses the one that she's like yeah that one he doesn't stop he keeps going out and gathering materials and putting them places stuffing them in your mailbox and that butyou left in the garden and that beer cozy you left on the back porch it's just taking Moss and grasses and stuffing them in what is he doing making a figure he's making fake nests why is that cuz he just needs a project to tinker on now that he's retired or something all right any guesses and decoy distraction there's Blue Jays snooping around and all they're thinking about is omelets you know are there they're more there Asheville blues they like the raw food movement and so they're going for raw eggs and they're looking around there's spent a lot of time in spring looking for eggs to snack on right it's like one of the best times a year for them it's one of the few times that eggs are available on the regular and all they have to do is watch other birds from quietly from a perch rather than going around and making their loud ruckus bluej noises they do something different than they usually do they get quiet and they start sneaking around and they find a little perch and they sit and they watch and they'll even watch birders with binoculars because they know you're looking for an s2 and and they'll go and they'll try to find some eggs and and have a snack what the Carolina wren is doing is fooling the Blue Jake is the Blue Jays doing just what I do as a birder I'm looking for a bird that's carrying nesting material in its mouth because then I know what's going back to its nest and if I can find a nest I'll have good bird-watching for a week or two or three and the Buddha is doing the same thing looking for the nest the Carolina wren almost no problem with blue jays because he's stuffing stuff all over the place the blue jay has no idea uh you know just they're all duds so fun behavior to watch it's probably happening in your yard now yeah Carolina wren we could keep going they're great little birds to learn again looking into your field guide and learning to stink distinguish them from house wrens or if you live down in the flatlands where there's a lot of wetlands and distinguishing them from marsh wrens very different habitat but house wrens are in our area winter ends are here in the winter but they actually go away north to nest except for a few species that go up to high elevation we can talk about that [Music]

Channel: Living Web Farms

Views: 8,057

Rating: 4.775701 out of 5

Keywords: Luke Cannon, Bird Langauge, Birding, Astounding Earth, Listen to Birds, Understanding Birds, Approaching Wild Places, Walking softly in nature, Nature walk, Using Binoculars, appreciating Ecosystems, Garden Awareness

Id: Ku31sgNlMYk

Length: 37min 0sec (2220 seconds)

Published: Tue Nov 20 2018