once you've got an empire what do you do with it and what did he feel like to be part of it well clues can often be found in very surprising places you I'm talking rubbish ancient Roman rubbish I'm in the middle of a Roman landfill site millions and millions of broken pots that once contained the fuel of the ancient city olive oil it's trash but it's very valuable trash because it's through the leftovers of the Roman world the bits and pieces and the junk as much as the monuments and the treasures that we can see how the Roman Empire works what feeds it or connects it here were the winners and they were the losers the Romans never set out to acquire an empire but their undistinguished little town came to control a territory that stretched from Britain in the north twelve cheerier in the south Spain to Israel the Nile to the Rhine how did it look to the Romans what they make of it how'd they visualize it we tend to joke and say all roads lead to Rome but actually they did what about the Concord what difference did it make to them olives olives damn olives there were great fortunes for some but an expense of the many this tombstone for me is a bit of a tearjerker so just have D drom transform the landscape of our world for an extraordinary record of the scale an impact to the Roman Empire I've come to see what must be one of the most remarkable and surprising leftovers from the Roman world so I'm going to show you our freezer and it's not a piece of pottery or even an inscriptions I shut the door is lyza must be what greenland feels like yes what I'm here to see is ice recently drilled from the Arctic ice sheets preserving layers and layers of buried history right back to Roman times hope form in Greenland you actually have to drill down to get to the Roman bed I would say four or five hundred meters deep in the ice sheets quite analyzing this always Caelius a part in her team at Utrecht University have discovered some striking evidence about Rome's impact on the environment so here you can see a piece of ice from Greenland that we all have already measured so in fact you see all this small air bubbles and each air bubbles represents the composition of our atmosphere in the past gosh there's Roman history melting in your hands and what we do in fact is that we measure the the greenhouse gases in those little bubbles especially methane that's our main interest and we had a big surprise that's around year one we had a increased level this in dismissing fingerprints showing that higher level of biomass burning so burning can be burning because of deforestation burning because of what kind of other processes be comparing our data with historical data this peak was related to population growth and unto the Roman Empire expansion the data revealed a sharp spike in the level of methane in the Earth's atmosphere that wouldn't be seen again for over a thousand years this is really great for me because we know that the Romans had all this extra increase in productivity and Industry etc but you know actually to see it and track their forever in the eyes that's truly extraordinary I can't think we feel a bit differently about it perhaps but I think the Romans would have been absolutely delighted to see their impact kind of preserved like that yes Roman pollution captured in the Greenland ice sheets is dramatic evidence of a burst of energy as Rome transformed the world it conquered and southern France is another of the remaining traces of that transformation the veer Domitia the ancient road linking Italy to Spain because Rome built its empire from the ground up connecting people and places in a way that had never been seen before for us roads almost stand for Rome and actually but when roads still do lie underneath many of our own transport routes but it's easy to forget quite how revolutionary it was to go from a system of windy local dirt tracks took great paved highways striking out across the continent wasn't that the speed you could go on them was that impressive still took even the fastest Romans about a week to go what we could cover in a day but the idea that you could start out in Rome get on a road stick on it and end up in Spain or Greece that was entirely new like sinews crossing the Empire the Romans built a network of roads over 80,000 kilometers long not only creating a new geography but introducing an entirely new Roman way of thinking about the world this is a bit of disuse signage from a Roman Road it's one a series of milestones that were set every Roman mile it's about one and a half kilometers along all the major routes most of the writing on it it's actually the Emperor's name and titles so you know who to thank for this lovely road underneath is a big number three that means we're three miles from the nearest staging point what's important about this is that you know exactly where you are for the first time you can place yourself in the world of course once you got off the beaten track people in the countryside they hardly have noticed the arrival of Rome life would have gone on much as before but where there were Roman roads things changed not necessarily for the better it wouldn't have been fun finding a brand new superhighway go straight through your land and Romans complained much as we do about the bad food and exorbitant prices of the ancient equivalent of service stations the Sun though these new roads are a cause for celebration these are copies the four really strange Roman drinking goblets like quite recognisably in the shape of milestones but just that they've got lists and lists of liens of places scratched into them it says around the top is that this is the route from guarde that's Cadiz in Spain to Rome and to Rome and between each place it's giving you the number of Roman miles that you have to travel and at the bottom it does a grand total of the whole length of the road which is over 1,800 Roman miles that would take you more than 40 days to travel know quite what they were for there's actually a bit of a mystery I mean they might be very practical it might be a useful traveling cup plus your routes inscribed on the outside of it it's rather more likely that they're either souvenirs of the road or a celebration of the lengths are and the splendor of this great road so idea that you could find Romans drinking and to look like milestones really shows and sort of internalized that sense of Road culture have become just exactly what I'm going to do Selene everybody the goblets also point to that other great marker of Roman presence on the landscape towns the Romans sponsored the greatest program of urbanization in history and in Western Europe their cities still often underlie our own all over the Empire towns needed infrastructure it's the old cliche about the Romans that they built roads and bridges barns and drains and aqueducts like this one and they plowed an awful lot of cash into it this wasn't one of the longest or the most vital aqueducts in the Roman world it channelled water just 15 kilometres from a mountain spring to the small Spanish town of Segovia but all the same it's hard not to feel impressed by the ingenuity of it and the sheer Hertz bar that series of arches this is where even I get a bit gobsmacked by Roman engineering and in a way that's the point it's one of the trademarks of the Roman Empire it's meant to be in your face and its message goes far beyond any practical purpose this can't just be about the water supply this is about Roman power it's about the Romans making an impact on the landscape it's about the Romans making themselves permanent put it another way you want to bring a water supply to a small town do you really need all this extravagance aqueducts towns roads these are the classics stereotypes of the Roman Empire that what it did for us but more than just clever engineering projects the Romans could imagine them all fitting together the roman empire or an ancient power is a medical patient or medieval so but it's copying a roman result this is the only Roman map of the Empire we have or actually it's a copy of a 13th century copy of an ancient Roman man why this is important is it gives us a glimpse of how the Romans pictured their own empire some of that's pretty obvious you've got Rome right in the middle and leading out from it you can see the roads there's some familiar names as Naples or nay a palace and there's Pompeii and that rather squashed Island there that's Sicily then you move further and further east past Crete here but my favorite bit I think is the Nile Delta with the city of Alexandria it's lighthouse here and then all the little rivers and tributaries in the Delta there in some ways this looks like a very mad representation of the world it's all terribly squashed and it's not arranged north-south but it's making more important points than that it's saying that Rome is at the very center and what's important about the Empire is its cities its towns and it's roads we tend to joke we say all roads lead to Rome but actually they did and they led away from Rome to what the Romans are telling us is that theirs is a joined up world it's a dramatic statement a Roman power and control and a network of connectivity which joins up places never before joined up and in this new connected world the demands of the Roman state and over a million consumers in Rome itself could be met by producers many hundreds of kilometers away this is when the hills of southern Spain became a giant olive farm and juicing enterprise this kind of monoculture just olives olives and walk demo lives is one legacy of the Roman Empire it was then southern Spain first became the world's biggest producer of olive oil more than 7 million liters of the stuff going to the city of Rome alone every year it was an agricultural revolution anyone who'd lived through it would have seen the countryside round about them completely transformed the Roman Empire ran on olive oil it was used not only for cooking but lighting and even the ancient equivalent of soap you couldn't live without it Olive grower Francisco new litter parado is still in the business is the whole economy of this area is it all based on olives yes olive trees with olive oil and the whole process represent in this area practically between us 70% of the income I mean some people like you are growing your lives yeah but then then you've got your Pickers your specialist Pickers but you've got presumably transporters you've got middlemen you've got export agents everybody happened to be a specialist in something it was much the same 2,000 years ago olive oil provided jobs in a highly profitable industry there were lots of people who made lots of money out of all this there were the growers and the pickers and the presses and the Packers the transporters and the distributors don't forget they were the men who cashed in on it all by making the containers to put it in this was an oil economy you shipping seven million litres of olive oil to Rome and the wider Empire each year required more than just trees and presses we needed an entire infrastructure whether in the form of warehouses bottling plants or ports one of the main transport hubs and distribution centers was a place the Romans called his spaulos and we call Seville built into the fabric of the modern city unnoticed by most passers-by today is an introduction to one of the Roman officials whose job it was to make sure the precious oil reached its final destination this is a book put up in honor of a man called Sextus Julius possess or and it's ended up I'm afraid in an extremely inconvenient place really what it is is a description of possessors whole career first of all he seems to be stationed in Italy itself uh looking after the incoming supply of oil from both Africa and Spain but then he moves out to Seville to a job which is described as procurator somebody who's in charge of the reap and biters the river bank of the river bite is an interesting case of how Roman Imperial administration works they never have very many people on the ground but they do get uh men into place in key areas and here we've got possessor I think as a safe pair of hands in Seville making sure that nothing goes wrong with a supply of oil to Rome from this end of course ultimately this was all for the benefit of Rome but a more complex exchange was taking place too as olive oil float to Rome money flowed into Spain and there's evidence in the branding stamped into the oil jars themselves that this new wealth allowed some people access into the politics of Rome itself this is a particularly tantalizing example because a stamp here reads very clearly port PAH that's port short for Portus probably with a warehouse of someone called PAH and one thing we know is that the father of the Emperor Hadrian had those initials Publius alias had rihanna's so it's possible that this handle is telling us something about the source of the wealth of Hadrian's family in the oil fields of Spain and it's telling us something about the commercial profits that underpinned the power structure of the Roman Empire whether this was really where he'd made his money or not we know that Hadrian the man on the Roman throne for twenty years in the second century AD came from Spain it's a reflection just--how joined up the Empire had become and it's not surprising that Hadrian bankrolled big building schemes here this is what's left of the town of italica where the Emperor Hadrian's family came from they were native Spanish they were Roman settlers from way back but they obviously thought of Spain as their home Hadrian plowed an awful lot of cash into his hometown tremendous showing off but to be honest all a bit out of proportion one of the biggest things he did was put up this huge amphitheater it would have accommodated 25,000 people now to put that in context the Colosseum in Rome accommodates about 50,000 or so so you've got a small town amphitheater in Rome in Spain with half the seating of the Colosseum or to put it another way the population of little Italica was only something like 8,000 people in all to me that sounds a bit like a plutocratic benefactor giving little Cambridge United a stadium half the size of Wembley it is a little bit absurd we're now almost in the center of the arena this is where the gladiators would afford where the wild beasts would have been slaughtered and right in the middle here you've got a sort of mini version of what you find in the Coliseum itself the underground cellars where the gladiators and the animals would have waited to come up into the arena through trap doors in the floor very easy to get rather overblown view of the brutality and the extravagance of gladiatorial an animal spectacle my guess is that you didn't see gladiators here very often you certainly didn't see very many exotic wild beasts they did put on performances are perhaps once a year on Hadrian's birthday be my guest because the real point of this monument was not actually entertainment for the locals or whatever sort the real point of this monument was to stamp the image of Hadrian on his native city and what Hadrian's italic ad really shows is something of the wider process by which Rome remodeled the world in its own image in Spain and elsewhere Rome established itself for good not just in bricks and mortar but in institutions and laws which defined a specifically Roman urban way of life these bronze tablets are just covered in columns and columns of writing and what that writing is is a constitution devised in Rome for a Roman town in Spain and really it's a series of do's and dont's how to be a Roman town abroad here's one about what the local officials called the e dials should do they're supposed every year to put on some ice plays in the city Ludi sky Nicky they have to pay no less than 2,000 cesta sees that twice a soldier's pay from their own money dae-su are Pecunia and they might just get a grant one thousand says to cease from public funds if they do that so here we got our generous local officials obliged to give us a theatrical display everything from seating arrangements at public events to the speaking time allotted to accusers and defendants at trial are outlined in this document and many have a familiar feel there's a great bit here which is about well in our Terms it's about electoral expenses it says if you are standing for office you're a candied artis what what you mustn't do is lavish expensive meals on people in order to encourage them to vote for you although it is allowed to give nine people a meal on one day but no more than that after that it's bribery that's the kind of level of micromanagement that the Romans are trying to impose from roads to aqueducts civil servants to public performances in this kind of empire building cash was as important as armies in the ancient world if you needed cash yeah to dig for it southern Spain wasn't entirely olives there were plenty of riches in the form of silver to be on earth tier 2x minor and local archaeologist saturnino a Guerra he's taking me to see evidence of the Roman operations here 2,000 years ago this would have been an industrial landscape hearing with people one Roman who actually visited reckoned that there were forty thousand men working for the mines in this area yeah in a quarter Romana helium right so what we've got here is a place where the later mining has cut through to give a cross-section of the Roman working and you can see some little square holes galleries or passageways and all over the rock you can I think see the pock marks where the Roman miners have come in and they must have followed the or scenes and just taken the silver all out and not bothered with the rest of it and it's the scale of the industrial processes that went on around here from the mining to the smelting that helps us understand those traces of methane we can still recover from the Arctic ice sheets and the Romans also recognized the problem of pollution they built the chimneys of the smelting plants very high to get rid of the noxious smoke it was a terribly exploitative system of resources of landscape and of people but they're also vast profits to be made - there are people who came here from Italy in search of their fortune I mean in a way this was a bit like the gold rush or Spain in a sort of way was Rome's Eldorado the first silver entrepreneurs took full advantage of a ruthless system in which profit was the sole consideration the organization of the Spanish mines was a mixture of public enterprise and private enterprise the Roman state owned most of them but didn't have the infrastructure to manage them so it sold the franchise to arrange a private companies they called them publicani in our terms that's public service providers the dangers of that are obvious the state gets the basic minimum the only incentive for the private companies is to maximize their profits the people who pay the price are the poor guys down there we've got to imagine hundreds of people underground all toiling to get the ore out and using pretty rudimentary tools this is a Roman pick and you have to imagine that there's a a wooden handle here and you're picking at the surface of the rock like that this one is really heavy it's a rather clever dual use tool again it's got a a wooden handle going through there you can either hammer up the rock or you can pick up the rock using the other end you'd have to be pretty strong to wield that effectively you'd have to be even stronger though to manage this crowbar and imagine you're coming and you're trying to pick out up the seams of your and you're jabbing this into the rock but to loosen it out with the sharp end this is obviously very dark dirty sweaty heavy labor and it's a reminder that beneath the surface of this sparkling new Empire there were the silent underclasses keeping the wheels in motion this tombstone for me is a bit of a tearjerker we read about Roman children being used in the mines as workers but here we actually seem to meet one he's a little boy called Quintus our Chile's and he lived to be just four years old there he is he's got a little tunic on he's got a pic in one hand and a basket in the other he's all set for working the mine we don't actually know that that's where he died although many children must have what we do know is that it is ever minor that he's being remembered it was on small backs like these that the wealth of Rome was built the silver he helped to mine minted into the currency of empire what most of this Roman silver went into was coin things like this one Roman estimates that each year in this area they got nine million of these that's an enormous impact on Roman economy and society you can buy and all fall out of that cadets and armies for nine million of these but what's amazing is that these coins came to be used all over the Roman Empire same denomination same designs Jonathan Williams is an expert in coins and deputy director of the British Museum these are two very similar coins of the emperor hadrian distinctive face there and adrionna time justice that's right there they are very very similar they're both Roman silver denarii the lifeblood in many ways of the Roman currency system both of that of Hadrian are very similar they're the same value same amount of silver but they were found completely opposite ends of the earth um this one here was found in Bletchley in southern England and this one was found in southern India it's Britain of course inside the Empire India outside the empire but those trading links absolutely does that mean that in a sense what Roma's done is created a unified internal economy and coinage them if we got monetary union really in the Roman Empire it's a single currency union when you talk about the gold in the silver coins particularly those are the ones as we see here that circulate throughout the Roman Empire and beyond everybody wants a good Roman gold and good Roman silver but what you do have of course the other way in which the currency unifies the Empire is it is that they've all got their head of the ruling man and it's his head being seen and used and noticed come to de pomme from britain all the way through to india that's one of the key unifying factors about the roman empire together with all those statues and all those other things from its Spanish mines Rome maintained a constant flow of hard cash trickling down to contractors soldiers and traders across the roman world who could hardly have forgotten that all this wealth was tied to roman power in return rome became the focal point for all the empire had to offer drawing in taxis talent and the raw materials to build the imperial city we know today and one of the highlights still standing in all its glory is the pantheon for many Romans walking past this building the most striking thing about it would have been the columns holding up the porch we tend not to pay them very much attention and if we do notice them we really don't know how to read them but they're actually one of the loudest boasts you could make about imperial power that's partly because their monoliths they're carved out of a single piece of stone and just think how difficult that would be to do without them breaking or cracking but it's also the material itself they all come from quarry's deep in a province 3,000 kilometres away from here Egypt they've been loaded onto camels and donkeys dragged across the desert put onto ships in the Nile taken to the Mediterranean across the sea to stand here it's an extraordinary statement about the resources of empire and about the ability of the Emperor Hadrian who put this building up to control those resources since the Stone is the message but even empress couldn't control everything you look hard at the building you'll see some awkward mismatches some odd misalignments to make it look as if the architect had been expecting columns a few meters taller and had to make some last-minute adjustments when smaller ones arrived maybe the quarry just couldn't supply what was asked for maybe some poor devil got the order wrong I wouldn't like to be him for me the Pantheon reflects how the Empire changed Rome just as much as Rome changed the Empire the Capitol was where stuff from all over the Roman world was on display and on sale and at the center of this world was the Mediterranean itself Rome's internal sea it was much quicker and cheaper to bulk transport goods by water than by land and Mediterranean became a busy highway with cargo ships laden with things from ground granite columns to humble objects of daily life everywhere you went in the Roman Empire you'd have found people eating and drinking out of shiny red pulse like this we still find them stacked on museum shelves everywhere from Hadrian's Wall to North Africa most of us that's me included just walk past them without the second glance but actually they're what's left the most extraordinary case of Roman mass production most of them are pretty plain but this one's got a more exciting decoration that's got pictures of the goddess Diana having a bath and being spotted by the unfortunate acti on who gets attacked by his dogs as punishment for being seen the goddess with no clothes on it's quite hard to place exactly there's a social level of this but I reckon it's sort of very very middle market ordinary that's to say there'd be some people who would lust were just one of these bowls for their table there'll be others whom this would be normal everyday crockery what's really important about all this is the simple fact that it just got everywhere when people dig us up in 2,000 years time I guess they'll find loads and loads of fizzy drink cans and identical trainers across the world this is one of the first examples of globalisation this is the Roman brand through its roads and sea routes the Roman brand spread throughout the empire this wasn't only the movement of goods but people too in the remote town of her appleís in modern Turkey we find the remarkable tomb of a man who seems to have made the most out of the opportunities of belonging to the new Roman world this is a wonderful story of an exciting life on the high seas it's the tombstone of a man called Flavius luksus and he says that during his life he has sailed around the promontory of Cape mallya at the very southern tip of Greece between here in Turkey and Italy 72 times so what's he doing well her eppela s-- was the textile capital of this part Turkey and he can only have been going from here to Italy to flog all the things they were making but what's interesting is what he chooses to put on his tombstone to sum up his life are those dangerous 72 journeys Zook sis must have been unusually successful or he wouldn't have bragged on his tomb but for someone like him the Roman Empire made the world simultaneously bigger and smaller bigger because of the expanded horizons and the distant markets now open to those who dared smaller because of the network of connectivity that enabled people and goods to get around the world more easily than ever before and a key part of that distribution with a ports nerve centers of Roman trade and commerce one of the cities that flourished in the commercial world of the Roman Empire was Ephesus it became a hub of input and export it had once been an old famous Greek town going back centuries but it was transformed by the Romans everything we now see here is the result of Roman investment and the reason it was so important in the Roman world is simple its Harbor Imperial trade needs more than ships and merchants it needs well-functioning harbours the coastline around ephesus has long since changed and is now a good way inland but in its heyday it was an important maritime jate way to the east and to rich pickings from as far away as India a reminder that the Roman world was much bigger than the Roman Empire and Ephesus would have felt like the whole cosmos had descended here people from everywhere speaking as many languages on the streets then as they do now City the court of a million not just those that lived here but people coming and going and everyone busy busy busy giannis guys doing the hard day's work the cheats and the chances go getters in the bureaucrats and of course the money makers if you could afford a pad in the heart of Ephesus then the chances are you profited from the constant flow of goods through the harbor these are upmarket houses for those who'd made it this is all amazing it's also quite confusing there's a series of houses one above the other running up the hillside and they're partly into looking so it's quite hard to tell where one house tops and the next one starts but what is clear is that there was a luxurious lifestyle going on here but some people in Ephesus including the owners of these properties were doing very nicely thank you and it makes the point that the benefits of Empire did not only flow to the Imperial Palace or to people in Rome itself the homes of the ephesus elite were evidently pretty flashy no expense spared the fashions and trends of the city rome itself were imitated and reproduced here we've come into a kind of reception hall on a really palatial scale also it must all have been faced with marble right the way round you can see the columns of marble on the side knobby panels in between and this is where somebody big entertained and displayed his wealth and power this is you know almost imperial scale must be pretty terrifying I think to be a guest at this house and I'm standing on a modern walkway that you can see there must have been a great big door and there's big door fixings on either side we have to imagine that you would have had the door opened for you into this and there the big man would be ready to greet and possibly humiliate you the things that came from the temples of Ephesus really live up to that classy Roman style so to do the things from the terraced houses one of the highlights are some exquisite if to my taste slightly militaristic ivory plaques showing the Emperor on campaign to cross the board the finds here really are top of the range the best that money could buy question is where did the money come from now where did these guys who own these houses make their cash well trade obviously but the same trade makes it all sound a bit easy a bit comfortable it's one of the biggest commodities that came through the port of Ephesus were human beings this town was a great center of the slave trade slaves flowed through the marketplace at Ephesus like olive oil through Seville the brutal truth was that many Romans wouldn't see much of a distinction between the two as they saw it slaves were one of the products of empire many victims of Roman conquest kidnapping or just foundlings if you wanted to buy a slave this is where you'd have come it's uncomfortable to grasp but the Roman Empire depended on slave labor and like every other ancient society the Romans took slavery absolutely for granted but uncomfortable as it is if we want to understand rather than just deplore what went on here we have to try to get into the mindset of those who came to buy slaves what did they think they were doing my guess is they thought they were doing their shopping perhaps they were here after a gardener or a tutor for their child or maybe a hairdresser how are they going to be sure they weren't ripped off could they trade in last year's model and were they missing out on a special offer next week three for two that may seem a very callous way of putting it but it is the everyday reality of Roman life slaves with the operating system of Empire picking the olives quarrying a stone mining the silver and constructing the buildings they weren't just a perk for the rich quite ordinary craftsmen or small farmers could have afforded at least one but if you were the Emperor it would have been thousands in fact it's at the Emperor Hadrian's villa just outside Rome at Tivoli that we can still get one of the clearest glimpses of the slaves world and the strict social hierarchy that underpinned the Empire and this is where the slaves lived in hundreds of rooms how many were squashed into each one we just don't know but I don't imagine we should be thinking of individual bed sets so of those slaves servants or laborers and that's how we usually think about slavery but others would have been slave doctors accountants librarians and musicians these were the people who are needed to power this estate a slave in the Imperial Household would have been in a lucky position compared to those working in the silver mines of southern Spain the truth is we can't ever see it from their point of view because they haven't left any account which gives their side of the story so all we can do is imagine it this is where some slaves spent most of their working lives downstairs in a network of dark service tunnels beneath the grand Airy quarters upstairs people scurrying about down here were always meant to be invisible and they've remained pretty much invisible to us largely because they've left no trace behind them for me this underground world is a powerful symbol of one very nasty side of Roman slavery and exploitation but before we feel too much moral superiority coming on might be worth reflecting how many invisible people there are beneath the surface of our world too this was the Empire that Hadrian kept hidden labyrinth of tunnels separating the underclasses from the elite who inhabited the luxurious buildings above this was the empire that Hadrian wanted to present to the world and it was built very deliberately to do just that even after almost two thousand years of plunder and exposure to the elements it's at Tivoli that we can still see better than anywhere Hadrian's own vision of the empire in the biggest palace the Roman world had ever seen if you came to visit the Emperor Hadrian in his great villa this is the approach you have taken and pretty impressive it was to feed flight of stairs leading up to the monumental gates and on each side fountains playing a niche for statues there probably been some burly guards in fact villa is a dreadful understatement you and Palace doesn't quite get it this Imperial residence Hadrian's country pad was the size of a town once you'd past security and got your foot in the door that she has scale of the place and the luxury would have been dazzling Paul's library's the miniature theaters not that you'd have found Hadrian here very much though more than any other Roman ruler he was off for years touring his empire Hadrian was always getting on the back of his horse going somewhere he was one of the greatest tourists to the Roman world and half of his 20 year reign he spent on the road what he saw the monuments the temples the exotic highlights of the provinces he reproduced replicated and copied at Tivoli the organization it would have taken to construct this place is almost unimaginable the builders themselves were only a part of it there were the people who sourced the material who placed the orders the architects the accountants and clerks and the dinner ladies who catered for the whole team don't know if anybody's ever actually counted the total number of bricks in Hadrian's villa but this really is building as a military operation because bricks now do make it all look a bit naked but remember it was originally covered with slabs of marble and works of art it's difficult to visualize it today but Tiffany's interiors must have been amongst the most lavish in the Roman world just a few broken pieces of marble have been unearthed giving us a snapshot would it might have looked like conservationist Barbara Capone era has the tricky task of trying to put the jigsaw back together sometimes you can get to see what covered those bare brick walls and this is an amazing image of a horse and a charioteer or his rider the horse's tail here and his leg there it's all made on the kind of same principle as a mosaic but with larger pieces so this is marble and the Horseman's belt it is made out of blue glass and it was surrounded by a frame that kind of like a painting on the wall these marbles have been brought in all over the Empire the horse's body is a rich yellow marble that we know comes from Tunisia and one of these other fragments here is a great green marble that was from Greece actually in the area around Sparta what else have you got Barbara well Estella they import Fedor epipheo Vienna dolly Jeeto right so this is poor free from Egypt and it can go next to Tunisia and this is another very bright red-orange marble that comes from Greece that goes next to Sparta there it's almost as if we've got a map of the empire in marble on the walls and floors of the villa Tivoli echoes Rome's Imperial possessions here statues representing Rome with its mythical founders Romulus and Remus sit side by side with a God of the River Nile representing Egypt a visual reminder of how far and wide the Emperor's domain stretched at the Pantheon Hadrian had displayed his power to control the resources of Empire but here he went a step further trying to evoke on his own estate some of the most admired monuments and landscapes of the provinces including a slice of Egypt this was perhaps the swankiest dining room in the whole of the Roman world have to imagine the select few guests reclining here surrounded by water picking up the delicacies from little boats floating in front of them but they weren't just eating 5-star food in a lavish setting they were eating in a replica of one of the most famous monuments of the province of Egypt because Hadrian's project was not simply to create a luxurious lifestyle for himself it was to make the Empire seemed to converge here whether by sucking in its resources to this one place or by literally recreating the wonders of his world on his estate to tour the villa must have been like touring the Empire this was the Empire in microcosm in its ambition Tivoli captures the essence of an empire that brought together places and people as never before along its roads and it's busy cities and ports the inhabitants of the Roman Empire experienced deep changes which still affect the world around us revolutions in engineering trade and agriculture these offered new opportunities riches for song and matching in equality for others it's always easier to find the winners than the losers the destitute the exploited the underdogs have left very little behind them the properties of Ephesus the oil barons of Spain the entrepreneurs of the seas have left the traces of their success stories whether in the shape of broken bits of pottery or great grand columns but one thing's for sure winners and losers lived in a new world Hadrian's villa at Tivoli offers an idealized and to be honest rather sanitized vision of the Roman Empire ordered world would established hierarchies everything in its place here obviously under the command of one man the reality of course was more fluid more fractured and messy but this is the Emperor's frozen vision of how the Roman world was and should be in this new joined up world what did he really mean to be Roman you saw the toga everywhere Frette Qin was toga how would you become one what difference would it make to your life have a good bath it says and I suppose it means flip-flops only you
