ATI TEAS Anatomy & Physiology Made Easy with Smart Edition Academy

hello Brilliant Minds and future Healthcare professionals welcome back to nurse Chung The Hub of success Innovation and knowledge we're absolutely thrilled to partner with the renowned smart Edition Academy to bring you the guide to mastering the human anatomy and physiology section of the test wondering why smart Edition should be your choice well that's simple they are not just a study platform they are a personalized roadmap to success with a dynamic approach in learning smart Edition Academy promises an engaging interactive and Vivid educational Journey curated meticulously to cater to every aspirants needs remember your journey to success is just a click away with smart Edition Academy so hit that subscribe button Gear Up Your Enthusiasm and stay tuned for an incredible Voyage of knowledge and accomplishment as you may already know the science section is a pivotal exam compromising of 44 questions with a significant portion of that being 18 questions stemming from the human anatomy and physiology domain this area is instrumental in Show casing your Readiness for the fruitful career of healthcare as we progress through this video you're going to notice that there's a QR code on every slide for free to skin it anytime to transport yourself to Smart Edition Academy's Treasure Trove of insights and deeper knowledge on their respective topics it's your gateway to more comprehensive information and richer learning experience starting off with organization of the human body we're going to venture into body cavities the spaces within the body that houses vital organs we have the thoracic cavity which envelops the heart and the lungs it's the central Hub of our respiratory and cardiovascular systems we have a little bit lower the abdominal cavity this is the region that shelters organs like the stomach liver and intestines and they play crucial roles in our digestive processes next we have our cranial cavity that's the Fortress for our brains it's the key Center for our nervous system operations next we have our spinal cavity running along our back bone and this cavity in cases are spinal cord and is a crucial pathway for neural Communications and then lastly we have our pelvic cavity way down there at the bottom and that's the Basin at our lower end it houses our reproductive organs and parts of our digestive and urinary systems to navigate this fascinating territory we have to use some cardinal directions often referred to as anatomical terminologies let's acquaint ourselves with what's essential to know for the test we have inferior and Superior these words help us say things like below meaning inferior and above meaning Superior like our knees are inferior to our hips but Superior to our ankles next we have anterior or ventral and posterior or dorsal these words say things like front that's our anterior or our back which is posterior so for example our nose is on the anterior side while our back bones are on the posterior side next we have proximal and distal imagine your hand is a tree the part closer to the trunk of our body is proximal right and the part further away from our body which is our finger fingers would be distal next we have lateral and medial these words help us say things that are closer to our sides so closer to our side this would be our lateral and closer to the midline would be our medial right so our thumbs are lateral to our fingers and then lastly we have superficial and deep this is used to talk about things that are closer to the Skin So closer to the skin that would be superficial much more further inside that would be called Deep right so our skin is superficial compared to our bones and finally to slice this intricate structure for a closer look we use body planes they are essential imaginary lines that divide the body into sections here are the primary ones that you need to know we have the sagittal plane that is a vertical plane that divides the body from left to right sections we have the mid sagittal plane this is a very specific type of sagittal plane that splits the body into equal left and right halves we have the coronal or frontal plane this is another vertical plane that divides the body's anterior that's our front and posterior that's our back into sections and then lastly we have the transverse or horizontal plane this is the or only horizontal plane that slices the body from Superior to inferior when you're creating your study plan there's going to be additional information that you're going to want to include in there that's going to be important to know for the test such as anatomical position and terms I've listed a couple of the common terms that you're going to find in this section on the exam so please feel free to pause the video and take pictures of the slides to help you with your studies thank you now let's dive deep into the cardiovascular system this is going to be really important for you to know on your tests at the core of our cardiovascular system as the heart it's a dynamic and Powerful organ about the size of a clenched fist tirelessly working to pump life-giving blood throughout the body it's positioned snugly between the lungs and this remarkable organ has a meticulous structure that facilitates a ceaseless flow of blood the heart is essentially a four-roomed house hosting two atria and two ventricles our Atria are situated in the upper half you can think of them as the welcoming Chambers receiving blood returning to the heart think of the term Atria as Atrium or entrance hall of the house this is where guests also known as our blood first arrive the ventricles on the other hand are the PowerHouse rooms located in the lower half of the heart where the blood is being pumped out to embark on its vinyl Journey throughout the body or to the lungs connecting these rooms are doors called valves which ensure a one-way flow of blood preventing any backward movement let's take a closer look at these vital doors so first we have the tricuspin valve this valve is the Dorman between our right atrium and the right ventricle ensuring a smooth passage of blood into that lowered chamber try hints at its structure compromising of three leaflets or flaps next we have the pulmonary valve think of this as the exit door from the right ventricle leading the blood onto a pathway through our pulmonary artery to the lungs where they pick up a fresh supply of oxygen then we have our mitral or bicuspid valve this is serving as the Gateway between our left atrium and our left ventricle this valve as the name suggests by consists of two flaps orchestrating a seamless flow into the heart's Powerhouse chamber which is our left ventricle and then lastly we have the aortic valve this is that grand exit door stationed between the left ventricle where the rejuvenated oxygen-rich blood is propelled into the aorta the main highway to distribute nourishment and oxygen to every nook and cranny of our body one of the most important things that you're going to need to know for the test is blood flow through the heart and the system so let's break down the blood's journey through these Chambers in a step-by-step process now we're going to be starting with blood entering the heart but just remember this is a continuous process so there is no start or stop point when it comes to this system so step one entry through Superior and inferior vena cava oxygen depleted blood from the body first enters the right atrium through two large veins called The Superior and inferior vena cava picture these as highways bringing blood or traffic if you're looking at the highway analogy back home to the heart step 2 is our right atrium to our right ventricle the blood then flows from that right atrium into our right ventricle passing through the tricuspid valve remember that's that one-way door that prevents backflow remember the term try it means three hinting that there are three flaps that make up this particular valve step three we have our journey to the lungs so from our right ventricle the blood is pumped through that pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery which carries it to the lungs to pick up oxygen that term pulmonary is associated with the lungs and it's a good hit to remember when you're thinking about its function step four is oxygenation happening in the lungs in the lungs the blood gets oxygenated meaning that it picks up oxygen and it releases carbon dioxide and other waste products so picture this as a rest stop where the blood refreshes before it continues on in its next Journey step five is it's going to return back to the heart our now oxygen-rich blood is going to return to the heart through the pulmonary veins into our left atrium step six is going to be from our left atrium to our left ventricle the oxygenated blood then moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle passing through the bicuspid or mitral valve remember bi indicates two referencing that there are two flaps on this valve it's another good handy memory cue when you're taking your tests and then lastly is Step seven it's going to be distributed out to the rest of our body now when it finally gets to that left ventricle the left ventricle is going to pump that oxygen-rich blood out to the body through the aortic valve into the aorta which is our main artery think of this as the stage for the grand exit or the blood is dispatched to deliver oxygen and nutrients to various body tissues before we conclude here's a quick note for all of you Avid learning your study Journey shouldn't stop here dive deeper into the cardiovascular system by exploring additional crucial topics such as anatomy of blood understanding blood grouping and the various functions of blood as well as the process of homeostasis equip yourself with Comprehensive knowledge by exploring these topics in detail on the smart Edition academies course foreign itioning from the rhythmic beats of our heart we're going to venture into the realm of the respiratory system this is another critical Network that ensures every breath we take infuses our body with life-giving oxygen when you picture the respiratory system think of a majestic tree the trunk is our trachea our branches that go from the trunk are our two main bronchi these divide further into smaller bronchioles which could resemble Twigs finally leading into our tiny sex called the alveoli which are pretty much like the leaves of our tree this is where that essential exchange of gases takes place let's navigate through the Tree of Life from the top down starting with our upper respiratory tract the Gateway into our respiratory system it comprises of three things our nasal cavity that's our primary air filter it's equipped with hair and mucus attract dust as well as microbes picture this is like the canopy of the tree filtering out that incoming air next we have the pharynx and this is a shared chamber for both food and air and it directs the air down to the correct path ensuring that it reaches the lungs safely because we don't want anything else getting in there that shouldn't be in there imagine this is that sturdy trunk directing the flow correctly down and then lastly we have the larynx this is also known as our voice box it plays a dual role in aiding speech as well as preventing food from entering that respiratory tract think of this as like kind of a knot in the tree it's a distinctive feature that ensures a smooth flow and functionality transitioning to the lower respiratory tract we venture deeper where that vital gas exchange takes place again this is made up of three main areas we start with the trachea this is our windpipe it's a tube supported by rings of cartilage ensuring that that tube remains open at all times it really acts as that robust Central stem of our tree then we have our bronchii and bronchiols these are those branching arms that come off of our tree guiding the air into smaller and finer Pathways eventually reaching our our alveoli and then ending in our alveoli picture these as those tiny bustling little leaves where the real magic happens the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is what helps facilitate life with every breath that we take so as we talked about in the incredible Labyrinth that is our respiratory system that vital exchange takes place in the alveoli those tiny sacs are nestled way way deep at the bottom of our lungs here oxygen from the air that we breathe is absorbed into our bloodstream supplying vital energy to every cell in our body simultaneously carbon dioxide and waste products from cellular activities is expelled from the blood releasing it into the external environment when we exhale this seamless exchange is a Cornerstone of life because it facilitates the continuous cycle of nourishment and cleansing keeping our bodies functioning optimally when we start looking at infections of the respiratory system we tend to break them down into upper and lower respiratory tract infections so with the upper respiratory tract infections often known as the common cold and sinusitis they're primarily affecting the nose and our throat imagine this as an infestation of our canopy or the upper branches of our tree it's really going to be a localized disturbance affecting the system's initial entry points on the other hand when we're looking at lower respiratory tract infections we're looking at the lungs and it can be much more severe encompassing conditions like pneumonia and bronchitis visualize this as a root infection where the foundational aspects of our tree the core structures facilitating gas exchange becomes compromised necessitating more intensive care as well as attention in addition to these topics I'd like to point your attention to some additional vital topics that will help augment your understanding of the respiratory system as you continue your Learning Journey make sure that you're studying the mechanics of breathing the functions of the respiratory system as well as the mechanics of respiration foreign next we transverse the remarkable pathway of food through our gastrointestinal system this is an intricate Network that works tirelessly to digest and assimilate the nutrients we need for our bodies Our Voyage begins at the oral cavity this is where that First Act of digestion takes place here the food meets the mighty Trio of our mouth our tongue and our teeth this is what breaks down the food mechanically making it easier for us to swallow as we venture further down the pharynx welcomes the food acting as that crossroads directly to our esophagus the esophagus is that muscular too that serves as the Grand highway for entrance into our stomach upon reaching the stomach the stomach is that muscular Sac that's used for churning all that food that we ate the food undergoes a transformative process breaking down further with the help of gastric juices readying itself to enter the Realms of our intestines our Expedition advances into that small intestine it's a winding territory where the magic of nutrient absorption takes place enzymes play a significant role here facilitating the breakdown of food into much more simpler substances that can be absorbed and then we have our large intestine that's responsible for reabsorbing water and electrolytes transforming what remains into solid waste and then our final destination is the journey to the rectum where the waste is ultimately stored until it exits the body in addition to the digestive organs that we just discussed there are various glands and additional organs that play pivotal roles in ensuring that the food is broken down efficiently as well as nutrients being absorbed optimally so starting with our sublingual and submandibular salivary glands they're situated in the oral cavity these glands are the first to spring into action so creating saliva-rich enzymes the salima initiates that process of chemical digestion right from the moment the food enters the mouth breaking down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars then we have the PowerHouse of enzyme production which is our pancreas it's nestled close to the stomach and it secretes a cocktail of enzymes into the small intestine assisting in the breakdown of carbohydrates proteins and fats it ensures that the food we consume is broken down into molecules small enough to be absorbed and utilized by our body stepping into the Limelight next is the mighty liver and that's our body's chemical processing plant apart from its various vital functions in the realm of digestion it produces bile a crucial component that helps with the emulsification of fats breaking them down into smaller droplets thus making it easier for enzymes to act upon them last but certainly not least we have our gallbladder and that's a small vital organ nestled underneath our liver it acts as a storage unit for the bile produced by the liver and it releases it into the small intestine to Aid in the digestion of fats together these remarkable organs and glands create a symphony of processes that facilitate the smooth and efficient breakdown and absorption of nutrients showcasing the Marvel of our intricate digestive system there will be additional topics that will help further the understanding of the gastrointestinal system that you should know including accessory organs digestion and disorders of the digestive system these topics are covered greatly in the smart Edition education modules thank you foreign to the intricate pathway of both the male and female reproductive tracts we're going to start with the male reprojective track that plays a critical role in human reproduction so let's navigate each vital organ that understands this specific roles so the Journey Begins in the testes it's the primary male reproductive organs housed in the scrotum the testes are essentially factories for sperm reproduction continuously manufacturing sperm cells and male reproductive cells from puberty onwards they also play a significant role in hormone reproduction primarily testosterone which governs male secondary sexual characteristics as we move further along we encounter the epididymis it's a tightly coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored temporarily this is where they gain that motility it is a critical feature of successful fertilization next on our path of the vast deferens it's a long muscular tube that transport that mature sperm from the epidymis to their urethra where it's ultimately expelled during ejaculation we also had the seminal vesicles which are glands that produce a significant portion of the seminal fluid that set nutrient-rich liquid that provides sperm with the energy that it needs to Journey towards the egg this fluid also contains substances that protect and nourish the sperm facilitating their survival within the female reproductive tract next we have that prostate gland that's that Walnut size structure that produces a fluid that mixes that seminal fluid enhancing sperm motility and Mobility helping with the neutralization of acidic environment with inside the female reproductive system creating a conducive environment for the sperm to survive and then lastly our pathway accumulates with the penis it's that external organ that plays a pivotal role in the delivery of sperm it can consists of structures that fill with blood during arousal facilitating an erection in a necessary condition in order to have sexual intercourse the urethra running through the penis serves as that exit route for sperm encapsulating that seminal fluid during ejaculation now that we understand the male reproductive tract only makes sense that we follow the female reproductive tract which is a complex but beautifully designed system that also plays a critical role in human reproduction we start with the ovaries the reproductive powerhouses where the marvelous journey of Life truly begins nestled within the pelvis the ovaries are responsible for the production of eggs or OVA which is the female reproductive cells moreover these incredible orions are the main source of female hormones estrogen and progesterone which govern the menstrual cycle and influence numerous aspects of the female health and development from here the OVA progresses to to the Fallopian tubes they are delicate channels that serve as the meeting point for eggs and sperm these tubes not only transport over from the ovaries to the uterus but also are the site where fertilization typically takes place setting the stage for a potential development of New Life Next we reach the uterus that's that muscular organ with a nurturing disposition it's here with a fertilized egg and plants and develops into an embryo eventually growing into the fetus the uterus provides a safe and nurturing environment it's rich in nutrients and protection for the growing baby during the gestational period further down that pathway we have the vagina and that's that muscular Canal that connects the external genitals to the uterus this versatile structure facilitates menstruation and serves as a conduit for sperm during sexual intercourse forms part of that birth canal during childbirth lastly we arrive at the that's our external portion of the female genitalia compromising of several structures including the labia and the clitoris the volvia x or the Volvo I'm sorry acts as a protective barrier and is the center of sexual arousal playing a vital role in the reproductive and sexual health of women and with that we wrap up our journey through the female and male reproductive tract there will be additional information that you're going to need to know for the atits including reproduction as well as the development of that reproductive system thank you let's take a closer look at our urinary system it's an essential Network for our bodies and is responsible for the waste elimination as well as maintaining bodily balance so we start with our kidneys those are our two Bean shaped organs situated on either side of the spine the kidneys have a vital role in filtering blood to remove waste and excess substances accumulating in the production of urine additionally they're involved in the regulation of various bodily functions such as fluid and electrolyte balance blood pressure control and aiding in the creation of red blood cells the urine produced in the kidneys is then transported to the bladder through the ureters those are our two tubes that ensure a one-way flow of urine preventing any backflow from taking place that could potentially harm the kidneys the ureters play a significant role in maintaining the system's Health as well as the efficiency following the ureters we have the bladder and that is a flexible muscular organ tasks with storing urine until it's expelled from the body the storage unit is able to hold urine for about several hours offering us that voluntary control over the timing of urination so it really does have a critical aspect within our daily functioning lives in men we find the prostate we talked about that a little bit before it's a gland position below the bladder encircling the urethra although it doesn't have a direct part in the urinary system because of its location and function with the reproductive Health it can ultimately influence urinary function making it a notable structure in this context if it's remember but circling that urethra and it becomes enlarged it's going to start to squeeze in that urethra making it difficult for males to urinate so it's really important structure when it comes to our urinary tract as well and then the final stage in this process involves a urethra it is a too responsible for carrying urine from the bladder to our external Journal opening facilitating that removal of urine from the body this structure varies slightly depending on males and females to suit the different reproductive anatomies let's take a moment to appreciate and zoom in on the nephron it's an important part of our kidneys these intricate units are Central to kidney function playing crucial roles in filtering our blood and maintaining our bodies fluid balance there are three processes that the nephrons go through when it comes to urine creation they are glomerial filtration tubular reabsorption in tubular secretion let us initiate the process of glomerular filtration position at the beginning of the Nephron is the glomerular list it's a network of tiny blood vessels surrounded by Bowman's capsule as the blood flows through that particular part of the Nephron the water and waste materials are separated from the blood cells and larger proteins this filtration process creates a fluid-filled filtrate which contains substances like urea glucose and salts as we move further along the nephron we encounter tubular reabsorption it's a vital process that occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule here essential nutrients Waters and electrolytes from the filtrate are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream this selective reabsorption ensures the necessary substances are retained by the body maintaining a healthy equilibrium for the system the next stage is tubular secretion predominantly taking place in that distal convoluted tubule this process involves the active transport of substances such as hydrogen ions and potassium from the blood back until the filtrate this crucial cell step helps regulate the pH of our bodies and eliminates additional waste products that were not filter out by our glomerulus the journey of the filtrate concludes in that collecting duct where final adjustments are made to the concentration and composition of our urine before it exits the kidneys ready to be transported down to our bladder for eventual excretion so everything we talked about were really big Concepts and it's important that you know them for the teas some additional study topics that you may want to look into may be urine formation as well as urinalysis foreign to take a quick break to discuss smart Edition Academy imagine having a Powerhouse of resources at your fingertips the smart Edition Academy course offers a whooping eight practice test to fine-tune your skills until you meet Perfection but that's not all they also give you access to meticulously organized practice question Banks segregated by topics to make the revision sessions as targeted and as effective as possible wave goodbye to monotonous learning because you are stepping into a vibrant world of understanding with over a hundred immersive videos all in Vivid color to make The Learning Journey not only insightful but also visually stimulating and for those of you who love a deep dive smart Edition has curated over 55 elaborate study lessons covering all the crucial sections that you're going to need to know for the test these lessons are your roadmap to achieving phenomenal scores weaving through the intricacies of each topic with precision as well as Clarity big thanks to Smart Edition Academy for sponsoring this video click the link below to access their full list of courses and hey if you enjoyed the video give it a thumbs up drop a comment of what you liked and what you would like to learn next hit that subscribe button for more moving on to our skeletal system which plays a critical role when it comes to movement and protection it comprises someone for 200 bones our skeletal system serves as multiple vital functions first it provides shape and support allowing us to maintain our posture and stand upright additionally our bones protect delicate organs such as our brain our heart and our lungs they also serve as anchor points for muscles facilitating movement plus within the marrow of our bones red blood cells are produced but did you also know that not all bones are created equal our skeletal system boasts a variety of Bones each with an intricate and unique structure and function so let's start with our long bones long bones are those elongated bones which mean that they are longer than they are wide and are primarily found in our limbs so examples of these bones can be our femur our clavicle our humerus as well as our tibia their primary function is to provide strength structure and Mobility then we have short bones which are more Cube shaped bones meaning that they are the same width as their length respectfully they are primarily located and our wrists our feet and our ankles think of them as shock absorbers offering support while allowing for a smaller range of movements next up we have flat bones and these are thin often curved bones like we see in our ribs our sternum and our skull their primary role is to provide vital organ protection and offer Anchorage point for muscles our body also houses irregular bones which as the name suggests have complex shapes so you're going to find these in our spine as well as our hips they serve various functions depending on where they are actually located and then lastly we have the sesamoid bones they are small and round embedded with tendons so the kneecap or patella is the prime example of this kind of bone these bones protect tendons from wear and tear some additional study topics that you're going to want to look into are the axial and appendicular skeletons as well as the ossification and bone remodeling foreign muscular system that is what grants us the power to move Express and even circulate blood so we're made up of more than 600 muscles the muscular system really is a marble when you think about it these muscles work in tandem allowing us to perform activities ranging from delicate Motions like picking up a needle to Powerhouse movements such as lifting weights they also maintain our posture they help us generate heat and they make essential bodily functions possible but just like our bones not all muscles are the same in fact we categorize them into three main types based on their structure and their function we start with cardiac muscle this is that fascinating tissue found exclusively in our heart it's characterized by its striated appearance it contracts rhythmically and tirelessly to pump blood throughout our body one significant thing to know is that the cardiac muscles are involuntary this this means they will operate without conscious thoughts if we had to think about making our heart beat every single second I think we'd be in trouble next we have the skeletal muscles they attach primarily to Bone and they are responsible for bone movements like walking jumping and lifting these muscles are striated like cardiac muscles but there's a Twist they are voluntary we control these muscle muscles consciously choosing when to contract and relax them so for example deciding to raise your hand or dance requires musk skeletal muscle action and then lastly we have smooth muscles these are non-striated muscles that are found in the walls of our Hollow internal structures such as our stomach our intestines as well as our blood vessels their movements are involuntary similar to cardiac muscles they help Propel food through the digestive tract contract and expand our blood muscles and perform a Mirad of other essential functions with without us even realizing it so from the conscious Flex of our arm to the unconscious contraction of our stomach during digestion muscles are always at work proving their versatility and importance in our daily lives when you're studying for the atits there's additional topics that you should familiarize yourself with when it comes to the system and that includes anatomy of the muscle cell and coordinating movements foreign let's look into our protective armor the integumentary system when you think about the body's first line of defense against external factors it's not a knight in shining armor but it's rather our skin it's the primary component of the integumentary system the integumentary system is not just about protection it also regulates body temperature provides sensory information and plays a vital role in vitamin D synthesis let's delve deeper into the Skin's architecture is structured into three main layers we have the epidermis the dermis and the subcutaneous layer starting with the epidermis that's our outermost layer it's primarily made up of cells called keratinocytes which produce a protein called keratin which gives the skin its tough protective quality melogen sites responsible for pigment production coloring of our skin also offering us UV protection the epidermis itself is made up of five sub-layers from the outermost moving in word they are the stratum corneum the stratum lucidum the stratum granulosum the stratum spinosum and the stratum bacilli each of these have a major role ranging from protection to cell reproduction first up we have the stratum cornea this is that outermost layer and it's a tough barrier made mostly of dead flattened cells called corneocytes these cells are constantly shed and replaced from layers below this layer acts as a protective shield against environmental factors such as water light and air next we encounter stratum lucidum this translucent layer is typically found in the thickest parts of our skin like the soles of our feets and the palms of our hands it's packed with a clear protein called align in which later converts to keratin beneath this is the stratum granulosum takes the center stage here cells start to flatten and and produce a lipid Rich substances that act as a water repellent sealant for our skin it's crucial in preventing dehydration the stratum spinosum follows often referred to as the spiny layer because of its appearance when you're looking at the cells under a microscope it's a region of active cell division where keratin sites receive their nourishment and begin their Journey upwards last but certainly not least is the foundation of our epidermis the stratum bacilli this layer hosts the stem cells responsible for generating new keratin sites there is also where that melanocytes reside as well producing that melanin pigment that gives our skin its color and offers protection against UV radiation directly beneath the dynamic layers of the epidermis we have the robust and diverse Realm of the dermis this layer is thicker than the epidermis is teeming with structures that give our skin its strength elasticity an ability to communicate with the environment among these structures are sweat glands there are two primary types we have the apogen and the ekron sweat glands let's start with the apocrine glands these are found in specific areas like our armpits around our nipples and our groin they become active during puberty and produce a thicker sweat which when broken down by bacteria is responsible ultimately for body odor on the other hand are equine glands are our widespread sweat glands found almost everywhere on our body essentially especially I should say on the palms and Soles as well as our forehead their primary role is temperature regulation by secreting sweat that evaporates off of our skin they ultimately help us cool down moving along the dermis also hosts sebaceous glands they are often closely associated with hair follicles and they secrete an oily substance called sebum sebum lubricates our skin and our hair keeping it very soft and preventing it from drying out additionally it provides a layer of waterproofing for our skin these intricate components of the dermis work in concert ensuring that our skin is not only protective and resilient but it is also adaptive to the ever-changing environment that it faces on a daily basis finally the subcutaneous layer is primarily composed of fat as well as connective tissue and it acts as an insulator helping us regulate temperature and serve as a cushion against external shocks some additional study topics that you may want to look into for the test will include anatomy of a muscle cell as well as coordinating movement foreign system to know is our nervous system welcome to that intricate web of connections and Communications that make up this system the system serves as a command center for our body governing everything from our thoughts as well as our movements at its core the neurological system is split into two main parts the central nervous system also known as the CNS and the peripheral nervous system also known as The Pianist the CNS consists of our brain and our spinal cord which are nestled safely within the skull and the vertebral column it is our main control center processing information and giving out orders on the other hand the pns acts like the wires that connect the central control to the rest of the body it carries out messages to and from the CNS these messages travel via nerve fibers afferent fibers relay information from our body's sensors to the brain while efferent fibers carry commands from the brain to the muscles and the organs one of the commonly used mnemonics to differentiate between afferent and efferent is afferent is also called arriving a for afferent a for arriving at the nervous system whereas efferent is exiting e for efferent E for exiting from the central nervous system so another way to think of it as Sensory neurons or asking for attention so they are afferent and motor neurons are executing the action also known as efferent remember afferent fibers bring information to the central nervous system from sensory receptors while efferent virus send information out to effectors like muscles and glands breaking down the peripheral nervous system even further is dividing it into the somatic and autonomic systems the somatic system covers voluntary movements such as waving and jumping it's all about that muscle control or the autonomic system however operates in the background controlling involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion but wait there's another layer to it it's split into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions when you think about the sympathetic division picture yourself spotting a wild animal your heart races your pupils dilate and your adrenaline surges this is that fight or flight system and action preparing you to either confront or flee from that potential danger it redirects blood flow towards muscles and increases heart and respiratory rates essentially it's our body's rapid response team ensuring that we're ready for immediate action on the flip side of that we have the parasympathetic division which acts like the calm after the storm once that perceived threat is gone it steps in promoting a rest and digest environment this division slows down our heart rate stimulates digestion and helps us conserve energy imagine it's like the caretaker that ensures our body gets the downtime and recuperation it needs after that very intense activity together these two divisions ensure a balance letting our body dynamically respond to changing circumstances while also providing periods of rest and Recovery the human brain is truly an incredible complex organ Central to every thought action and emotion that we experience let's break down its primary regions to understand their individual roles better so starting with the cerebellum that's located at the back of the brain it is often referred to as the little brain due to its distinct appearance the cerebellum plays a vital role in fine-tuning our motor movements ensuring balance coordination as well as graceful movement picture a ballet dancer's precise moves or a piano us agile fingers the cerebellum ensures such activities are fluid and coordinated up next we have the brain stem this is the most primitive part of our brain connecting the brain to the spinal cord but don't let it size fool you the brainstem is responsible for Vital life-sustaining functions like breathing heart rate and blood pressure think of it as the body's autopilot quietly regulating essential functions without our conscious input next up we have the cerebrum this is the largest most recognized part of the brain this is where the real magic happens it's responsible for those higher order functions like thinking decision making emotions and voluntary movements it's further divided into loaves that each had their own unique function to begin we have the frontal lobe that's right behind right behind your forehead and it is the CEO of your brain it's involved in processing high level cognitive skills reasoning concentration motor skills language and functions as a control center for emotions next we have the parietal lobe at top of your head processing visual perception and sensory information such as touch pain and pressure on the sides we have the temporal lobes they play a key role in organizing sounds and processing language that is heard by helping with memories speech perception and language skills and then at the back we have our occipital lobe is solely is dedicated to processing visual information translating what our eyes see into images that our brain can understand some additional study topics that you're going to want to look into for the atits is going to be neurons the limbic system anatomy of a neuron nerve impulses as well as synaptic Transmissions thank you diving into our internal communication Powerhouse we have the endocrine system which consists of specific glands that produce and secrete hormones these hormones aren't just chemical Messengers their instructions their instructors that guide a plethora of processes within our body first on our list is the pituitary gland often referred to as the master gland located in the base of the brain it doesn't just govern many other glands but it also produces hormones that regulate growth blood pressure certain functions of the sex organs thyroid glands metabolism water and osmolarity regulation of our kidneys as well as temperature regulation the thyroid gland gracefully located in our neck it's essential for our metabolism energy generation and body temperature it produces thyroid hormone which ultimately regulates the body's metabolism and calcium balances near the thyroid we had the parathyroid glands there are four tiny glands with a colossal task they produce the parathyroid hormone which plays a role in regulating calcium levels in our body which is crucial for bone health then we have the thymus gland nestled behind our sternum it is the immunity Champion during our early years they produce T cells that fight off infections sitting like crowns on our kidneys we have the adrenal glands they reduce hormones that regulate metabolism blood pressure as well as stress response such as cortisol then we have the pancreas we talked about that a little bit before it's deep within our abdominal cavity and it wears multiple hats it's essential for digestion and sugar regulation but it's also essential for hormone insulin and glucagon generation which work to which work in tandem to help regulate blood sugar levels in the realm of our reproduction we have the over series and females not only do we produce eggs but we also produce estrogen and progesterone which are hormones that are vital in reproductive Health menstrual cycle as well as pregnancy and then lastly we have the testes and males on the other hand the testes are going to produce testosterone which is crucial in sperm production as well as development of male secondary sexual characteristics as we delve deeper into that hormonal web we're going to find hormones that are unique in purpose as well as destination first we have the thyroid stimulating hormone also known as TSH and as the name suggests it signals the thyroid gland to release this particular hormone these thyroid hormones in turn regulate our metabolism energy production as well as our overall growth adrenocorticotropic hormone also known as ACTH works like a motivator for the adrenal cortex nudging it to release corticosteroids these corticosteroids are pivotal and managing our response to stress inflammation and more next we have melanocyte stimulating hormone also known as msh it's our body's pigment manager by influencing melanocytes in our skin and our hair it plays a role in determining our unique colorations as well as patterns turning to the reproductive domain we have a luteinizing hormone LH and the follicle stimulating hormone FSH which are two Dynamic leaders LH triggers populations in females and stimulates testosterone production in males concurrently FSH oversees the maturation of egg cells and females and the production of sperm cells and males prolactin on the other hand plays a heartwarming role when it comes to new mothers it governs the milk production in our mammary glands ensuring that newborns receive the essential nutrition that they so desperately need and last but certainly not least we have growth hormone also known as ga H and this hormone wears multiple hats directly produced by the pituitary gland it stimulates cell growth and regeneration which translates to muscle and bone growth so when you're thinking about physical growth or the healing of a fracture you can think growth hormone for its tireless work some additional study topics that you might find useful when you're creating your study plan for the endocrine system can include the functions of the endocrine system receptors hormones and glands as well as their secretions thank you we're going to take a look at our last system that is the lymphatic system also known as our immune system it really is often considered the unsung hero of the body because it plays such a pivotal role in fluid balance fat absorption and most notably your immunity picture is a vast network of vessels nodes and organs working in the background guarding our well-being let's take a closer look at the anatomy of the lymphatic system at the heart of this system is lymph vessels and they transport a fluid called lip this fluid carries away ways and toxins from our bodily tissues along this journey that lymph is going to pass through lymph nodes and these lymph nodes are tiny Bean shaped structures that filter harmful substances and contain immune cells ready to fight those infections major players in this system also include the spleen that's our largest lymphatic organ it's responsible for filtering our blood and we have the thymus we talked about that a little bit before those are those T cells that mature and they often become ready in our earlier years for combat there are also two little things in the back of their throat you may still have them you may not and that is our tonsils they serve as the body's first line of defense against ingested and inhaled foreign Invaders let's take a closer look at the types of immunity that we have immunity that's found in our bodies that defense mechanism against pathogens and it comes in various different forms so we begin with natural passive immunity this is like a mother's gift to her baby it's a newborn receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta or the breast milk offering temporary protection against some diseases think of it as a Nature's initial protective shield then we have natural active immunity this is the kind that you get when you're exposed to an illness ever wonder why you typically get Chickenpox only once and you never see it again after that first exposure the body remembers that Invader and knows how to defend against it if it tries to invade again next we have artificial passive immunity so imagine a temporary Shield against infections this is achieved by injecting antibodies into the person from another source so for example if someone was to be exposed to rabies they might receive a rabies immune globulin shot for immediate protection that's our artificial passive immunity and then lastly we have artificial active immunity this is where vaccines come into play a vaccine introduces a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen or parts of a pathogen like a protein into the body it's kind of like a rehearsal the immune system practices its defense strategy so when it comes into an encounter with that particular pathogen it's ready to defend it every time you receive a vaccine it's like training your lymphatic system to be more effective in recognizing and neutralizing threats so in conclusion the lymphatic system in and of itself is an expansive Network it operates like a silent Guardian from filtering out toxins to mastering immunity with the health of vaccinations it ensures that we remain resilient against an Ever evolving world of pathogens some additional topics that you might want to make note of is the immune system itself and its responses as well as immune disorders foreign a lot today from our bones to our hormones big thanks to Smart Edition Academy for sponsoring this video and teaming up with us to Deep dive into the anatomy and physiology portion of the atits if you found this content intriguing there's so much more to learn on Smart Edition Academy's course click the link below to access their full list of courses and hey if you enjoyed the video give it a thumbs up drop a comment of what you liked and what you would like to learn next hit that subscribe button for more remember every bit of knowledge brings you one step closer to understanding the amazing world within you thanks for watching and I'll catch you in the next video bye [Music]

Channel: Nurse Cheung

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Id: eXfwFUvUKcs

Length: 56min 20sec (3380 seconds)

Published: Mon Oct 09 2023