AP Biology Unit 1 Review: The Chemistry of Life

hello everybody you already know what time then we're going for more EP review what the heck I mean I said it's not that makes them APU existing in the universe right now but there still are some okay if you buy out an EP staff still coming up so while VP they're going on I'm going to be making ap video thankfully for those of you guys who are here for the Olympia nonsense definitely gonna laugh to more videos so don't worry we're gonna get back to the epic stuff after this and I completely understand a peas are boring Olympia they're cool so yeah and door I will reward you for your wait cool stuff plants so don't worry about it but what racing the file not cool you know what hello everybody I'm for art and today we are gonna be doing unit 1 review of Av body now important if you follow is on Monday which is tomorrow so I'm not gonna get any more videos out so there's only unit 1 but you didn't want to quality the one you remember the leaks so let's get into it and also if I start a series don't worry next year I will have a V bottle fully done that kind of motivate myself you know what I'm saying so let us begin with the chemistry of life we're gonna talk about these two bullet points it looks like very little bit of acne a ton let's do it all variety boys the first thing we got to talk about are the important properties of water become water is extremely important that was an understatement of the year to like literally people go to Mars to look for water just because they think that that means life okay they got so excited when they saw dry water I don't know what do you mean fine no longer running extreme how about that but anyway the reason why water is so important is because first off it makes up 70% of the human body so it's very important for keeping up a lot and the reason why so good at doing that is because it has a very important property the underlying mechanisms that cause all these properties is hydrogen bonding so let's go on water right how did this nonsense work so let's take this is a water molecule right you got your oxygen you got your two hydrants very cool so for reasons that are not relevant to buy out but you could learn it if you went to camp these hydrogen atoms are not exactly off into each other okay so this angle right here is 109.5 degrees what does that mean well these bonds are polar right so basically because the bonds are polar that means that oxygen is hogging all the electrons octonions gonna get a negative charge and these guys are gonna get a positive charge but the colors angle is 109.5 the charges don't cancel out it's not symmetrical so now there's a positive charge here and a negative charge here and what happens when you put two magnets together that's right they go slam like that so basically what a hydrogen bond is is when two water molecules come together and this o is like hey what's up man I have a negative charge of a positive charge left hook up okay that's kind of weird this time but anyway so it goes like this so there's a bond over here and then another molecule might go over here and I'll be like what's up and these guys go together so basically because there are polar bonds between the water molecules and the oxygens become negative and the hydrogen become positive clearly the negative oxygen they're gonna be attracted to the positive hydrogen so what the heck of the point of hydrogen bonding what does that even mean that they hydrogen bond how does it how is it relevant well basically what I mean is that water is attracted to itself I know that's weird but it's true and this property of water is called cohesion but do water because they have positive and negative charge but they're also attracted the other thing that have positive and negative charge we're going to say there than any Plus here it's going to be attracted to the oxygen positive negative attraction so water is also attracted at other stuff so that's called adhesion and the way I like to remember it right cohesion is like cooperation is the same kind of people working together adhesion and when you glue something to another thing so they're two separate things attracted to each other so in this case sodium is one thing attraction of water which is another thing doesn't add agent and you can see this in like a graduated cylinder right like water is attracted to the walls of the container which is why it creeps up the side so these two basic properties of water birds that it's attracted to itself and second is attraction the other thing lead to a lot of cool properties so the first thing we'll talk about is like hydrophilic and hydrophobic now you probably know that Folio means you like stuff so hydrophilic means it likes water so that means an attraction to water and we know this that it's possible before the dive heated so basically anything that had a charge is hybrid hook anything that's cooler to think of hydrophilic as can dissolve in water hydrophobic on the other hand can't dissolve in water and you probably know a bunch of example of this like you know oil can't dissolve in water because it's hydrophobic it's nonpolar and it can't dissolve what and that makes sense right it's something not charged or not polar how they're gonna try water doesn't make that but the thing is right like a lot of things are pulling like not many things that are nonpolar so water is called the universal solvent it's so strongly attracted to everything that it can literally dissociate anything and cause everything to the golf course it was hydrophilic it was hydrophobic it doesn't dissolve and why okay one more thing for water and then we are Gucci the last thing is if you ever tried to boil a pot of water do not try it I tried it because I had nothing better to do with my life my mom wanted me to make pasta but basically it takes forever okay it takes like eons to boil water and the reason for that is so the hydrogen bonds pull the water together so it takes a lot more energy in order to make it into a gas and this over here is called the heat of vaporization and it's high ABS hex which basically means that it's hard to boil it what's even worse I take the time that energy just to heat it up a little bit and that's called the specific heat now the way I like to remember the difference between heat of vaporization and specific heat is like heat of vaporization is TV evaporation so it's energy to cause it to boil but specific heat it's like specifically how much does it take to change one degree Celsius so does it mean you're changing it by a specific amount of temperatures so this basically means that it's hard to change this temperature and that's good for living things right so living things like to have a constant temperature and then lastly its density is hot but the cool thing about water is that water is denser than ice that's what's how the hydrogen bonds cause it to form a crystal structure once it's frozen and like the Hydra bonds keep the molecules separate but really you don't need any hit have to know exactly why that happens but the cool application of visit if you have a wake right and you have ice at the top it's not gonna feed the rest of the week because I left in so it floats on the top so you guys could be living down here happy happy studying ap bio and the ice will not freeze on you well I mean you're probably dying from hypothermia but it's okay okay epic that's all we got to talk about water the next thing I'm gonna talk about is elements and atoms but I'm gonna very muchly priest over this nonsense but cuz you better know what elements and atoms otherwise excuse me figured out you do it if you take it any signs you really know what the elements are okay get you act again no kidding kid but anyways so elements are all the stuff on the periodic table right they're just different types of substances and each element is defined by its atoms and atoms are the basic building blocks of elements so I don't look like this haven't I got a new piece in the middle cute little nucleus which is positively charged and it got an electron that's just randomly going wiggling around here and don't and remember and remember that electron and off orbiting like applying it around sod or anything they're literally like randomly moving around so don't say they moved in a circle otherwise you're screwed but anyways electrons are negatively charged as I said but the nucleus the reason why it's positively charged because I have protons with a plus charge and neutrons but you're neutralized you might expect all right so the only thing you got to know about these particles called subatomic particles is their charge right and you also got to know that protons are going to find an element right on the periodic table the atomic number is the number of protons and then Neutron make different isotopes like carbon 12 has six neutrons but carbon-14 have eight neutrons even though I'm not going to ask you to do the math and preacher so don't worry about that too much also tell me you're probably note is that proton the neutrons weigh 1 amu however electrons weigh like basically nothing compared to that so if you're calculating the mass of an atom you only have to add up the number of protons plus the number of neutrons but there is one element that hold a special place in our heart and that's carbon now the reason why carbon have a special place in our heart is because it literally makes up everything the definition of organic chem is having to do with substances that include carbon now so I think about Carmen basically what I think about it is that it forms four bonds which is I guess not that I think but these bonds if they bond to another carbon are super heck and strong and because we've bonded so heck I'm strong biology likes to use it as a backbone so you'll often hear the same carbon backbone and a bunch of molecules have a carbon backbone that carpet is so important that like literally in organic chemistry if they want to show a carbon they really just draw a line they don't even have to say that's actually a car because it's so important and then just know what a hydrocarbon is you really could get okay why don't even tell you get higher your heart is hiding carbon yeah basically it's stuff that made up of hydrogen and carbon okay now for the fun stuff dude I love functional whoo state our MOPP favorite if you didn't notice that was sarcastic it was okay so why don't we start easy and get progressively harder so the first thing we got to talk about is hydroxyl hydroxyl literally hydrogen oxygen hydroxyl so it makes sense oh wait now we know from water right this OS stuff makes hydrogen bombs come off it in hog all the electron it gets a negative charge and it makes hydrogen bombs very cool basically if you guys are called alcohols it's not very relevant and the way you remember it is looked at the whole each dance so that's basically the important stuff you got to know about hydroxyl then the next thing you gotta know is methyl that's pretty easy to remember too because you probably know that methane is ch4 right but the functional group right there called functional group but how'd you get attached them to a molecule and they do so certain things you can't attach a methane to anything it's already hot or bond on the carbon so methyl you just take out one of the hydrogen and then it's a carbon now I've seen Yvonne does freedombox or something else so see you like if you draw like this ch3 and then you can put whatever you want there okay now this guy is the only hydrophobic one and basically the way you remember that is that all hydrocarbons are hydrophobic and literally hide in the car then we got salt hydral pretty self-explanatory and this may be SH and the important thing about it's called hydro is that they form disulfide bond ridges sorry and you probably remember that before the sulfur and everything there's sulfur in the main the sulfur and the bridges and sulfur in the formula what else do you want no I'm cool about the disulfide really this is basically what makes your hair curly if yeah curly here and when you like straighten your hair you're basically breaking the disulfide group all right another one that's pretty easy to remember is phosphate but cuz it's literally like phosphate phosphors right or you can think about it as a phosphate ion which is like po4 and it basically looks like this you got your one oh you got another oh you and basically all these OHS kept on to other things now this one's not that important except the fact I just like on your DNA water okay I think you've filled one screen let's still another I love functional groups so much so dang it dude I got a pic on my jacket it's so sad to iconic okay now we got to talk about the carbo guy so the first guy you got to know it's carbonyl and basically it looks like see oh and this guy's pretty boring maybe the only thing that Campo talks about is that this is what to find the sugar so basically sugars are gonna have a carbonyl group think her mom's old so carboxylic acids are a thing right so this got to be an acid but it also has carbo in it so we're gonna have apartment and then it also has like the same thing of carbonyl except you're gonna add something acidic to it and you do it oh wait so basically what happens is if H gets spin off h plus OH minus and see it's a city right it's giving off H+ on and the most important thing to know there's a six and then the last one we got to talk about our amino now unfortunately I don't have any good way to remember this one I like a mean anything that starts with aim like am I am I'm gonna be nitrogen base so if there's a return accident well quick you remember using amino acids and you know that I mean a wise would have time nitrogen in them so basically this is going to be Amina boo you got a bond so you can attach it of something and then you know that and basically wants to form three bonds so that basically means that you only have two more H's I'm closing about amino group that their basic and that makes sense right because you know that NH 3 which is ammonia could become NH 4 o'clock so in the same way this guy could snatch off the hydrogen become H+ and hurray your basic you snacks them hydrogen down a solution alright epic functional boobs done with the only reason why you even have to know if I'm okay for the AP is like if they ask you like given destructor a molecule what property does it have and you can basically say it's an acid or it makes hydrogen bonds I've have a no H that kind of thing alright now we had to talk about different types of bonds James blonde that's right and basically the first type is ionic bond and then you might expect it basically means that the things become Bionic as in their eye on get it hot okay anyway so basically the most common like example of this is sodium and chlorine so basically no diem have an extra valence electron or any missing one electron so what happens is that sodium give this electron to chlorine so this guy becomes positive this guy becomes negative and now they're attracted to Rick ionic bond and they looking gonna know about ionic bonds at first off they're pretty strong and second off they aren't between R so they're positive guy is called a cation so cats are positive get hot hamda and then the fluorines are anions very cool and you got an end negative to get it okay cool that con was not even close to us back and then you got covalent which basically means if you have like a C and an H they share two electrons between them and now they're connected so one covalent bond is two shared electrons if you had a double bond there before shared electrons so each bond to the pair of electrons and the two types are nonpolar right because carbon and hydrogen have the same electronegativity so they don't talk electrons very cool now oh it's gonna be pulling because oxygen is a big fat greedy little piece of what oxygen is that's a bad boy okay a cargo electron and that's why they get the negative charge all right now we got to talk about i am-ness the two bonds you're talking about previously we're between two of the same molecule now we're talking about between different molecule in turn means between molecular means molecules forces means for into the wow that was some big brain stuff so the first thing you gotta talk about one in dispersion forces because these the only thing I know about this is a random and because they're random everything has it it just based on random movement of electron so all molecules and maybe a specific type is even called van der Waals forces right so you probably heard about gecko feet right they come so close to the wall that these random things there's so many of these random things that it ends up holding them to the wall it's really harder like just put your hand and expect it stick I wish I could climb the wall just by using my hands but everything it doesn't work for us cuz we have too many bumps on their hands so like our hands and not that close to the walls of the random interactions don't help that much okay and then the other type of IMF is hydrogen bonding which we've talked about so heck and much as not even funny but basically what they are is Oh H bonds and they're so cool that they attract each other and the reason why they're relevant is because they basically hold together every single molecule in the universe pulled together biomolecule I could spell molecules okay that's a molecule alright now we're going to talk about macromolecules and we are done let's do it macromolecules basically these guys are big one of the common misconceptions is that macro means like really big it basically means that there are a lot of parts that come together a lot of molecules come together so this means those things that come together are called monomers monomers right mono one and then they come together to form what do you think it is yeah that's right polymer poly means multiple so what type of biological macromolecules you have that's right you got our carbohydrate molecule and those basically are the CH oh dude so like glucose is c6h12o6 that's gonna be a carbohydrate and Division III type right there on a saccharide which is like glucose it does one little hexagon looking boy then the disaccharide which other two hexagons looking boy and then you guessed it there's a polysaccharide it's very cool I'm comin getting tired of drunk Mexico I'm not gonna draw hexagons but basically neither just a bunch of the monosaccharides chained up in a very long thingamajigger so there's a bunch of different type of toy back right basically the thing you want to note is that there's glycogen and starch and these are similar because they have the same type of bond they're called alpha bond I wouldn't worry too much about alpha bonds are it basically means that they're all on the same orientations none of the guys get flipped but they're not really important basically doesn't know that glycogen is very branch star cannot have grant but they both have the same type of ball and the cellulose and chitin are different because they have beta bond another way I like to remember it is like glycogen starter for storing stuff right so they have to be easy to break down and that's why they have optimal cellulose and chitin or structural right like cellulose for your cell wall you don't want that a break down easily kind in for the exoskeleton a bug why would you want that a break down easily so they have a different type of bond called theta bond that are harder to break down all right ever and then we got protein and basically these are just a guy that are made up of amino acid and what the heck is an amino acid well if you look at this thing you got acid you got amino so what were the two functional foods that had acid and which one had a me know so there's amino right you know the thing and that's nh-2 right and then we got a bunch of random apartment stuff here and then what is actin that's right carboxyl group carboxylic acids are the thing that's remember that that's the thing so this is going to be C oh oh wait and the only thing that's different between amino acids there's 20 of them right the only thing that's different is this R group over here this thing changes for different amino acid like glycine it like this alanine is like ch3 and it keeps changing and basically what happens is if you want to connect them you basically take another one ten to the amino acids there and then basically what happens is the very important fact pay attention to this one is in order to combine two monomers you got to do something called dehydration synthesis just wrap that really fast before your test so you know that dehydration synthesis because basically if you know that then you can say how does this bond form you got to get rid of it each - oh right so you get rid of one a deviation and you get rid of it oh it's here so if you guys come together and beautiful you got a bond between these two so if you have dehydrated synthesis how do you break it down instead that's in society gotta break it down instead of taking out a water molecule you gotta put in a water molecule and that's called hydrolysis so I'll get right here dehydration synthesis versus hydrolysis I don't do that easy remember right clear breaking it down but dehydrated sentences not as easy to remember but doesn't remember that one bringing down to the other one got to be synthesis I made any proteins the important thing to know about protein is other youth work every single important thing like enzymes are proteins and enzymes catalyze everything in biology so proteins are your toolbox basically alright we're almost there two more to go first you're going to talk about lipids then so the one thing you gonna know about lipids in Esther the most hydrophobic trolls in the universe these guys are the guys who don't want to hang out with water at all and the reason for that is color all basically tied apart so the general shape for a lipid if you got a literal molecule and attached to it are a bunch of fatty acids over here and the way you can remember this it's literally called a triglyceride right so you got glycerol and then you got three fatty acids hanging off now the most relevant of the lipids is phospholipid because it basically has a phosphate call it the phosphate group and then our literal molecule and then it has all these fatty to fatty acids and 7/3 so we know that this part is going to be hydrophilic right but then this part is time to focus so this is very useful for a cell membrane right because in a Cell right you have water on the outside right and then you go out sell stuff on the inside which is also made up of it equally solution so basically water as well so you want a memory that keeps them out we also know why you're remembering to heat water and just die when it's next to water so the reason why this is cool to put on your come off the lipid lineup like this you got your phospholipids at big epic epic but if you just have one layer of phospholipids right on this side but these guys hate the water they're really want to kill the water so this is not gonna work so basically what happens in that you make a double layer and rip you guys are not next to water they're happy these guys are next to water they're happy everybody's happy so that's good and as you might expect it's called a phospholipid bilayer final is very good naming thing descriptively that's the one thing I can say bye-bye okay that's a column more things to remember about lipids lipids also include like steroid hormones and include like cholesterol and everything and then also a bunch of different types so the first type is saturated we've been to the means you have no double bond and that makes sense right because if you have no double bond like you can have as many hydrogens that you want but I'm saturated means that you have a double bond so it's like that you got a double bond but carbon can only make four things right so if you have three things coming out of it that means that it can only have one hydrogen but if it only have two things coming into this one carbon over here then it could have two hydrogens that's why this is called unsaturated really the only thing I know is that I have a double bond just remember that unsaturated have a double ball and then the last thing is trans fat and you probably know if you have any idea when you're eating that pan fats are bad for you and the reason for that it's called it they really take unsaturated I like fats that are from like plants and stuff if they are unsaturated fats and the basically make it saturated they put hydrogen into the thing so that's why they're really bad they artificially saturated saturated fats usually come from humans no no no we're not eating here decorating bag you do come from animals in that kind of stuff so that's what I like butter or all the like really thick stuff that are solid at room temperature those are saturated right and then fish I won't let all the liquidy stuff like canola oil and all that are unsaturated but that trans fat you literally take said normal like unsaturated liquid stuff and you turn it into solid stuff it's nasty it's like shortening I have no idea what burning is I feel like there's no it's kind of happy but use it but it's still like really bad for you all right happy that's all we got to talk about lipids nucleic acid now these guys are the most important guys here and he's talking about and basically the way that they're unique is that they have a phosphorus in them so basically nucleic acids are called nucleic acids because they're a bunch of nucleotides which are the parts that make them up monomer and they kind of look like this you got your ribose sugar you got a nitrogenous base and you got a phosphate group do the three things you got to remember nitrogenous base ribose sugar phosphate group that's all you got to know and it's pretty easy to remember if you think about DNA and RNA right dNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid so you got ribose right that's sugar makes that to the end for nitrogen and then for fake it's gonna remember but both legs really important right it's the defining characteristic of nucleic acids it's the only polymer that we're talking about here that has a phosphate and the reason why things got a reported that they carry genetic information and stuff okay well actually this should look a little bit more like this okay the reason why I do that is cause the carbonate here and then there's oxygen over here okay so now let's talk about how they do clear time to come together right basically our work is you got your triangle here all right triangle Pentagon I know Matt and then this over here and then you got a carbon you got phosphate and then this one attached to another one which is like this and then you start your Pentagon again and then this guy over here is attached to another phosphate from a different one and then that's over here now the reason why there's irrelevant is that there's a deck under now the meaning was irrelevant right it did led to it right this plant over here cleaning up this phosphate is up so let's think about this a bit right so this carbon team special right it's holding the nitrogenous base so they start one two three four five this is a carbon right here so we have five carbons and this guy the five carbons is it's me carbon so the way we refer to the different size of the DNA stain this side over here is gonna be at five times n this side it needs to be pregnant so if we went downwards we're going in the three prime direction we go upward for going 5 prime direction the mean whether the relevant is that DNA could only be built in the 3 prime direction also the two strands of DNA are opposite each other they're called anti parallel enough basically means that one is this way while the other is parallel but it's going to offer the directed all right epic also these two thing they're parallel right then you twist them around each other and you get a double helix like something like that I don't know how to draw a dog with you like says I'm gonna don't kill its master but that's how do you look very cool now the last thing we got to talk about is how it relates to RNA so you got DNA right now the main difference is that DNA is double-stranded then we have a DNA double stranded and aren't is typically single-stranded now you can have single kind of DNA you can have a double strand of RNA but they're not as complex the other difference in the nitrogenous bases right DNA have a TCG probably drill this into your head enough because a Christian Seafarer the Jeep but then for RNA you got oh I don't know how to pronounce that but you got eight you CD she got yeet it out of there and the youth and for you and basically we doesn't want to see what they stamp er is adenine to you I mean see if cytosine G of guanine you with your soul and then the one last thing you gotta know is purines pyrimidines the way I like to remember it it's pure as gold right so a purine AB gold you got adenine and guanine and the purine there heck of weird dudes they got like a Pentagon and then they got a nice little hexagon the pyramids are a lot more acceptable and they're just like this and you know the remaining ones AT&T wait no no no no no you can see very cool okay I think we are done let's go we made it through unit one that was I thought you either one was gonna be a walk in the park but apparently not all right I hope it helped think guys so much for watching if you enjoyed the video leave a like subscribe to the channel do all that cool stuff let me know what other kind of videos you guys want don't worry we're gonna get out of AP mode soon enough but until a Peter over we are on the grind boys okay that's enough thank you guys for watching see you guys next time

Channel: Cararra

Views: 196,149

Keywords: dna, rna, uracil, thymine, adenine, guanine, lipids, steroids, fatty acids, glycerol, carbohydrates, sugars, carbonyl, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, acidic, basic, proteins, amino acids, cohesion, adhesion, specific heat, heat of vaporization

Id: Ny5pDcmDAOA

Length: 25min 25sec (1525 seconds)

Published: Sun May 17 2020