It's not abnormal because it's small and
deflated. It's abnormal for another reason. Now, this fissure here, or this crack separates
the lobes here and for those of you who've maybe taken an anatomy class you've already figured
out what's abnormal about this right lung. Welcome to the lab everyone! Today we're going to show you five crazy things
we found in dead bodies, or in other words, things we found that we didn't expect to
find while doing anatomical dissections. You see, when we get a donated body we
don't get every little detail about their health history like previous surgeries,
previous trauma, or chronic conditions. We mostly just get age,
gender, and cause of death. So, that means any anatomical abnormality
that wasn't related to their death we wouldn't know about unless we explored
the body through anatomical dissection. So, let's take a look at those
five things we found in the bodies. From abnormal lungs, ovaries, to even
what cancer can do to surrounding tissues. In other words, let's get ready for
this abnormal anatomical awesomeness! So, before we start I want to say thank you to
all those who donate their bodies to science. We could not educate students in the same
way without these amazing anatomical gifts. Sometimes they give us more than we bargained for
by showing us some cool anatomical abnormalities. Let's start with our first one, well counting
backwards at number five with the "Abnormal Lung." So, take a look at this lung
here, this is a right lung, this is the back side of the lung, the
lateral aspect or the side of the lung. Here's the anterior aspect of the lung. So, if I held it up to me, it would essentially sit like so,
with the back side and the front here. Now, it's not abnormal because it's small and
deflated, it's abnormal for another reason. Now, this fissure here or this crack separates
the lobes here and for those of you who've maybe taken an anatomy class you've already figured
out what's abnormal about this right lung. But if you haven't, let's jump over to the
other body to show you a normal right lung. So, here's our thoracic cavity
or our chest cavity dissection. Here you can see the heart and its
pericardial sac and all of its glory here. But, let's take a look at the lungs. Everybody always loves poking the lungs because they're nice and gushy and
elastic and feel with air. Obviously they're deflated, but this right lung you can see again those
divisions or these fissures or cracks. Here's one lobe, a second lobe and if I
remove these out of the way you can see a third lobe down where my
pointer finger is wiggling. Over here on the left side you've
got a left lung with one lobe. If I remove that down in there
you can see the second lobe.
So, hopefully seeing the normal right lung gave
you a hint as to what's different about this one. This right lung is missing a lobe. It only has one, and two lobes. Normally right lungs have three
lobes, and left lungs have two lobes. But, this one was an anatomical variant.
Now this person didn't have a lobectomy. We didn't see any surgical
incisions when we did the exploring, and these lungs filled the entirety of
the right side of the thoracic cavity. So, it's pretty crazy to think
about that sometimes you can get a variation in lobe numbers from person to person. Now what some of you may be
wondering is if it's missing a lobe would that affect lung capacity
and again if this is how the person came and the lobe wasn't removed
surgically the answer is not so much. The important part is the tubing inside. So again if we take a look at this abnormal
lung, here, you can see some of this tubing that I've exposed by removing some
of the lung tissue from this lobe. But, that tubing that's going down
and branching into the lung tissue these start as Bronchopulmonary
Buds or little tiny buds of tubes. While you're developing inside mom and those
tubes continue to grow and develop and as they're growing and developing the lung
tissue starts to wrap around these tubes and certain fusions take
place between the lung tissue and the various tubes, which starts
dividing the lung into different lobes. Now as long as the person has all the
Bronchopulmonary Segments or this tubing going within the lobes that they have, they're
going to have lung capacity that is sufficient. They found variation in different cadaver labs; they've seen right lungs with
two lobes and even four lobes. In some cases they found left
lungs with even three lobes and so, those variations again as long as they
have the proper Bronchopulmonary Segments or the proper tubing going into the variations
in the lobes that they have they should be okay. But, again most of us come with three
on the right and two on the left. Number four, the structure that we started
to refer to as the "Stuck Achilles." For this one let's look at a normal achilles
first and then we'll go to the abnormal one. So as you can see we're looking at the posterior aspect of the lower leg or
the back of the lower calf. We often refer to this as the calf muscle but
it's technically called the Gastrocnemius muscle.
Then, you can see this amazing
tendon called the Achilles Tendon. Technically the Calcaneal Tendon. But, this is the largest and strongest tendon
in the human body, and if we get close you might be able to see a fiber orientation of these
collagen fibers going in all the same direction. Because this tendon is made of a
dense regular connective tissue. Which is really important to help
it be strong in this one direction. Again regular because the collagen
fibers are aligned in these rows here and when this muscle contracts the
tendon therefore pulls the heel upward. Now look at how glossy this tendon is
up at the Musculotendinous Junction. Here you're not going to see that on the
abnormal Achilles that we're going to show you. We're going to look up here and see a major
difference on the abnormal one in just a second. So the abnormal Achilles is from the
same body, just the different leg, and you can see it looks relatively
normal from here to here. Even when we get up to that Musculotendinous Junction you can see that nice distinction
between the tendon and the muscle belly. But if I rotate it towards you a little bit,
here, if you look closely it’s nice and glossy and then it starts to change a little bit and
the tissue looks a little bit more frayed. I always say "goopy" to people, and the
muscle belly of the medial aspect of that calf muscle is scrunched upward
more so than it normally would be. This is all scar tissue from a
partially ruptured Achilles tendon. Now one of the things that was
also interesting about this is when I was dissecting this tissue I
had to reference this tissue here. This white tissue is called Fascia. Now keep in mind that Fascia would continue down
like a sleeve over the muscle and the tendons here, and usually I can slide Fascia up and
down underneath it relatively easily and gently. I can peel it away from the muscle or the tendon.
But in the case of right here where the Achilles tendon was ruptured it was
totally fused with that scar tissue. So I want you to think about
that Fascia surrounds muscles but the muscles still need to slide
and glide underneath the Fascia. In the case where this guy
was ruptured here, the Fascia and the tendon or the scar tissue from
that partial rupture was fused together. Now think about what would happen every
time the guy got up on his tippy toes. It would try to slide and glide,
it would be stuck to the Fascia. So we would yank on it. Likely this person when they were living had
some tension and tightness going on there and even probably some limited range of motion. Now most people, when they rupture their
Achilles they tend to do it lower down, which tends to be a little bit less
of a complicated surgical procedure because you can stitch tendon and tendon together. When you rupture close to the
Musculotendinous junction that can be a little bit more of
a complex surgical procedure. But in the case of this particular person likely didn't have surgery because
again a partial rupture. But it healed with all that excessive scar tissue. Number three, the "Mutant Ovary." Now in order to see this abnormal Ovary
we've cut a body in the sagittal plane or in other words divided it
into right and left sides. One side's going to have the normal Ovary
the other is going to have the abnormal. Let's take a look at the normal Ovary first. Here, again you can see that sagittal cut. Here's the frame of reference, for the
spine or the lower part of the spine here's the pubic bone and we're
looking inside the pelvic cavity. Here’s the Uterus and close by we can
see the structure that we call the Ovary. I'll set it down so you can see
its relationship in its size. Here, about the size of an
almond, so not a huge structure, and we know the ovaries produce
eggs or in other words called Ova. Also, release estrogen and progesterone. But, what about the abnormal Ovary? So, let's take a look at the other side. Again the sagittal cut. You can see the spine, pubic bone, for a
frame of reference and again, the Uterus. But oh my goodness! Look at the size of this Ovary, it's like quadrupled in size
compared to the normal Ovary here, and potentially this could be something from PCOS
is what we theorize Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Where the ovary develops all
these cysts and enlarges. This particular body also died of breast cancer. Now there's mixed data or mixed
literature that says PCOS can be a risk factor of breast cancer,
and other studies say not so much. But it's something to think about. Now it's crazy to think of the size difference. Here again, in the potential
pain that this could cause. So again, women, you are troopers,
we love you and you're awesome. I mean guys could you imagine what would
happen if one of our testes quadrupled in size? We would probably die just from
the emotional distress alone. Number two, the "Confused Heart." Now, why would we refer to
a heart as being confused? Well, that's probably because the
heart "forgot" how to beat properly. Or in other words there was a problem with the
conduction, or the electrical system of the heart. Every once while we'll open up
cadavers where they have a pacemaker and on this particular heart you can see the wire. The wire is often referred to as
the lead of the pacemaker system and if I get close you can really see how that
wire is going into the Right Ventricular Chamber. It attaches to the heart wall or
in other words, the heart muscle. So, when it gets an electrical
impulse from the pulse generator, that's typically implanted in the chest, it
can control rate and rhythm more properly for those who have had issues with
the conduction system of the heart. Now one other thing I want to mention
about the pacemaker system, is that the heart of the pacemaker, pun totally intended,
is again that generator which has the battery and creates the stimulus that goes down through
the lead and therefore makes the heart contract. Now it would make a lot of sense to place
that generator in a more superficial position. If say like the battery ever died or we needed to
replace that generator it's a much less intensive procedure or less complicated than having to
replace the lead that's connected to the heart. So definitely we want to get this right
and leave that in relatively permanently. But if we had to ever replace
the generator of the pacemaker that would be a much less
intensive surgical procedure. Number one, "Cancer and
the Wimpy Greater Omentum." Now what's a Greater Omentum? Well, funny you should ask, because we're going to
take a look at this in the abdominal cavity here. Now a lot of times when we think of the abdominal
cavity we think of the guts or the small intestine that you can see in my hand here.
But you would actually see this apron-like structure draping over the small intestine,
and this is called the Greater Omentum. Now it's not attached inferiorly. It's actually just attached up to
the stomach and the Transverse Colon. So you can actually reflect it
away and then bring it back down.
When we first opened up this cadaver
the first thought I had was “wow, this thing is so thin comparatively to other
Greater Omentum that I've seen in the past, and it's also shifted over to the left side.”
Now to really appreciate that, let's
show you a normal looking one.
Now here you can see the abdominal
cavity of another cadaver.
Just to orient you this would be your six-pack
muscle underneath this white tissue here. So you reflect the muscle away and that's the
first thing you would see is that Greater Omentum. You can see this one is a lot
thicker, does a better job of covering the majority of the Small Intestine here. What's cool about the Greater Omentum is
you could see from that yellow tissue, it is a place of energy storage. Because it's made of Adipose Tissue. It also has Lymph Nodes to
provide some immune function. One really cool thing is it actually will migrate. Remember it's not attached down here, so there's
some freedom of movement for this structure but it can migrate to areas of
infection or even areas of trauma. So let's give an example, let's say this little
structure here called the Appendix ruptured. They have seen cases where the Omentum will migrate around that a little bit and shift
over to there and encapsulate that infection in hopes to essentially stop it from spreading
to other areas throughout the abdominal cavity.
So back to this abnormal or the "Wimpy
Greater Omentum" that had been thinned out. This particular body died of Colorectal
Cancer that metastasized to the Liver. You can actually see some of those nodules or
those areas where the Liver is unhealthy here. That's eventually what unfortunately
caused this person to pass away. But in regards to the Greater Omentum with
the cancerous nodules in the Colon and the Rectum here, the idea is it possibly
shifted the Omentum over to that side. Oftentimes when people are on
chemotherapy and drugs of that nature it can cause a lot of weight loss, so that might
have also pulled some of the adipose from this. There is a theory that possibly even the cancer
cells may have used it for an energy source. Thanks for joining us on this tour of five
crazy things we found on the human body. Go ahead and comment below if you've heard
of any crazy things that people have found in human bodies or just for future ideas that you
guys have for videos that you want us to create. Also you can see we've got
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