《奧本海默》三位一體核試驗在現實中怎麼進行的？核武歷史學家解析電影中的原子彈試爆場景｜科普長知識｜GQ Taiwan

foreign of nuclear weapons and today I'm here to talk about the science behind Oppenheimer [Music] so that's a scene of them assembling the gadget this is clearly based on some pictures that have come out and they're not a ton of pictures showing this level of assembly that have been Declassified and released all the pictures we have of this are black and white the people who actually saw it described it as being a sort of peach colored a sort of tan color each of those wedges are several layers of high explosive so there are sort of variants of TNT called explosive lenses and they are putting them around the plutonium sphere that powers the whole thing this is about the size of a grapefruit you had a piece of Steel and I said push it on all sides to make it smaller you need to shrink it by half its size exactly symmetrically each of these are the detonators when they all go off they're going to start a shock wave through this device it's going to start going in in inside that little sphere of plutonium is even tinier sphere of polonium and beryllium this thing if you compress it will shoot out some neutrons that's meant to just start the reaction you push the whole thing together and make an atomic bomb explode this is called implosion one of the things we see in the movie is the final assembly of the gadget this is based on actual footage that was taken at the time even the lighting looks like in the historic footage that we have this is a 100 foot Tower they've brought the explosive sphere out to the test site by the tower and they put a big tent around it you need this thing to be as controlled as possible if you got a pebble in there it could deform the shock wave by just enough to make the whole thing either not work or not work very well so they want this to be a very pristine sort of environment which is hard to do when you're in the middle of the desert they're putting in in the scene What's called the tamper plug the goal is to have this sit right around the plutonium core in the middle of the bomb this is a delicate operation this tamper plug arguably is worth 400 million dollars in 1945 money they don't want to mess this up because once you put the plutonium in there every little step of getting it closer to being a bomb makes it a little bit more dangerous to be around and radioactively you know problematic this core is like on the edge of being explosive it's also Radioactive It's also hot plutonium in that quantity is so radioactive that it's about 80 degrees Fahrenheit they're dropping it through the center of the bomb they've made a sort of trap door basically into the bomb so that the lens on top can come out you can drop this thing in in real life they went to put it in and it didn't fit oh my God if we have we totally messed this up wait a minute wait a minute it had to be the right temperature for it to fit the outer part was cooler than the inner part was and so they had to wait for them to reach the same temperature and and then it just slid into place so there had to be one person left in the tower to set it all up at the very end stay with the bomb do the final connections and then head back and this was of course a very stressful job they had previous mock-ups that were set off by lightning in the distance so they're in a very precarious State here there's a scene before the actual Trinity test where General Groves is asking Oppenheimer about the possibility of this test destroying the world there's a chance that when we push that button we destroy the world one of the real concerns was this problem of what they called atmospheric ignition what if the nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere fuse together and release energy could they release enough energy that that would trigger more nuclear fusion that then goes over the entire globe and leaves it a burnt horrible Cinder turns out that kind of equation is really hard to do but let's imagine that it's like a hundred times easier than we think it is we can sort of make very conservative extrapolations and we find it's it's probably not going to happen chances are near zero near zero what do you want for Theory alone Oppenheimer is giving the correct scientist answer they basically concluded it would be less than one in three million something like that in the 1970s weapon scientists redid those calculations could you set the Earth on fire if you wanted to yes but you need bombs that would be hundreds of thousands of times more explosive than any bombs we ever made and you'd need to have much higher proportion of the ocean be made out of a rare isotope called deuterium a different type of hydrogen if you had this you could indeed turn the earth into a sun the detonation took place very late at night they wanted to see exactly how bright it was and it's going to be harder to see that in the daytime when you're competing with the actual Sun they actually had recommended that the bombs be dropped on Japan at night because they would be more psychologically stunning but for logistical reasons they were dropped in the morning on both of the Cities so those numbers you see are Nixie tubes those are a free digital way to display numbers it's a very nice period appropriate touch so at this point the gadget as they called it is fully assembled you can tell that because the wires are sticking out the top on the front that's called The X unit that's the firing unit it's assembled to set off this kind of bomb you have to send a high voltage electrical signal to 32 separate places at exactly the same time nanosecond tolerances on the timing to have it work right and then they have a wire going all the way back to base camp and if you hit the big button on the wire you're telling the bomb go ahead and explode it will thank you in the movie Oppenheimer the Trinity test is one of the climax moments it's ridiculously bright much much brighter than the actual Sun what oppenheimer's putting on here are welding goggles and these are so dark that you really can't see anything in them except something that is as bright as the sun there were a few people at the Trinity test who'd looked at the explosion without anything over their eyes one of them by accident he dropped his goggles and one of them on purpose they both suffered from what was called flash blindness temporary blindness you'll see a big dark spot over your vision for quite some time there were people who were relatively close thousands of yards Oppenheimer in the sort of control bunker much closer than a lot of the outlying ones most of the people there were instructed to lay down away from the blast so that they don't turn around and either get knocked over or get a face full of dust so the Trinity test was heavily heavily documented both by pressure gauges and cameras with telephoto lenses from a very far distance but some of them were closer in bunkers anytime you see a close-up and it's sort of like a wall of fire there are shots from the actual training tests that look pretty similar to that interestingly on some of the very earliest shots where they were trying to get the very first moments of the fireball it was hot enough that it burned holes in the film this particular shot is interesting because this is what they call in the business a rope trick and they are only show up when you can take pictures that are thousand frames per second or something like this you have a tower with a bomb on it and it's got wires stabilizing the tower and there's a little tendril of the fireball that's going faster than the rest because it's blowing up the wire as it goes down there no one at Trinity could have actually seen this what you're seeing here is the complex interaction that happens when the blast wave hits the ground goes straight down bounces back up and then intersects with that blast wave coming out there's a really big difference in how the blastway behaves from a bomb that's right on the ground from one that's a little bit in the air they want this What's called the mock stem to have a wider area of Destruction that's how you maximize the blast pressure of detonating very high above the ground they're going to use that data to set the altitude of the atomic bomb over Japan when they went into the Trinity test they're sort of best guess was it would maybe be 4 000 tons of TNT it ended up being more powerful than they thought by a factor of like five twenty thousand tons of TNT equivalent this is enough to destroy a sort of medium-sized City if you're a much bigger city like say New York City it's enough to destroy like Midtown so this is one of the reasons why Trinity is so important it's not just it works they find out it works really well so the Manhattan Project is this gigantic Endeavor it's this massive industrial project and employs like 500 000 people it's like one percent of the civilian labor force and it costs like two billion dollars in their money which is like one percent of the whole cost of World War II these one percent of all the electricity in the country to make these weapons they're building an industry in like two and a half years and the output of that industry is a very tiny amount of material a six kilogram plutonium core 13.5 pounds that's the one they first test out Trinity about 64 kilograms about 120 something pounds of Highly enriched uranium uranium-235. that's for the bomb that's going to be dropped on Hiroshima and then they have one more plutonium core that's the one they're going to end up dropping on Nagasaki so all of that effort is to make these three cores for the bombs and they had one more bomb in the pipeline they ended up never sending it the war ended many of these people talked about this as the best years of their life in some ways they had a lot of fun and some of them felt quite guilty about that after after Hiroshima and Nagasaki abenheimer's a really complicated character what he said he regretted was that after World War II they continued to make more weapons and they continue to make bigger weapons and they continued to make the kind of world that he thought would ultimately put civilization itself in danger in the years to come it will be possible to kill 40 million American people by the use of atomic bombs in a single night he knew in 1945 that there were ideas on the table for bombs that would be thousands of times more powerful and that the nations of the world could all get them if they wanted them and that a war with bombs of that big could be fatal for the entire species and so that's the sort of paradox of Oppenheimer this person who wants peace but he does it through War

Channel: GQ Taiwan

Views: 226,210

Keywords: alex wellerstein, atomic bomb, christopher nolan, christopher nolan oppenheimer, cillian murphy, cne-us, currents, gq, gq 科普, gq 電影, gqtaiwan, oppenheimer, oppenheimer accurate, oppenheimer film, oppenheimer reaction, wired, wired oppenheimer, wired 中文, 三位一體核試驗, 三位一體計畫, 原子彈, 原子彈 電影, 原子彈之父, 原子彈爆炸, 原子彈試爆, 奧本海默, 奧本海默 gq, 奧本海默 電影, 奧本海默 預告, 席尼墨菲, 席尼墨菲 gq, 席尼墨菲電影, 核能, 科普長知識, 諾蘭, 諾蘭電影, 諾蘭電影2023

Id: UUkWxQGe1YY

Length: 10min 37sec (637 seconds)

Published: Thu Jul 20 2023