Where should we look for ET? Avi Loeb, Seth Shostak

you're live okay welcome everybody to another edition of seti live and uh my name is seth chostak we have a very special guest today you know just about every show that has guests will tell you it's a special guest they'd never say you know this is a rather ordinary guess but today i have to say the guest really is special and uh he's been certified by the american society of being special as being special it's avi lope and he's a professor of astronomy at harvard uh he has a list of credentials that frankly won't fit on a on a business card even if you use both sides we're going to talk to him about some of his ideas regarding what might be evidence for alien life we will do that until maybe the bottom of the hour at which point you can uh just type in your questions and uh we'll we'll pass it on on to abby we'll grill him like a shrimp on the barbie as he's want to say let me also point you to the fact that the seti institute which does these outreach activities does some on the basis of donations so keep that in mind and also you know if you want to get our e-news which tells you about these kinds of events or you just want to learn more about the institute just go to seti.org o-r-g avi welcome thank you for having me okay well look you know i know that you're someone who likes to stir the pot a bit on the subject of extraterrestrials you have a book coming out what's the title of the book extraterrestrial all right well that's uh at least in keeping with the subject matter can i maybe the the highest profile uh analyses that you've made and that is concerning i think it's messenger from some far away place in hawaiian discovered with the pant stars telescope i believe in 2017 and you're suggesting that maybe this isn't everybody jumps to this conclusion it's an asteroid it's a comet that you're suggesting that maybe it's not if somebody were sitting with you next to you say at the counter at legal seafood and found out who you were and they asked you why do you think this is maybe not an asteroid or comment what would you say to them it's based on the evidence you know i i followed this exactly the same line of reasoning that i applied to studies in cosmology or black holes that i worked on most of my scientific career there was this object discovered and at first from interstellar space and at first of course astronomers assume that it's a comet because most of the objects in the solar system are in the oort cloud and they can be easily ripped apart by a passing star and so the first assumption about an interstellar object would be to argue that it must be an icy rock from the outer part of the planetary system from where it came from another star uh the only problem is that there was no cometary tail and in fact the spitzer space telescope looked very deeply be around this object and put very tight limits on any carbon-based molecules or dust around it and obviously we couldn't see anything visually from scattered sunlight so it didn't look like a comment so then the astronomer said okay it's not a comet it's an asteroid it's just a rock without any ice on it the only problem with that is that um it exhibited an extra push away from the sun that is usually associated with cometary evaporation through the rocket effect and so the question arose as to what gives it this extra push if you try to fit the uh orbit of this object this extra push uh was with a force that declined inversely with distance squared from the sun and by the way so if it were a comet i mean the problem is that about 10 of the mass of the object had to get evaporated in order to give it this push that's a substantial amount of mass we couldn't have missed that in the form of dust or or gas the usu the usual constituents of cometary tails but moreover at a certain distance from the sun this push would stop that's when uh the water ice cannot sublimate anymore because there is not enough heat provided by sunlight at some distance and we would see a sudden change in the force that was not observed also we didn't see any jitter that you often see in comets from the fact that there are jets that are spread unevenly across its surface and we didn't see a change in the spin period that you often see in the if if such a push pushes is is indeed the present uh and so the question was what is this push due to and of course there was also the change in brightness as the object tumbled on the sky over eight hours and that was a factor of 10 implying a very extreme geometry the object projected on the sky was at least 10 times longer than it is wide and the best fit that was actually uh done by sergey mashchenko and published in december 2019 the best fit to the light curve of the object was that of a disk uh flat surface not cigar shaped pancake shaped object at the 91 confidence level that is a fact that is often ignored uh it's not cigar shaped it's mostly most likely pancake shape and well if i can jump in charlie just going to back up a little bit for people who are uh maybe not so astronomically inclined what most people have seen of was this artist's rendition where it indeed looks kind of like a bumpy cigar right it's 10 times longer than it is white but of course the actual observations the discovery observations of this object you know all you see is kind of a a single pixel right so you know that's right a lot of this is inferred on the basis of the change in the brightness of this thing as it's tumbling and uh would that be enough i mean the the strong argument you made i'm sorry go ahead yeah indeed it's a it's a point source of light simply because the size is of order 100 meters or a few hundred feet the size of a football field and we cannot resolve it even with the biggest telescopes we have uh and the only way to resolve it is to fly a spacecraft close to that object so that you can take a photograph of it so the only thing we can infer is from the reflected sunlight and if you assume that the reflectivity is uniform across the object you can get a sense of its shape yeah okay so point one i mean if i'm just going to list your arguments here point one is that it doesn't really have the shape of a comet or an asteroid those are more you know crudely speaking they're round you know the shape of the chicken and physics right so they're first order the round this is all is elongated we don't see too many asteroids or comments with that chain second thing doesn't seem to have a tail and without a tail you know it it can't accelerate you can't change its speed you know relative to just a falling rock third thing it's coming from a different now you haven't mentioned this but it's coming from a different solar system that that was the first point about it it wasn't from our solar system this is an intruder it's like finding somebody in your house that you don't know and but what are the chances that a random rock kicked out of somebody's solar system would ever get into our solar system that's like my throwing a you know a tennis ball up into the sky and hitting a nickel a mile away or 100 feet away chances are small right you haven't said much about that is is that still a compelling argument yeah um well there was one other peculiar fact about umua and that is that it came from sort of the local public parking lot so there is the local standard of rest which is the frame of reference that you get to when you average over the random motions of all the stars in the vicinity of the sun each star has some speed but then you can average over the stars near the sun and you end up in the local standard of rest and um was at rest in that frame and only one in 500 stars is so much at rest so it's very peculiar also on this count because if it came from another star it should share the speed of the parent star and we the relative speed between omomu and us was just the motion of the sun relative to the local standard of rest so the way to think of it is that omua moa was just like a bui sitting at rest on the surface of the ocean and the solar system bumping into it like a giant ship and if you look at the image of where uma was along its orbit it started from the anti-apex so exactly it came from the direction where the sun is moving to and that's peculiar and you put it you know each of these peculiar facts makes it uh one percent and you know unlikely you know very unlikely and then the point is that some astronomers tried to explain one of the peculiar facts and another but they didn't put it together and if you put all of these facts together you end up with a very small likelihood that the first object we see will be so unlikely now i should say that there were a few astronomers that took these facts seriously and tried to explain them for example the issue of a push without a commentary tale so one suggestion was it's a hydrogen iceberg frozen hydrogen a big chunk the size of a football field that is frozen hydrogen and the the reason they conjectured that is because if you evaporate hydrogen you don't see the cometary tail because it's transparent hydrogen is transparent the only problem with that is that it can be easily evaporated so we showed in a follow-up paper with theme huang that actually a hydrogen iceberg would not survive the journey uh through millions of years another suggestion was that it's a collection of dust particles a cloud of dust particles just like a dust bunny that you find at home but it needs to be very porous about a hundred times less dense than air so that the reflection of sunlight will push it enough and again i find it hard to believe that such a thing would survive the journey through interstellar space now all of the suggestions of people that took seriously the facts were of things that we have never seen before and there was a big chunk of the mainstream community that simply said it's natural business as usual and you find those people on twitter you know ridiculing my discussion of an artificial origin but they never attend to the details of the evidence that we collected and this is scientific evidence so my point is people that took the evidence seriously had to contemplate something that we have never seen before like a hydrogen iceberg or a dust bunny i'm saying if we entertain those possibilities why not an artificial origin a light sail being pushed by the reflection of sunlight and my point is i actually use it as an anchor i'm not saying it must be that but i'm saying that we should contemplate that possibility and i'm using it as an anchor to basically demonstrate that we are not ready that the scientific community is not ready to discuss technological signatures and they have a big problem with this subject of seti the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and i find that completely inappropriate so i'm fighting the fight of seti on this ground and the reason i find it inappropriate is by now there was a few months ago there was a paper from the kepler satellite arguing that about half of the sun-like stars in the milky way have a planet the size of the earth roughly the same separation so the earth sun system is not rare it's very common there are billions of earth sun systems within the milky way galaxy alone what we find in our backyard is common now if you arrange for similar circumstances you might as well get similar outcomes i don't regard the existence of technological civilizations as a speculation it shouldn't be at the fringes of astronomy it should be center stage because common sense tells you that the most conservative assumption to make in science is reproducibility that if you have similar circumstances you get similar outcomes that should be the mainstream view but instead it's being pushed to the periphery ridiculed no funding is given to seti to search for technological signatures at the same time young people that were engaged in research with me on this subject are you know basically freezing they see this reaction they decide not to work on it because it risks their future job prospects i find it completely inappropriate given that the public is so interested in this question and i've had a hundred or more uh interviews for podcasts for tv for radio for newspapers over the past two weeks before my my book came out and i have seen a similar number in the next couple of weeks the public is extremely interested in this subject yet the scientific community ridicules anyone that talks about it and this is inappropriate because the public funds science how dare the astronomers ridicule this subject when they have the tools to address it scientifically the argument that i make just one last point you know there is of course literature on science fiction that makes statements that are not scientifically credible and there is there are reports on unidentified flying objects that are not scientifically credible but just think about the dark ages when people were making claims that the human body should not be dissected or there should not be an oper any operation on the human body and the argument was that there is a soul there are some magical powers to the human body imagine the science community saying there are all these nonsensical remarks about the human body we don't want to deal with the human body where would modern medicine be the the the key in doing science is if you have the tools to address a question especially a question that the public is interested in you have an obligation to do that in order to advance our knowledge so out there the scientific community and by the way i get a lot of uh ridicule from people that are mediocre scientists and they feel comfortable because it's just like bullying and uh you know those mediocre scientists the way i view them is just like this congressman that for many years made anti-gay remarks and once he finished his term in march 2020 he confessed that he is gay and so i wouldn't be surprised if many of these people that make anti-seti remarks actually deep down are very intrigued by the possibility that um was a technological relic okay well let me follow up with that a little bit i mean obviously you know i i feel your pain i understand what you're saying and i certainly feel that seti deserves far more attention from the scientific community and obviously more funding there's essentially no government funding for seti in this country at all so that that that is something that we have to remedy because you can't do you can't do science without some some degree of funding but getting back to muammua i mean there is this phenomenon that whenever we find something new in the skies and after all that's the job description of an astronomer uh you know there's a tendency that if you don't understand what it is at first that somebody will that maybe it is in fact of deliberate construction it's you know it's an artifact of some sort that was true for uh tabby's star but it was also true for quasars when they were first found you know the russians were saying that this was a signal it wasn't just natural emission obviously it was also true for pulsars it's been true for a lot of objects the fast radio bursts for example there are people and i think you may be one of them who think that we ought to consider the possibility that maybe these are in fact due to intelligence elsewhere so you know you won't get any argument for me and in fact you would get support for me that we have to look at these things because if you don't we will end up not finding et simply because we toss all the evidence out right away but just that can can i just say one thing of course um you know uh take the case of giordano bruno i mean that is an interesting historical case he made the point that other stars may be just like the sun it was centuries ago before people knew that and he made the point that they may host a planet like the earth around them and then he said that planet may have life on it now the church burned him on the stake the church found it offensive why because if are there is life on other planets that life may have sinned and then you need christ to save those lives and you need multiple copies of christ and that was unacceptable so they burned the guy now jordana bruno was right that other stars might you know are are like the sun he was right that there are planets there and you know maybe there is life there but the reaction of some people to that possibility that we are not unique and special reminds me always of my daughters when they were infants you know they tended to think that they are unique and special and the world centers on them but when they went to the kindergarten they realized that other kids might have qualities better than they theirs and if they were to insist on staying at home just to maintain the sense of privilege that they had then obviously they would have felt much more comfortable it's the comfort zone of people to feel that they are unique and special and that we shouldn't search for anything else and i think that arrogance that sense of privilege is what drives this uh backlash that seti faces and you know my start beginning uh of the book my starting my my initial statement is we should be modest you know if you look at the sky you realize we the message that you get is be humble be modest not arrogant don't think that you know the answer in advance look at the evidence and i think you know that that is a very fundamental message that is being missed in academia one of the arguments that we discussed here avi uh that i found rather interesting in your first paper about muammar was again this this unlikelihood if that word even exists that you know something that was kicked out presumably randomly if it's a naturally uh produced object kicked randomly out of somebody's solar system who knows how many light years away would actually come essentially hit a bull's eye and our solar system came very close to the sun i think it was less than an astronomical unit whatever it was and and that suggests that it's being targeted and you had mentioned that in your papers but um you know so the conclusion is either it's being targeted or maybe there are gazillions of these things not a gazillion but a quadrillion ten to the so if you assume it's a member of a population of objects on random trajectories you need a quadrillion now let me comment on that if it were a rock uh that you know is not thin that's a huge amount of bass a quadrillion and in fact i wrote the first paper with ed turner and amaya more martin in 2007 long before anyone was interested in interstellar objects we wrote a paper forecasting how many such objects we should expect based on what we know about the solar system and we predicted that pan stars will find nothing it's only with the vera rubin observatory lsst that something will be found now pan stars found something and that is still in conflict with what you expect from rocks however if you make these objects thin like a light cell they don't carry as much mass and it turns out if you just ask you know how much weight do you associate with a quadrillion light sails of that size turns out to be roughly an asteroid that is a kilometer in diameter okay so it's not i mean it's a large amount but perhaps there are self-replicating machines perhaps these are surface layers of some other things i don't know what they are i you know the point of the matter is it's easier to supply the mass needed if these are thin uh objects okay so so so maybe they'll be good but i mean because there is the fact that last year well 2019 in any case uh there was a discovery by a russian amateur right yes yeah yeah uh porsche being the name of the amateur uh and this is clearly a common i believe i think there's a very obvious tale there and it also came into our solar system so that's right did that uh challenge your confidence at all well i i was asked you know is the fact that borisov looks like a typical comment does that uh change your view about omua moa not being natural and i said you know when i met my wife on the first date she looked special and unique to me and i met a lot of women and people after that and she still looks special to me so whatever you say about borisov has nothing to do with omumu i mean the experience the way i see it is walking on the beach and seeing mostly rocks and seashells that are naturally produced most of the time but every now and then you stumble across a plastic bottle that indicates that a civilization must be around and this plastic bottle might be completely dysfunctional you know it might be debris space junk and my point is rather simple we should search the sky for all the interstellar objects that enter many of them might be completely natural but every now and then we will find some space junk and that's one interesting way of doing seti now why is that a better way than radio looking searching for radio signals is because for a radio signal you need the transmitting civilization to be alive at the time of the transmission whereas with relics they can be dead by now sort of like the difference between speaking on the phone with someone you need that someone to be alive compared to getting a letter in the post may you know in the mail because you can get the letter after the person is not alive anymore and so physical objects have the benefit of accumulating over time and even if most civilizations are dead by now and the ones that are alive are very small in number within the milky way galaxy there would still be all this junk that they produced yeah i i i it's somewhat like you know trying to find the pharaohs of egypt because after all i have a bone to pick with them and you do too actually and but on the other hand they're not there but you can find these pointy buildings to the west of cairo that prove that they were there so it doesn't require the synchronism you know we have a ton of questions we really ought to get to some of them let me just uh do a quick look at before we go where people are listening from and they're listening all over the place i won't spend too much time on this kentucky they're kentucky north elmham i miss elman i'm not sure how they pronounce it in england colorado florida sweden greece cape town washington dc seattle sao paulo well there are many many more let's go to a couple of questions if you don't mind because uh we don't have too much time um yeah let's see oh here's a question from margaret she met this in uh could um could be a component of a larger vessel that broke apart somehow maybe there was a crash in a muammar you know was chipped off of a larger structure yeah this is an excellent question and i was thinking about it because you know it may not be a light cell it may be just a surface layer that was ripped apart and the advantage of this scenario is you get a lot of such pieces from the disruption of a bigger object and so yeah it's quite possible we don't know and of course the way to know is to collect to gather more data on future objects that look as weird as umuah in the case of umua we saw it we detected it only when it was receding away from us sort of like a guest we had for dinner that we noticed how interesting that guest is when uh it lives uh he or she lives uh lives through the front door into the dark street uh however if we find an object that is on its approach towards us then we can intercept it and take a close-up photo and i think that is a strategy that should be adapted in the future we can even distribute cameras in space and wait for those objects to pass by well what about i mean the obvious thing that people will ask about them is well if you thought it was all that special why didn't we you know fire off a rocket go chase it make up close photos yes it was moving faster than any of our rockets and by the way now is too late because it's already a million times fainter than it was close to the sun objects get dimmer inversely with distance to the fourth power simply because the amount of sunlight impinging on the surface of the object drops as a one over distance squared and then you have another factor of one of a distance square because we are located at some distance from the source of light and so uh they get dim very fast and it will be impractical for us to send the mission that will chase it and find it because you need to equip that mission with a big telescope so what our best hope is to find more of the same and the vera rubin observatory that is expected to start operations in about three years would have a much more sensitivity than pan stars and could find one such object every month so the future is quite bright actually in finding such objects and we just need to be a little patient but will that result i i guess the question is i mean there's an obvious question what will future telescopes be able to do that we weren't able to do here you've already sort of suggested that but on the other hand would they be very definitive i mean the chances that something will pass close enough that you'll actually get a photo with more than one pixel or something like that don't seem very great oh no it depends how early in its trajectory you find it just to give you an example with respect to a more moa i was visiting mount haleakala in maui where the telescope is in july 2017 and at that time the object was on its way towards us it wasn't even uh entering the uh earth orbit around the sun it was on its way in uh and if we were to notice it back then you know we could have contemplated maybe a space mission or something that would go out to to meet it along its path uh we were not aware of its existence we just found about it when it was moving away so if we if we for example the vera rubin observatory you find it at a larger distance a further out so that it will take it let's say six months or a year to reach our vicinity then we have enough time to launch something because we can forecast its path and we can go there we don't need to move very fast we just need to wait for it uh of course we can also deploy cameras in strategic locations and wait for the next object that comes close the other thing to keep in mind we are looking at reflected sunlight the bigger the object is the easier it is for us to notice it at a greater distance and there is a distribution of sizes that we should expect and uh the question is which size would be optimal for us to detect there are many more objects of smaller size that are passing closer to any probe that you put and this is an optimization question as to how much money it costs to put these probes and so forth yeah okay i can understand now one one question that i i feel i must ask is you know how the the nice thing about a muammar for any theory is that you know you can't get more data right whatever data there is is what you got more and more is gone but comparing david's advocate here suppose okay two i uh borisov that's clearly a comment right and it was found three years after umuah right okay now i don't know if that's a typical interval for you know how many these things you're gonna gonna find i mean that that's too small that's a typical interval of time for pan stars you know because it looked at at the sky for a few years and found a momoa okay but with with the vera rubin observatory the estimate is if there is a population of objects on random trajectories that once per month we would find such an object and you know it also depends on the size of the object we would find once per month an object of about 100 meters okay suppose that all right let's take that that means you get you know 10 of these things every year uh you know a couple of years from now and suppose we find okay here are these 10 and we have enough data now to show that well that was an asteroid and that's a comment and that's a comment and that's an asteroid and and if that's the case for the next 20 of these things with that this way then i would argue yeah if if if some of these do look elongated as much as needed to explain the light curve of umuah then i would accept the verdict you know uh the point about doing science is not about being right all the time it's a learning experience and we should the important thing is not to put blinders in other words not to rule out possibilities before we have the evidence and the the mistake that our colleagues are making is not even entertaining this possibility because they find it offensive for some reason that it bothers them to even discuss this possibility my point is let's collect more data now if we say it's only rocks then nobody cares about it who would care what shape the rock is i mean the only people that specialize in rocks but if we say there is this possibility that one of these guys would be artificial then you get to um wager which is one of the chapters in my book where i talk about the fact you know it's just like pascal's wager where he said okay there are two possibilities either god exists or god doesn't exist but if god exists the implications are huge therefore we should take that possibility seriously so i make the analogy of with that and talk about omuamua's wager meaning that you should consider the implications and therefore we should be more alert all these bloggers or people on twitter that ridiculed that possibility they would ask you not to be alert let's forget about it it's not interesting it's improbable it's never aliens therefore let's keep our eyes shut and not even pay attention to these rocks coming from outer space and my point is that these are self-fulfilling prophecies if you tell yourself you will never find something unusual you will never find it yeah well i i i certainly subscribe to that i mean of course i mean it seems to be a bimodal distribution either you're one of the many people that's about a third of the population who thinks that the aliens are actually visiting earth in which case it's fairly trivial to uh you know come up with some good data for that i wish they would but or you're on the other side where you say look you know it's always going to be a natural explanation because we've seen that over and over and over with new discoveries in astronomy and who could argue well i hope nobody argues except these people who are blogging about it i have read too many of them but said let me let me uh respond to that because you know one of the puzzles in cosmology for example is what is the nature of the dark matter that's most of the matter in the universe right we are talking about 70 you know or actually 80 of the matter in the universe made of something that we don't know i mean there is also the dark energy which is a separate component now first of all why do cosmologists get paid in the first place they don't know what what most of the matter that they are talking about is but putting that aside for decades people invested hundreds of millions of dollars exploring various possibilities like weakly interacting massive particles or axions okay now uh do we know that weakly interacting massive particles exist no in fact we just as a result of investing hundreds of millions of dollars we just put limits actually we ruled out all the original ideas about the cross section and the mass of the particles that may provide the dark matter and the same is true for any other types of dark matter we still don't know what it is after decades okay and why would the scientific community regard this as a worthy exploration of a hypothesis whereas the hypothesis that the technological civilization may be out there is considered speculative with no funds at all allocated to it why is that more risky why is a technological signature which just relies on the fact that you reproduce the conditions on earth elsewhere and get a similar outcome that to me sounds like much more robust well it's it is it not obvious it's not similar to what uh galileo faced right he was challenging the comfortable notion that we know the truth and uh you know nobody seemed to be interested right but what i'm saying is in the current culture of science there are concepts that are far more speculative that are considered part endorsed by the mainstream even though they have no merit based on the evidence we have and take for example in the theoretical physics community the notion of extra dimensions string theory you have hundreds of string theories working on something that not only cannot be tested based on existing experimental data but it's very likely that during their entire career it will never be tested and they don't even feel the need to test it because there are also philosophers that write books justifying their their practice and saying that experiments are not really needed for you know doing physics now that sounds wait a second to me that sounds as a betrayal of our obligations as physicists you know as in terms of describing reality you have this culture of people that give each other awards about intellectual gymnastics with fancy mathematics that has no bearing on experimental data and at the same time seti is being ridiculed to me that's you know an unhealthy environment somehow the culture in science academia is completely twisted in the opposite direction of where it should be seti should be mainstream within the astronomy community it should be mainstream not just a little bit more funding it should be exactly in the middle and then all these notions about extra dimension string theory that should be in the periphery let these people put some skin into the game make predictions and only if their predictions are verified would we pay attention to the possibility that there are extra dimensions well listen okay we're essentially at the end of our time here i i do think there is a bit of a listen i'm not going to argue against you in terms of the funding for setting obviously not i i agree with all of that but there is a sort of an asymmetry here right if you posit that there's a particle that accounts for dark matter there's a little thing in that you know it's a wimp or whatever it is right you can at least spend some money do an experiment and the experiment is somewhat definitive your prediction was it's a wimp and it has this energy so i have this message we have an experiment here you just send a cup yes but the interstellar object the next one we find and you take a photograph that's okay listen you know i'll i'll get my wallet i'll get my credit card right now i mean i i support that but but there is this asymmetry that while you can't you know you can prove that the extraterrestrials exist if you for example do that experiment with the next object that comes into our solar system that looks interesting or you do it with a radio telescope or however you do it it's i think fundamentally impossible to prove that they're not out there and that's a little different than the physics problem where you can prove that well duck on it we didn't find anything that is in agreement with your prediction oh you would be surprised that so people that propose the original weekly interacting dark matter particles these particles are ruled out now but then they shifted the parameter space into a regime that is not ruled out yet so they're operating in an evasive way such that it's always alive you know the concept of weekly even though the parameter space they're exploring now is completely different from the original one and my point is if you go and search for various signatures of other civilizations of course if you rule out some you have others but it's not different from the search for dark matter i don't see a qualitative difference all right all right well i'm happy to hear that listen avi it's been fantastically interesting obviously this could go on for much longer but uh we have obligations to the uh the the people who are watching i i want to thank all these people we had a lot of questions coming in i hope that the discussion answered some of them at least and if people want to read more i know that you write for scientific american rather regularly right every couple of weeks a week or two every week yeah okay and so people can certainly find that i condemn those uh essays to anyone they're really worth uh reading and for the rest uh there's your book coming out is it out yet it's out yeah as of a few days ago and the response seems to be viral i must tell you it's really capturing the imagination of a very large number of people well i'm glad to hear that i hope you haven't developed an amazon ranking fever as so many people who write books too but again amilo thank you so very much for being with us thanks to every one of you for tuning in and uh uh remind you that the seti institute has these sorts of sessions savvy lives we also have seti talks you can get all of this by just going to the seti institute website seti.org and you'll find links to the things you need you can get uh signed up for our newsletter and uh be it you know sort of push technology you can be warned in advance you can have your rockets ready to go to make up close photos of whatever is going to transpire avi thank you very much again and bye bye to all

Channel: SETI Institute

Views: 12,431

Keywords: planetary science, dps, AAS

Id: 25i1FyBpsN8

Length: 42min 11sec (2531 seconds)

Published: Thu Jan 28 2021