Photo Basics- (01 English)

hello everybody my name is yashiv Roy and I am basically a landscape travel and portrait photographer I also do shoot fashion once in a while and the wonderful part here is that I am going to be with all of you for next few sessions because you have purchased this course on photography Street and simple and I'm going to take you through this entire session in different modules split into different modules congratulations to you for having taken that decision that important decision of starting your journey in this wonderful and exciting world of photography let me tell you let me ensure you with my experience your decision is going to be perfect because there's nothing no better field of art than photography it is ever evolving it is ever challenging it is ever exciting all right so congratulations to you again my only word of caution here is you will have to stay with me there will be some sessions which you might not like because maybe the beginning also where we will talk about the history of photography um but I will still try and engage you in in whatever way I can in the end the whole idea is and that should be even your idea that you go back with lot of learnings and having become an improved photographer all right let us see what we are going to learn in these few sessions which are lined up ahead so we'll talk about photo Basics we'll also talk about understanding your camera then understanding lens the light and exposure we'll talk about then we will also discuss accessories and composition finally we will discuss about workflow management and work habits all right let us without without really wasting much time let us talk about the photo basics what is photography okay what as per U is photography whatever when whenever we go for uh searching for definition of photography it tells you the art of creating an image on something which is a photosensitive material like a film or a sensor is called photography that could be technically true but for me it is not something from my heart so photography from my heart is something which helps me capture the movements helps me tell my own version of stories and make them Eternal and how do I do that through my skills my creativity using an instrument which is called camera which also has a lens attached to it all right so that is what is photography as per my understanding let us see how photography actually started what was the history when what could have been the basis of Photography so that we are trying to learn and understand this wonderful world of photography I think what I understand is human being has always been curious always in those ancient worlds like some 30 000 years ago um there was this early cave paintings which were discovered let us say in India also when with in bhimbedkar India 30 000 years ago when we look at in the cave paintings that were discovered you will see that man has been doing some kind of Engravings on the walls or the ceilings of the cave where he used to hide or live or whatever hide from being attacked protect himself of being attacked by the wild animals and so while lying down he was he just started scribbling on the walls that means whatever his thoughts were he was already trying to create a visual story out of it initially that might have been simple scribbles nothing much no story later on he probably started creating stories with that it started taking better shape in terms of even the the way he was drawing and when we come to this side Altamira Spain almost 15 500 years ago you look at these cave paintings ah you see the beautiful intricate art there is shading these are on on the rocks or the walls or Pro probably with the stones itself different colored stones or chalk or coal or whatever and whatever he could find and you see the art from this kind of thing had become something like this which had shadings which had proper shape given to the face of animals so man has been always curious let us see how things evolved later on when we come to come walk ahead in history almost in 2580 BC when we check the paintings inside on the Pyramids of Giza you see now the human shapes are much more defined you can see face resembles a face of any human being and there were shadings they were colors being used different colors being used and by that time probably human being was already talking about and thinking about how to use different colors together so that they make a wonderful looking painting what has what it has got to do with the photography it has lot of lot to do with the wrong way because this is the first short type of visual art that was getting created visual art because something which is drawn then you see and then you admire that is what photography is right so it has everything linked to photography or I can say that this is why photography is there today had this not been there I don't know because maybe some other history we might have been discussing but this has direct linkage to photography the evolved evolution of photography then come to ajanta in our own country India is in 200 BC you go to ajanta ellora caves look at the intrinsic art that has been found on the walls and ceilings of ajanta and ellora caves it is amazingly beautiful just look at this look at I am zooming in look at the kind of look at this necklace look at the face look at the eyes look at the fingers and hand placement everything is so perfect it is so beautiful this is this is how visual art was evolving over a period of years then in 1765 in in 1480 look at this painting it is life like almost as if it is natural as if somebody is sitting right in front of you and during these days what was happening was the kings were hiring all these artists to get the their paintings made or the art made for their their palaces and to be hung on the walls of the Palaces or to be drawn on the walls of the Palaces and that is how the art started evolving and there was there were artists and and non-artists were they were Rich they would hire the services of these artists so that they can get their walls their walls of the Palaces or their houses get painted with this beautiful art and when we come towards 1764 and this is again from India look at the intrinsic art that was getting created look at this there is it's almost three dimensional kind of a painting on one dimensional or two dimensional piece of paper or wall look at this look at the um nails look at the nail enamels also look at the Rings everything is so intrinsic then how did photography actually somebody thought of evolving photography or inventing photography I think the phenomenon that we can just we can share is something like this that somebody was somebody entered a closed room and he saw the reflection or or a mirage kind of a thing of something which is outside the room inverted image of its getting formed inside a darkish kind of a room most of us would have ignored it but there was somebody who suddenly realized that this could be something big because this was interesting to him and he started working on that concept of how to create an inverted mirror image using light and a dark room that is how One camera probably pinhole kind of a camera got evolved where this is the subject which is the light on from this is passing through a hole and entering a box which is completely dark and the inverted image gets formed inside that box so from something which was already happening which was a natural phenomenon that always happens when light enters a an area which is little darker and it if the focus it is achieved inside because the distance between the main subject outside and the wall on which it is getting formed Inside the Box it will always form an inverted image reflection kind of a thing now from this they created camera obscura now what is camera obscura what is the meaning of that it is a dark room the exact meaning of this is dark room so if you look at it somebody had created a box outside somewhere which was dark inside and from the hole cut out in that box he was getting the Reflection from of the outside scenery on to this side of the wall Inside the Box so now people had started creating designed or structured way of creating the reflection of outside world or scenery inside the dark box this is what is called probably the first sign of camera or photography taking shape so camera obscura again another evolution of that when the the outside this is the scene Inside the Box they were now they had started reflecting that light using some device and making it fall on a canvas kind of a thing so that they can draw that and create their own art so Camera Obscura had started to evolve at this point of time now before we move further let us first understand what is the principle of Photography because this has been happening so if you if you just keep in mind previous couple of slides you will understand what I am trying to talk now and this is how we interpret at this point of time probably they never interpreted it so scientifically or in their mind they were aware that some similar something similar happens and they were trying to create their own ways of getting camera obscura to create their own version of whatever images that they were creating final images were not getting created they were simply getting it transmitted inside the dark box what is the principle of Photography there is a subject then here is light and there is something called a box camera obscura we can call it pinhole camera we can call it whatever there's a box and we can call it a camera itself then the light falls on the subject and light from the subject now moves ahead and enters that small hole in that box called camera and creates an inverted image at the back of back surface of that camera simple principle of light traveling getting reflected from this subject and traveling in a straight line creating this inverted image what was the first photograph that was created as far as per the records available so it was Joseph Napier's in 1826 he created something like this which was which is supposedly the first photograph and this rendered version of that which looks it was an eight hour exposure which is which looks something like this so it has been reproduced to show what how it looked so this is an illustrated version of the main photograph which we saw in the previous slide and it was an eight hour exposure and that's that's why I always say that long exposure was the first photograph was was used to create the first photograph so it is one of the most natural and a natural way of doing photography now look at this image this is probably the first image photograph of a human being look at this and I am I'm in literally in love with this kind of photograph because it is so perfect look at the composition look at the way he has used the human elements on the road here probably somebody who's getting his shoes Polished by by the Cobblers by sitting on the side of the road and look at the curve that he is using look at the buildings and it was a 30 minute exposure this is probably the first photograph in the world where human is in the picture now this is as per when we when we do the web search we we realize that this is what it throws up as the Joseph Napier's camera which he used to create the first photograph in the world which was in eight hour exposure all right so this probably as per what we understand what we get from the web search so the next this is almost the um modern version of the pinhole camera probably they were using nothing but a box with a pin pinhole size pin size hole in in front which will allow the light to enter the box which has which isn't dark inside and what you see here is a photosensitive film which is which is attached which forms an image when the light enters and this is a kind of a View Camera what you see here is this is sonar so this is almost like the one that you see there so this was little complicated to look there's a lens here then there is you can put the sensor at the back and and attach the viewfinder and then look at the image and create the image this was called a view camera now how the earlier cameras evolved from camera obscura to pinhole and Beyond let us quickly see the journey so this is uh dubrowne wet plate in 1864 then we're talking about Kodak Brownie 1888 then we see speed Graphica 1912 then Leica one model A 1925 it almost looks like something this so by this time the camera had started taking its shape that we we are aware of obviously these days we do not get exactly these kinds of cameras but yes the shape was starting to show up now um around 1925 then we then we have rolly Flex 1929 something like this which was a dual lens reflex so you can see the two lenses here one would be used to view and focus the image ah the frame and then the second one will be used to click the final image so this this is this particular one is yashika mat124 G it's almost similar to this roliflex one 1920 in 1929 then how did the modern cameras evolved so we can say that right from somewhere in around 1940s or 1940 1950s ah the camera had started taking its shape which I just shared right now and so this was contacts s in 1949 it looks almost like this it looks almost like this which this is uh Nikon FM 2T so almost like this so obviously this has an interchangeable lens that at that point of time does not seem to have an interchangeable lens so but the camera had started to evolve um then we the Minolta Dynex 7000 in 1985 and what is the early digital camera so the first digital camera ah not pure camera but in a way the digital back was manufactured by Kodak and that was attached on the Nikon camera because these were film cameras and this was the digital back or whatever bottom digital bottom whatever you can call it it was attached on the camera this is Kodak DSC 460. so this was a digital science Dimension Kodak Digital Science this is the first digital camera that started taking shape so from this time now the film started going out and digital started entering the photography world foreign picks ah S2 Pro was the probably the first digital full-fledged digital camera that we can see what are the modern dslrs so from this came dslrs because earlier um we only had this kind of cameras were available initially then these kinds of cameras came they all used film now after evolution of digital photography and digital camera the DSLR started taking shape so let us let us see that so this is this is how a DSLR looks so you you are all aware so you certainly must have a DSLR most of you some of you might even have opted for mirrorless but that's okay so this was this is any modern day DSLR shape almost looks the same across all brands minor variations here and there foreign mirrorless is the new Evolution that most people understand but for me if you if you try and understand what when was the first mirrorless that anybody used if you remember those point and shoot cameras these ones they were mirrorless they did not have a mirror inside so in a way I can I can very clearly say that mirrorless is not exactly new yes it is a new Avatar of point and shoots much better different technology but yes these also did not have mirror in them and mirrorless also don't doesn't have mirror in them yes in this the mirrors was not the lens was not interchangeable mirrorless has interchangeable lenses so x33 Fujifilm then Sony A7 every every manufacturer is making so Nikon mirrorless and z7 and Lumix S1 and s1r all these are new latest modern mirrorless cameras which are very very advanced in technology and they are they continue to evolve with time let us come to principle of Photography we have already gone through the history we have understood how we have seen there's no nothing to understand we have seen how camera has evolved in earlier days and modern days also from DSLR to mirrorless and so there's much more if you want to find out you can really web search and you can understand but let us come to the principle of Photography because we have to in the end understand photography so let me start with the same image now there is the source the subject then you have something called camera here then there is the source of Light sun light falls on the subject it gets reflected back and enters the camera and forms an inverted image at the back now we will talk in terms of Photography this hole has a glass piece attached to it which which we call now a lens obviously it does not look like this now it looks much more advanced but just to understand right now then this plane at which the inverted image is getting formed is called the image plane very simple then this distance between the image plane or the distance between the point at which light enters the camera which is the lens and the image plane is called focal length all right we will discuss in detail now this part is called the angle of view now here most people confuse with angle of view between angle of view and focal length these two are two different things do not confuse between them angle of view will depend upon yes it will depend up it will be defined by the focal length at which you are shooting because a telephoto and wide angle will have a different angle of view but focal length is totally different an angle of view is totally different basically angle of U is the angle that gets created which at which the light enters the camera all right so that is a totally different both are totally different subjects now how camera works before we move on to actually started starting to shoot images let us first understand how camera actually works so this is a typical cross section of um a modern DSLR so how what happens is what you see here is these are all Optical elements this is a lens the extended part is a lens inside that lens you will see multiple glass pieces which are called Optical elements or lens elements okay then there is something called pentaprism which is here I'll I'll share how why the pentaprism is required and why it is there then we have a viewfinder here through which we view the image we put the camera on our face and then we view the image using the viewfinder in DSLR I'm talking about then this is the mirror this is the mirror the green part is the sensor now sensor is is photosensitive it is it has a mirror in front at an angle so what happens is the light enters the lens passing through different Optical elements and it hits the mirror after it hits the mirror that gets reflected and it enters pentaprism now pentaprism in within pentaprism internal reflection of light happens and finally that light gets reflected out from the viewfinder from where we are able to view what the frame is before we press the shutter button that is where we decide that this image or frame is looking good or not all right now in between the mirror and the sensor there is something called a shutter shutter is just like any other um curtain it's a metal curtain it's a sheet curtain just to make you understand so what happens is when we press the shutter the mirror will move up so what is the what is the function of a mirror mirror has nothing else to do but to reflect the light and make it enter into pentaprism so that we can view what we are going to shoot through the viewfinder when we have to click and shoot the final image The Mirror Has to move away from the path because otherwise the image will not the light will not reach the sensor the when the mirror moves the sensor is still covered by a shutter all right because otherwise the movement mirror moves it will create the image we do not want that we want to control the amount of light that is why that is what happens so what how it works is the light comes mirror moves and it has the sensor and the curtain will move up and down so they are Metal Sheets it will move one by one up and then it will close all right very simple phenomenon it's like a window which has a cotton on it light is outside you move the curtain and move it back while the curtain is moving is opening up and by the time you bring it bring it to close light will continue to enter same principle nothing else okay now in this particular case which is a mirrorless camera so you still have the lens elements lens or Optical elements in between that there is Aperture which is what shows there there also there is a sensor here and LCD display so what you see here is the same thing so this is the lens and the the sensor is somewhere inside and what you see here is a is an LCD display there is no mirror there is no viewfinder there is nothing all whatever you you frame you can see it at the back LCD screen so light enters it hits the sensor and image gets created okay so in this illustration we have we are showing you there is an aperture in between somewhere in the lens okay what is an aperture now aperture is always a part of the lens it is not part of the camera camera has two parts a camera body and the lens when we talk about let us talk about the model lenses only modern cameras only so lens is interchangeable that means we keep on changing the lens on the camera body depending upon our requirement so aperture is always a part of the lens if you look at this this is metal ah blades so this this is how and when they close or open they create the hole which becomes smaller or larger this is this is Aperture talking about aperture so what we see here is there are some numbers written on it so 50 mm is the focal length then 1.4 is the aperture size whenever we mention something about aperture it is always mentioned in terms of a fraction so which is f 1.4 so what is this F F stands for focal length so actually these numbers that you will always come across in subsequent modules also all throughout photography these numbers do not denote the size actual size of the aperture so actual size of the aperture can be found out only by when we know the focal length at which we are shooting so whatever let us in this case 50 mm focal length is there's a 50 by 1.4 whatever the number comes will become the size of the aperture we need not really bother about it all we need to understand is that apertures are always in in as a fraction of the focal length okay so staying with aperture you see another image where you um some numbers are mentioned so 18 to 55 mm this is for a variable focal length so your lens could be a fixed focal length lens like the previous one which is which only had 50 mm as the focal length now this particular lens and many more such lenses variable focal length lenses in this particular case is this 18 mm 255 mm now there is something else which is mentioned it mentions as 3.5 to 5.6 what does it mean it means that this lens has the widest opening of aperture which is 3.5 F 3.5 at 18 mm focal length and widest open aperture size becoming to A 5.6 at 55 mm so when we change the the focal length the aperture size also changes and the maximum aperture becomes smaller at the longer focal length of 55 mm in this particular case which means let me rephrase it you will not get F 3.5 as the opening of the aperture at 55 mm or you will not even get F 3.5 opening of the aperture anything at any focal length Beyond 18 mm it will change this is what it means okay so this will always help you purchase your lenses as per your requirement what is this number which is mentioned here in this case 52 is the diameter or the thread size based on this you will probably decide some additional attachments like filters or even the lens cap so this is how you decide and choose what size of lens cap you require for this particular lens so this is 52 now giving you brief about how aperture size is Define the actual aperture numbers Define the actual size of the aperture now this is a very simple graphical representation here you must note couple of things here first let me repeat aperture is a fraction of focal length so f something F some number the number is a constant f is variable focal length we do not know because it will vary from lens to lens even if it is a fixed lens I change the lens to another focal length lens it will vary so F stands for focal length but the number is a constant and number will denote something else as well so smaller the number as you can see 1.4 to 2.84 5.6 these numbers smaller the number wider the opening of the aperture and larger the number smaller the opening of the aperture so it is reciprocal again why because it is a fraction because whenever we are dividing one particular number by a smaller number let us say in this case in this case what is the resulting number It's a larger number that means it's a larger size of the aperture whenever we divide any number by a larger number the resulting number will be small simple mathematics all right let us see how it affects something called the area of focus so one is certain which you know the larger the opening that means more light it will allow to enter smaller the opening it will allow less light to enter but this is another thing which is which it is impacting in the image which is the area of focus zone of sharpness or zone of focus we also call that the depth of field we will discuss that in detail as well but right now just to make you understand so these are few images that I am quickly showing you this image was taken at F 1.4 so the the opening is large the focus is on this camera here rest everything is blurred out which is out of focus which means wider opening of aperture has a very narrow zone of focus which is limited only to one particular element here nothing else as we close down the aperture size now coming to F 5.6 the zone of sharpness or focus is increasing now you can see these bottles also now you can read what is written and there are some details now start appearing let me show you another example let us say we go to F 16 now F 16 almost everything from end to end is in sharp Focus so when we want to create an image where we want Focus all across the frame from front to the end then we need to close down the aperture or when we are vice versa when trying to create an image where we do not want larger area Focus to be there um that can be in case of a portrait let us say you are clicking a portrait of of somebody in your family member and you do not want the background elements or subjects like trees or anything to come in shaft focus and then we have to use a wide open aperture all right this is called depth of field so what is depth of field is the zone of sharpness or focus at a particular aperture size okay let us just see in this case this distance from the point of focus now this becomes this becomes this one is the point at which I am focusing all right the range area is the shaft Focus area is somewhere up to here acceptable and up to here now this is called the depth of field is it clear let us move ahead aperture you have understood we will come to this in detail again when we come up talk about exposure right now let us just we are just understanding um the how camera works now this is shutter light has entered based upon the aperture size how will it hit the sensor now sensor is covered by something called a shutter now this is how it looks so light enters and the mirror goes up but there is the curtain or the shutter in place it moves up away and light hits the sensor and again it comes down let me replay this entire thing just observe what is happening I'll go back now what happens is light enters shutter is there now shutter moves away light hits the sensor shutter comes in front again this is how shutter will work and so this time taken by the movement of shutter to expose the sensor to the amount of light is also called exposure time or shutter speed speed with which shutter opens and or closes shutter speed or exposure time the time it gives to expose the sensor with the light which is entering all right shutter speed is obviously the speed with the shutter moves now shutter speeds are always in the units of one second wherever you see one again it is a fraction one what is one this is one second so it this one and this one are the same is just that this is just one second this is half the second this is one fourth the second this is one eighth one fifteenth that means this is two fiftieth part of one second which is very fast and when we go slow so this one second gets doubled up to two second and four second and Eight Second in subsequent seconds so we are always measuring shutter speed in a fraction of one second that is what what you should remember which means the larger the denominating number the faster the shutter speed the smaller the denominator number the slower the shutter speed right so this is the first shutter speed this is the slow shutter speed so when I come to this part what is 2 which is bigger tell me yes 4 appears to be bigger right but right now we are not understanding Counting we are understanding shutter speed so in this case this is a bigger number this is a smaller number this is faster this is slower it's a fraction now coming to this chart so this is half this is quarter so how does the shutter speed impact the final image depending upon kind of exposure time that is getting created a faster shutter speed will give you less exposure time and a slower shutter speed will give you more exposure time this kind of movement when we are freezing the movement of an individual happens with a faster shutter speed so in this case let us say the shutter speed is 1 by 250 so 250th part of one second let us see what happens when we slow down the shutter speed so this is the person is now blurred so this is 1 by 60. that means slower shutter speed for the time the shutter is open light is entering the person is moving so camera could not keep the person in sharp Focus what happens when we further slow down the shutter speed it gets totally blurred out and this is 1 by 15. so this is how it impacts the final image physical shutter and electronic shutter what is a physical shutter these days electronic shutters have started coming in what is a physical shutter physical shutter is the blades will open and these are the pixels so these are the pixels on the sensor and they will expose the pixels with the light and the shutter will close physically the shutter is a physical shutter so its blades they will open then they will close where is electronic shutter straight straight away does not nothing opens it just exposes the light and the the pixels get exposed and image is created and something called the third part is the iso which is the sensor sensitivity to the amount of Light which is entering so which is in ISO stands for international standards organization it it doesn't feel related to photography so let me give you some idea about why this is called so in earlier days when there was film days a film used to come this ISO so-called ISO at that point of time also every country had their own version had their own calculation of iso let us say it's a German film so in Germany they used to call it as din d i n and in America they used to call it as ASA it had a different calculation and when somebody from America was traveling with his films to do photography and enters Germany and he runs out of his uh his films so he would have to go to buy the film which he will not get in ASA he will get in DIN and he had to recalculate what ESC he was using so which kind of din version he has to buy later on this was entire thing was was said that we have to now ah make it formal and make it uniform and that is when International standard organization stepped in and they created one universal version and they started calling it as ISO it is nothing but expensive sensitivity so lower the number lower the sensitivity larger the number larger the sensitivity how does it work let me just explain you in layman terms they let us say for suppose outside it does not increase the amount of light it's just increasing sensitivity of sensor to the amount of Light which is falling on the sensor so let's say it outside it is really bright and sun is shining too bright and too strong strong and hot and you go out and you wear shades dark glasses after around an hour or so or even after 10-15 minutes if you're trying to do an experiment stand there wearing those glasses for 10-15 minutes and all of a sudden you remove the glasses what happens you feel as if the light has suddenly increased you can't even Open the Eyes properly but in actuality has the light increased the answer is no your eyes became sensitive to the amount of light for a certain period of time it works on exactly the same principle so you will see many such comparisons because camera and lens the way it works has been actually inspired by the way our eyes work obviously hundred percent cannot be implemented cannot be copied so there are gaps but the principle Remains the Same so lower number gives you low sensitivity and larger number gives you high sensitivity that means if the light is low I have to use a higher number larger number so that I get a better looking image better exposed image okay so ISO becomes the 100 becomes the base sensitivity and 200 becomes the Double of the base sensitivity and so and so forth so 3200 is 32x of the base sensitivity all right how does ISO impact the final image we have seen earlier how aperture behaves and aperture impacts the depth of field what ISO does so let us say this is taken at ISO 100. is pretty dark all we can see is uh is there are there the flame of the candle then we come to ISO 1600. then we start seeing some details in this area as well all right the surrounding area but still too much so much of the image is still not visible then we go to ISO 12800 I am just giving you showing you some examples in this case almost everything is visible all the areas in the frame are visible but you notice something it is not clean this is called digital noise this is called noise these are grains which have appeared because in actuality ISO is not increasing the amount of light it is just making the sensor more sensitive to the same amount of light it just amplifies the low signal to a high signal of light that is why it starts giving you grains at higher isos these three together form an exposure triangle we will discuss about exposure triangle in detail when we come to light and exposure part right now just understand one thing there's these three are interrelated aperture and shutter speed and ISO these three parameters are not different independent of each other they are 100 dependent on each other so if you change aperture shutter speed and as shutter speed will change you change shutter speed aperture will change you change ISO probably both aperture and shutter speed will change this is the one fact you have to always keep in mind then how does the exposure typically works this exposure triangle let me take an analogy of a tap so let us say in this step this water entering is the intensity of light this is the aperture the tap handle because when we open this the hole inside becomes larger and this throws the amount of light this the speed with which the water is falling is the shutter speed and the amount of water that is getting collected in the glass becomes the exposure now if we are not happy with this kind of exposure then what we need to do is increase the size of this area and we get we adjust this is just an analogy these represent an ISO so if the size increases probably more light enters and stays there giving you an illusion as if the light has increased all right coming back to aperture same thing same numbers let me repeat it's a fraction and smaller than number larger the opening and larger the number smaller the opening let us see at step each step wise I have just shown you earlier three different arbitrary numbers let us see how gradually it impacts the depth of field F 1.4 just keep observing I'll keep on going fast just keep observing this area right now only this is in sharp Focus rest everything is really blurred out so you already understand the concept the idea is to show you at different aperture numbers how sizes or how this depth of field is getting impacted so I will quickly change the slides so that you can see the impact F2 F 2.8 see it is increasing F four F five point six it's all gradual F eight f11 f 16. F 22 everything is in sharp Focus right now all right how does this depth of field actually work why why does this happen there is an image illustration here first just lets see this and then I will probably draw a diagram and make you understand what is happening okay now in this there are three things now this is the light source this is the lens this is sensor on which the light is getting converged let me Show You by drawing a diagram and make you understand why it is happening can I have the Whiteboard now let me draw this is let us say your light source okay now this is the sensor this is the lens or the aperture what happens what will Define the path of flight which is entering the lens and hitting the sensor it is the opening of the aperture or even the angle of view and all so right now let us say in this case light hits the aperture in this there are two images that I will create this and this and maybe this so in this case you see in both the cases the light entering the lens is at a different angle and because of this the path that it follows inside the camera till it hits the sensor changes let us say in this case it is a closed purchase smaller aperture number so what it does is it typically for travels something like this and it focuses or converges on one single point on the sensor making a sharp image in this case because the light is entering the lens at a different angle so it travels and probably should meet somewhere beyond the sensor but light cannot travel beyond the sensor so on sensor it creates a blurred kind of an image because there is no single point convergence which is happening why it is happening because of the size of aperture is deciding the path at which the light travels inside the camera and finally hits the sensor so if you can see here now let me show you what is happening here in this case also in this case also the Light path that is entering is a different angle so it is converging at one single point in this case the light convergence changes and it heads Beyond creating a blurred kind of an effect on the sensor you see this it's all because of the path of the light inside the camera after it enters the sensor which gets impacted by the size of the aperture because if the size of the aperture is small the path changes and if it is large the path further changes I hope this is making things clear to you all right so let us move ahead let us come back to the shutter speed right now so what is the shutter speed unit of one second is it clear so when we are talking about one second it is one second exposure time or in terms of shutter speed the speed of the shutter is one second that means within one second the shutter will open and close ok so this is 8 000 means one by eight thousand within the camera you will not see it like this you will see it like eight thousand so what numbers that you see are the denominator of the fraction all right when you see something like this one second it is one with two comma marks on top that means it is one second and two second and four or eight or fifteen all right every camera has an exposure time up to 30 second and beyond that it goes into bulb mode which is long exposure bulb means I will decide for how much time the shutter will remain open so till I keep pressing the shutter the shutter button shutters will remain open it can go up to few hours also it all depends upon me all right now this is super fast or very fast shutter speed then ranges of fast normal slow and very slow and going up to long exposure Beyond bulb all right how do we decide how to choose a particular specific shutter speed based on what we want to shoot so it will begin with few questions that you ask yourself like what is your subject second is your subject moving is the subject moving it could be a person like I showed in the example when the person was moving it could be a car it could be anything if the answer is yes then my next question should be do I want to freeze the motion do I want to freeze his motion and capture him sharp or do I want to blur the motion that is also possible that could also be the decision is there sufficient light if the answer is it could be yes there is light is more or less light is less now based on that I will choose my aperture and shutter speed let us say there is sufficient light then I will use the Aperture accordingly and if there is less light I will choose the aperture accordingly and if I want to freeze the motion then my shutter speed will be faster and if I want to blur the motion my shutter speed will be slower let us see now how the shutter speeds are impacting an image let us see everything else remains constant here we saw about ISO this image is at 125 second am I right is this 125 second no it is 1 by 125 it is one twenty fifth part of one second so do not confuse this is 1 by 125 and this is how the image looks very dark all you can see is the flame candle flame then we come to 1 by 60 we see start seeing slightly more I'll quickly move so that you can see the changes and I'll keep on talking about it this is 1 by 30 little more information one by fifteen slightly more information one by eight it starts revealing itself now we can see something which is kept beyond the candles one by four we now know what all is there then one by two that means half second wonderful everything is visible now we go to one second it becomes very bright but in this case there is no noise because in fact actual light is increasing there is no amplification there is no sensitivity which is playing its part actual light is increasing here that's why the exposure becomes more and we are able to see the entire image properly two second it's it starts now going beyond what I like four second now the what the subjects or things were visible only at one by 125 only the Flames are now getting blown out all right same thing now let us say shutter speed this is at one by Thirty so blur motion when we take it to 1 by 60 it freezes slightly and when we go to one by one twenty five it freezes completely you want to freeze it further keep increasing the shutter speed that means keep making the shutter speed faster all right so shutter speed helps you in two ways one is to freeze the motion or to blur the motion and second to increase the amount of Light which is entering the camera so that you can get the correct kind of exposure all right similarly to aperture let me re let me recollect and for your better understanding when we open the aperture size it helps you get more light inside helping you control exposure it also affects the depth of field making areas around the main pointed subject blur out and when we close down the aperture it reduces the amount of Light which enters the camera but it keeps everything that is visible in the frame in shaft Focus all right let's talk about ISO that existed even in film times so roll film 1885 they also had the iso which was maybe called something different but it was the sensitivity of the film role so in this case 35 mm film which was in 1909 it had the um the sensitivity of 400 in this the sensitivity is 64. all right and this sensitivity was 200 200 400. different but sensor Works slightly differently in sensor when we start increasing the ISO it starts showing the noise earlier I had shown you three examples Now quickly I'll move past I'll make make these slides move faster you just observe how the final image is getting impacted when I start increasing ISO in gradient gradually right now this image is at so hundred this is ISO 200 this is ISO 400. this is ISO 800 it starts revealing itself now 1600 3200 6400 yes it is visible now but you can see some grains here in in dark areas 12 800. 25 600 you see the grains are becoming unbearable also you will notice one more thing that there is a color shift also happening the color is changing from red to pinkish tones and all that also happens with her ISO extreme higher ISO then 51 200 it's for me it is really too much of noise so low ISO an example of the image which is very clean neat and clean nothing is there and high ISO this is what happens to the same image same thing the color shift has also happened and Grains have also come now here is one small thought does it mean that we should not shoot at high ISO the answer is no because in the end we are here to capture a moment and we cannot have a situation that we do not capture a moment yes if it is a commercial shoot and as per the shoot requirements it is very clear that the pictures that has to be supplied have to be neat clean sharp without any noise then higher ISO are strict no no then whatever we do we do in terms of low ISO around base ISO ISO 100 or 200 only not going beyond that all right so you will get the best quality image without any grains that has to hundred and going Beyond and in this case what we are showing is in most of the cameras somewhere around 6400 ISO is what is the image which is still permissible and better than my even higher isos it is still usable all right but still find out from your your camera settings and figure out yourself as per your camera how does Auto there's something in in your camera which is an auto ISO how does auto ISO work now auto ISO there is something called a thumb rule let me before I explain the auto ISO let me share something here trying to make you understand what is happening there is something called a thumb rule when we come to shutter speeds all right now thumb rule is to ensure that when you shoot an image handheld holding the camera at a certain shutter speed your hand held image will not be sharp your hand movements will get captured in the final image all right now that is one by focal length so one is the shutter speed one second and this focal length is final effective focal length we are talking about so let us say I am shooting at 100 mm focal length so my minimum shutter speed should be 1 by 100 to ensure that the camera Shake handshake does not get captured in the final image now auto ISO works on almost similar principle what it does is let me show you here now let us say you have you are shooting at an aperture right now 22 6400 ISO is there shutter speed is 1 by 125 what it does is 100 mm focal length so it should achieve the iso in auto ISO mode should achieve a minimum shutter speed of 1 by 100 okay so medium shutter speed in this case is 1 by 125 is exactly 100 will not come because your camera will have a setting one by 125 so it will give you minimum that much of shutter speed based on auto ISO so let us see the illustration here what what happens now what is the main problem area in this particular case now camera does not understand usually ideally it should give fixat 1 by 125 but what happens is it goes beyond that because it feels that it has to give you sharpest possible image so if I require a um let's say a shutter speed of 1 by 100 which I can achieve at ISO 3200 it will use as a 6400 to take me to even a higher shutter speed faster shutter speed just to ensure that you do not get blurred out images all right so not always desirable but yes if I'm in a hurry and I do not want to miss the shot I will use that because it's a setting which can be used to your advantage so I hope you have understood what what we wanted to share you might have lot of questions so if you have any question please do ask in the comment section and we'll be I'll be more than happy to clear all your doubts and till then till the next module please go out and start experimenting on these aspects what we have discussed aperture shutter speed and ISO we are going to come to these aspects in detail in future modules as well but a base understanding is required and you must be clear about this base understanding because this will be this will form the basis of your this is the foundation of starting your photography Journey thank you so much

Channel: PIXEL VIILAGE

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Keywords: seeradha, photography, tutorial, online photography, learn photography, review, flash, light, studio, product, fashion, glamour, camera, dslr, mirrorless, lenses, wide angle, standard lens, telephoto, iso, camera modes, shutter speed, aperture, nikon, sony, canon, fuji, fujifilm, panasonic, lumix, radhakrishnan, chakyat, pixel viilage, pixel village

Id: ULocMSFsIgw

Length: 71min 14sec (4274 seconds)

Published: Thu Feb 23 2023