Uranium in Drinking Water and What to Do About It Well Owner

drinking water and what to do about it I'm cliff trans director of general public outreach for the national groundwater Association it is my privilege to introduce our presenter Peter Cartwright the professional engineer and expert on water treatment including home water treatment systems he has had more than 250 clients globally authored some 200 articles and presented more than 200 lectures and conferences around the world during the presentation feel free to type questions into the question box at the conclusion of Peters presentation he will answer your questions so without further delay I'll turn it over to you Peter Thank You cliff as he indicated this webinar is uranium and drinking water and what to do about it it's one of a series of online training modules prepared and presented by the National groundwater Association with support from the US Environmental Protection Agency uranium is one of a number of naturally occurring products in the ground known as radionuclides this includes radium radon as well as uranium and we will touch on these other radionuclides in the course of this presentation but we will be concentrating on uranium you'll notice that if you're rhenium is ingested it can primarily cause toxicity and the kidneys whereas radium is more likely to cause bone cancer and radon lung cancer but these are all health-related contaminants as I said uranium is a naturally occurring metal in the environment and yeah as well as radon and radium is unique in that it's radioactive so it has all of the potential issues associated with radioactive materials where does uranium come from well as I indicated it's naturally occurring it exists in small concentrations and virtually all areas of the United States and we all ingest or inhale small amounts of natural urine uranium on a daily basis in general the greatest concentrations of uranium are found out in the western part of the US as indicated in the slide it's the western basin fill aquifers and crystalline rock aquifers and the Rocky Mountains and the Northeast the geochemical conditions in our soils can affect a degree to which naturally occurring uranium enters a groundwater it can also result from human activities primarily mining activities the maximum contaminant level which is established by the EPA and it means the maximum concentration of a particular element that can cause health-related issues when present and drinking water the MCL as it's called is 30 micrograms per liter or 30 parts per billion or 0.03 parts per million if you're more familiar with that terminology other contaminants can be also in the occur in the presence of uranium as I indicated a few moments ago it is very commonly associated with the other radionuclides of radon and you you radon is a gas produced by the radioactive decay of radium which in turn is a byproduct of uranium these concentrations are so low and the radioactivity is normally so low that you can't really buy a test kit to do your own testing you have to have it done by a qualified laboratory now with regard to the so called radioactive issues associated with these radionuclides there are really three kinds there's the penetrating radioactivity which results from what's called gamma radiation these are the rays emitted by radioactive particles I can penetrate the body and cause all sorts of issues that we associate with the term radioactivity if it's ingested or inhaled and the alpha particles and beta particles that are released by it can cause the health related contaminants inside the body generally alpha products are very readily removed or prevented from passage by material as simple as paper they're very short-range or weak particles so from a radioactive component such as uranium that's releasing radioactivity even paper will prevent alpha particles from getting through beta is a particles are a little bit stronger but even a glass or aluminum can prevent their passage and the gamma rays which are the most prevalent them the strongest in terms of causing health related issues with radioactivity still can be held back or prevented from entering by concrete ladder steel what are the health effects primarily with uranium we don't have a lot of data we of course everybody has heard about the radioactivity associated with with uranium but if it's ingested it can attack the kidney and cause all sorts of issues and these are kind of illustrated here so I guess the important thing is to realize is that uranium as a health related contaminant is more than just radioactivity that we should be concerned about it's what it can do specifically inside the body with regard to kidney attack now as I said earlier you can't measure with a test kit you can't see it you can't smell it or taste it so you really have to have a laboratory analysis done in order to determine it and if this is being if you're having a new well installed or a deeper well installed in your home if you happen to be in an area where you think that uranium may be an issue or a concern or if your well contractor has indicated this then you have a couple of choices number one is with the help of your contractor he may be able to drill down to an aquifer where there are little or low or no incidents of uranium present and as I say you can you can do all sorts of things with the contractor to try to utilize his knowledge and experience to help address this potential problem a second alternatives is if there is uranium in your water you can quite readily remove it with a number of different treatment technologies which we will go into in a minute again I can't underscore enough the requirement to test your water through a qualified laboratory one that that meets the state or federal qualifications and they can very readily test for uranium and they will also tell you if it exceeds the maximum contaminant level for uranium it may can test the presence and this slide indicates it's about $30 for a specific uranium test they can also determine its radioactivity component which is measured in what's called Pico Curie's that's a little bit more expensive test but I guess if I were in the position of having uranium in my water I would want both analyses done now what can we what treatment technologies can be used to lower the concentration or remove significant quantities of uranium reverse osmosis under sink units very very widely used because they can remove almost all of the different contaminants that are health-related in our drinking water and they are very effective they last for a long period of time and they will do a very effective job of removing uranium as well as other issues the normal reverse osmosis unit that we encounter in the industry is the under sink unit it a specific tap this for example is the tap that is mounted on the sink usually normally in the kitchen and the unit the pre-filter is the post filters and the reverse osmosis membrane unit is mounted below the sink generally although it can easily be mounted in the basement too and there is a storage tank that's required to hold about two gallons of water which is the volume that is maintained so that whenever you open the tap you will get as much as two gallons of water out of it you can also have a home reverse osmosis unit a whole house unit installed which treats all the water coming into the house I guess if I were in an area with uranium concentrations above the maximum contaminant level I would consider a whole house simply because even though it's greatest health issue is related to drinking it I'd be a little bit concerned about the radioactivity ion exchange and even a water softener will remove a certain quantity of uranium so as the concentration is extremely low a water softener which is represented by this here's the resin tank here is what's called the brine tank usually and this is where the salt is kept and here are bags of salt used to regenerate the water softener this is a whole house or what we call in the industry a point of entry system you can put the the softener and as the water enters the house and it treats all of the household water distillation can also be used it's very effective this would be a point of use this would be put on a single outlet rather than treating all the house coming in and out into the genie all the water coming the house and what it basically does is boil water the water turns into water vapor it condenses and is collected in this product water tank and distillation is an extremely effective way it competes effectively with reverse osmosis however it requires a considerably more maintenance because this heating chamber or what they call a boiling chamber has to be cleaned readily you have a lot of hardness in the water it can scale up pretty badly so it's pretty much in my experience reverse osmosis technologies has replaced distillation but there are still this distillers used and available and they are very effective so these three technologies are most commonly utilized and certainly the recommended technologies for reducing the concentration of uranium one of the problems with uranium is because it is radioactive as is radium for example when the resin or the membranes require removal or replacement they they may have accumulated enough radioactive radioactivity so that they have to be decaying discharged in a hazardous waste landfill or discharged by an appropriate collection agency so it isn't just like removing arsenic for example where it is not an issue regarding handling these materials could become radioactive to a significant degree and then require special handling so for radium you can use exactly the same technologies however you can also oxidize radium as indicated in this third item and it can be made in soluble so it can be discharged or removed but again for both radium and uranium they may require special hazardous removal requirements radon radon is a gas it's the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States behind smoking it cannot be smelled tasted or seen visually most of the radon issues come out of the soil not out of water but you can have radon in groundwater and and because the National groundwater Association is involved in groundwater that's what we're really going to talk about here but just be aware that a lot of radon can enter a house through a basement through the soil and through cracks in the concrete but for radon in well water it can be most readily removed by agitation aeration and venting and this is exactly how it can enter the house as a in the water and when taking a shower or some other area where the activity where the water is agitated the radon can be released in the in the air so radon is is primarily an issue with breathing because it's in a gas form generally point-of-entry or removing radon where it enters the house is the best approach so for example in the in the storage tank down here in the basement this is where it should be removed granule activated carbon is effective for removing radon carbon will do a good job of absorbing the gas however just as with the case of radium and uranium the removal device can become radioactive so this can be an issue aeration which in my experience is more commonly used is a matter of spraying the water into a vented tank or using aeration to bubble air up from the bottom of the tank and then the this air which contains the radon because as I said its primary and primarily an issue because it's a gas can be vented to the house to the roof or through the roof so you're just basically removing the radon and putting it out into the atmosphere this is a commercially available aeration tank that basically uses a pump and an aeration component in the bottom that bubbles air up through the tank and then this air that is released is vented out through the roof to here here's another illustration showing a whole house venting of the radon and I might add this is the most common way of removing it if it comes from the soil up into the house is they put in a blower in the in the basement and they they basically move the air out of the basement on a continuous basis they on a continuous basis and exhausted into the atmosphere and there are contractors who do this as a living and are very good at it with regard to any of the equipment that is used for removing any of these radio nucleotides we've talked about uranium radium and radon I think it's extremely important that you only use a product that has been certified with regard to performance characteristics and the most common certification bodies are national scientist annotation foundation and they're the organization that really prepares the standards and then other organizations such as underwriters lab or water quality Association are qualified to test a given device for these performance standards and then they will list them and make them available and any qualified device and I can't underscore enough the importance of using a qualified device it will be listed by NSF or or wqa or underwriters lab so it's extremely important that you make sure you get something that works and the ngw a has excellent materials that are available to any well owner or anybody else that's interested it has a private well on our hotline and it has a tip sheet and the website above wwl on org is can be of great help or the private well on our hotline so these are some guidelines when you have water coming into the house it's absolutely essential in my opinion to have it tested to find out what's in it what maybe maybe you've concerned the well contractor or even the testing lab if it's a local lab we'll have a pretty good idea of what is what issues you may have with your drinking water what are the standard tests it should be run because of a particular contaminant that may be prevalent such as uranium or arsenic or one of these other naturally occurring they may even have a pretty good idea of other helps where the contaminants in your areas such as nitrate or something like that and the this well own or.org website can help answer a lot of these questions with regard to to groundwater I have a very strong personal opinion that water that you have in your home that you can treat if necessary was something like an under sink reverse osmosis unit is absolutely the best water you can drink and in my opinion it's more consistent and more reliable than bottled water so I'm going to turn this back to cliff now to see if any questions have come in that I can answer thank you yeah thanks Peter very much for your presentation we do have questions and I'm just going to go ahead and launch into them we have a question about doesn't make sense to test my water for all three uranium radium and radon so I think this person is looking for maybe you to clarify or repeat just one the best approach to testing determine if you have a problem with with these things is it the test for all three automatically or what well and I'm not sure about what the laboratory is normally would test for whether one test would include all three but if you're concerned about any of these I would test for all of them just to ensure because as was indicated in the presentation they're all chemically related to each other radium is a breakdown product of uranium and radium produces radon so if you have one you could very well have two or maybe all three so yes I would I would I think you want to err on the side of caution and that's a good cautious approach in my opinion okay thanks another question the the individual says that's scary that we're breathing and ingesting uranium what can I possibly do about that so I think they're referencing the part earlier in your presentation about how it's everywhere and we're getting little bits of it all the time well and and that's true and and I think the problem is that we are we are breathing and eating and drinking contaminants huge number of contaminants the good news is two good news is is it were one is the human body is a wonderful mechanism and it it is generally extremely resistant to normally low concentrations of these contaminants and number two these contaminants are generally extremely low in concentration there's no such thing as water that has no contaminants at all in it and it's not possible to make water free of any contaminant all you can do is hope to remove 99.999 or harm or however many digits you want to go of any contaminant but it used to be in the old age we thought oh you could you know water can be made perfectly pure well the more we've been able to test tiny concentrations of contaminants the more we realize that's not true and we have the we have the capabilities analytically that to measure easily now any contaminant down to parts per trillion parts per part per trillion is equivalent to one second in thirty-five thousand years so it's almost beyond comprehension it's so small but our drinking water has many many many contaminants in that level the good news is that there's absolutely no proof that most of these contaminants at that concentration are harmful but I guess I wouldn't worry about it because the toxicologists that established these maximum contaminant levels are extremely qualified and we've got all sorts of checking that's going on all the time for the quality of our water that they the issue with a well owner is that you if you're a private well owner by law the municipality is not required to check your water so the responsibility is entirely on your shoulders if you're well driller tells you that this is a very stable aquifer and it's he tells you he doesn't think it's likely to be contaminated in the near future etc then in many cases such as with these radionuclides I think it's probably sufficient to have a tested once and maybe again at the most every year and maybe not even that frequently so it isn't something that's we gonna change rapidly but I certainly would get it tested for sorry for the length of the answer that's fine thank you here's a question what is a greater overall danger to my health uranium radium or radon I'm like just piggyback on that and say ask if you could answer that question from us the low-cal situation and also just generally in the nation which seems to be the the greatest threat that's a good question and and you know in terms of radioactivity of course the the radon I think is the greatest issue because you every time you take a breath you potentially could be breathing in some radon and there are certain parts of the country that have more radon in the soil and others I happen to live in Minnesota and that is a a slight concern here excuse me the the if I were in this situation I want to be concerned I you can go to a hardware store and buy a radon test kit and it's a device that you put down in your basement and you have to follow the instructions but you keep it there for like thirty days or something and then you can send it in and have it analyzed that will tell you if the radon level in your basement coming from the soil is possibly of concern and then do something about it I'm not enough of a toxicologist to say that that radon is the greatest issue and that radon in the soil is the greatest issue I my own personal experience is that I think it is because it's so ubiquitous and it and it's it it's more of a problem coming from the soil than it is coming from the water if your well contractor indicates that that part of wherever you're living that area has a lot of problems with new radionuclides and and in my opinion if you've got uranium in your water you've probably got some radium and you probably have some radon because they're all-natural breakdown products when during radioactivity this element is breaking down chemically it's changing structure and it's going from uranium to radium to radon so all three of those issues are related but my own personal feeling is I'm more concerned about the radon in the air than I am about the these other contaminants in the drinking water okay thank you here's a question how would I decide whether to use reverse osmosis ion exchange or distillation for uranium so what are the what's what tips that your decision one way or the other on these three technologies well I'm a consultant and as such I don't sell anything tangible so I'd like to feel I'm objective but my objectivity has been somewhat tainted by the fact that I've been in the membrane industry for 42 years so I know a lot about membranes and I think very highly of them I don't feel my my objectivity is is clouded in any way other than the fact that my own personal opinion is because of its other benefits an under sink reverse osmosis system is far and away the best technology you can put in your home to ensure that you have the highest quality of drinking water not just for uranium removal but for for removal of anything that's ionic anything that has a charge on it like arsenic lead mercury salt if it's high in concentration in your area whatever these inorganic compounds are removed over 95% efficiently with a reverse osmosis unit organic materials because reverse osmosis units always have an activated carbon filter built into them they will do an excellent job I'm removing trace organics to reverse osmosis removes the high molecular weight organics activated carbon removes the low molecular weight organics so and of course these membranes will also remove sediment but that's not their main requirement but some people say oh well gee I've heard that that that the purity of the RO water is too high it will extract minerals from your body don't believe that they they do not make water to pure if that's even possible that's number one number two some of the people who are selling products to compete with RO such as carbon filters will say you need the minerals in your drinking water to provide health that is also not true a normal human being living in the developed society that we have here gets so much more minerals from their food every day that their body is just releasing that you do not need your drinking water to provide any sort of nutrition at all and the final thing I'll say about reverse osmosis is these units are inexpensive you can go to a DIY store and get a member sink reverse osmosis unit from let's say Home Depot for less than $200 install it yourself made by General Electric as good as anything in the market and the membranes in my opinion should last a minimum of 10 years before replacement now having said that if you're removing uranium or something as radioactive that might create a problem to try to keep it in for ten years you'd have to talk to probably the laboratory to find out how often the membrane or the solder products need to be changed but at any rate as you can tell I'm a very strong of undersink reverse osmosis because it does such a wonderful job all right thank you here's a question how soon is it expelled from the body after it's in so I'm assuming that they're talking about the the in the case of uranium the substance and its properties or I guess indicate well I guess with all these would be the substance and the properties how soon is it expelled from the body once you breathe it or ingest it I quit I can't honestly answer that because I'm not a physician I'm not a toxicologist uranium is a salt I don't think it is normally metabolized by the body but it's it's its presence will cause the issue how fast x''k it is expelled after it is consumed I don't know I can't answer that okay well I may ask follow up on that too is it you or what do you know about the term of exposure to the to the radionuclide is it is it often the length of time that you either breather ingest it that that really brings on the problems or is it the concentration in and of itself or what do you know about that well it's actually both the the when the EPA establishes these treatment methods and and exposure hazards they base it on what's called CT values concentration times time they both play a role and and every one of these contaminants health-related contaminants has a different CT so the me when they set an MCL a maximum contaminant level I think that's their concern is basically instantaneous exposure in other words if it exceeds the MCL you shouldn't consume any of it at any time but keep in mind these are all related to what are called the immuno compromised portion of society these are people that are that are not healthy people these are people that are undergoing cancer treatment that are HIV infected recovering from surgery infants very old people it that's a whole segment of society that is defined as being immunocompromised and all of these regulations all of these MCLs are defined or the numbers are determined based on protecting the immunized immunocompromised component of our of our society so it's it's but in my opinion the from what I know the MCL value that they give you means you should not ingest anything with that concentration or above period okay thank you I think we have a question which I think it's maybe clarify keen clarification on something you touched on earlier does it make more sense to install reverse osmosis for all the water coming into the house instead of each tab so the well owner has a decision whether they want to just do it at a tap which I assume would be less expensive yeah did one tap or two versus all the water coming into the whole house what about that well normally in my opinion for any contaminant that could be harmful if you ingest it normally a single tap is sufficient of the the people that use these things use these RO units normally install them at their kitchen sink and then they teach their kids to anytime they drink a glass of water or or whenever the family makes coffee or whatever all of that water for that purpose culinary and drinking comes out of that tab and normally you can get by with just one unit but for something that has this radioactive component where the radioactivity which means just being in the presence of this contaminant albeit very low concentration but even then if I had a significant quantity of uranium in my drinking water or radium errata and it was high enough to to be of concern if I was gonna if I were going to use our ol I would I would go with a whole house unit now you could do things like double barrier approach use a water softener to to take out the uranium on a point of entry basis and then and then get your extra protection by putting in a single tap auto unit but the thing about uranium and these other radionuclides because of their radioactivity I think they take a lot more checking testing on a more frequent basis I think that that that it's more of a point of entry problem because of the radio activity associated with it all the other contaminants in my opinion do not require this but certainly the radionuclides do in my opinion okay we have a related question why not just use I in exchange to treat all the water coming into the house so well is there is there a time when that would make more sense than the other if if the concentration of uranium was extremely low it wasn't close to the MCL but it was there it could be measured it could be that that that softening will work you'd have to talk to the the supplier make sure you you you've got somebody that knew what he was talking about technically or refer you to one of the resin manufacturers because the resin manufacturers are experts in this you'd have to ensure number one that the rhenium that the radionuclide was released during the regeneration of a water softener there are two kinds of ion exchange units that are normally available one is a what's called a sodium ion exchange unit which is what a water softener is it works the primary chemical used is sodium chloride but and those will remove uranium but I'm not sure how well it is released during regeneration the thing you want to be sensitive to is the accumulation of this over time because if you've got very little uranium in your water but it isn't removed during the regeneration process from the resin then in time you're going to collect enough radioactivity in that water softener so it could be a hazard so I would I would I feel that I an exchange in the sodium as a water softener in the sodium form it can be effective you can also use an exchange resins to remove all of the ionic contaminants just like reverse osmosis does but to trouble with them is that that they don't throw the the removed contaminants down the drain like ro does still has to be clean but it's a whole basis is a continuous process so that you're throwing away what you've removed on a constant basis when the when the unit's operating with ion exchange it isn't thrown away it's collected on the resin bead so that the reason why you don't see normal ion exchange resins we used for residential treatment on a whole-house basis is that they would have to be regenerated and this normally involves removing it and sending it away they would have to be regenerated let's say on a weekly basis or something so from a operational standpoint traditional and exchange technologies are not sufficient they just are not practical but certainly the sodium ion exchange process is because it concentrates most of its removal is of hardness the rest of the salts like sodium go through but these resins will also work with some of the contaminants such as uranium so that's a kind of a side benefit okay thank you here's a question are you saying that if my water test positive for radon so if the water test positive should I also our I should also test the air so they're asking that they should test the air if the water is positive I would I'm not an expert on the and the prevalence of radon in soil if it's in groundwater but my assumption is logical standpoint if you've got it in your water you probably got an have it in your soil too now if the radon is in very very low levels of the aquifer down five hundred feet or something like that it may not be prevalent at the surface but soyal but I would certainly test just to make sure okay we have a question about cost how much do these different treatment technologies cost well I can because I'm very sensitive to the reverse osmosis industry I know that a point of use single tap reverse osmosis units sold by a DIY store is going to be less than $200 I know that for a fact and and I think all the DIY Lowe's Menards Home Depot they're all obviously about the same price although they're not all the same manufacturer I'm not sure about a distiller I think when the distiller you'd have to go to a dealer that that specializes in them and you can of course your your water conditioning dealer that's probably the second largest product they sell is reverse osmosis units so any of your local water distributor water conditioning dealers can supply a single tap reverse osmosis unit many of them also carry distillers of course they all carry water softeners that's their main line of business and they most of them do not readily sell whole house reverse osmosis units but they can all get them particularly if they deal in commercial and industrial markets there those units are virtually the same as what would be sold to a whole house so my gut feeling on the and keep in mind you know for all intents and purposes you cannot buy a whole house stiller it's always a single tap or the equivalent of a single tap my guess is that these distillers are in the neighbor of the three to $400 I'm not they are so rarely sold in my experience that that I don't see them very often and do you have any idea of a generally of a range of cost on the whole house ro or the whole house ion-exchange well you you the purse the whole house I roll it looks like it's somewhere between three and five thousand dollars a little bit more extensive and a lot more expensive because you have to basically have a storage tank you you you generate the Y you run a lot of whole house water through the membrane system and then you have to collect it and store it because it isn't like a water softener it's not a demand process it produces pure water at a certain rate and that's it you can't vary it like and a water softener I don't water softeners because they are only a whole house they're sold by the dealers I know that are my guess is that the DIY store like Home Depot I know they sell water softeners and my guess is they're in the 500 to $600 range so you can get this water softening ion-exchange technology for that I think it would be virtually impossible to buy a standard D ionizer one that will remove all of the ionic contaminants from water it would be very difficult to find that anything short of a industrial or medical application so it's really not a choice your choice for whole house or either a water softener or reverse osmosis unit but for the point of use single tap you have the arrow and you can get a some companies do sell ad ionizer for a single tap but again it takes out all of the ions not just uranium and of course I've already talked about distillers they are only available as a single tap unit okay I have one more question that but if there are any people out viewers out there that have a question you can still have time to type it in your question box and send it and then after we're done with the questions I'll tell you how to download the handout of this of this presentation so the last question I have right now is are the treatment systems difficult to maintain so I guess they're trying to figure out you know what's involved in trying to maintain one of these systems good question the the let's say let's start with a point of entry because you know you're your primary choice is a water softener water softener is typical water softener well you're not trying to remove something like uranium they will last for 20 years probably easily the resins long live the system is simple in the way it operates as long as you keep sodium chloride in there but again the caveat that I would call your attention to is the fact that this resin could become radioactive in time you'd have to talk to if your well contractor or the water conditioning dealer you're working with knows about this issue of uranium they can probably give you some good advice as to how often the resin should be tested for radioactivity because you don't want something that's radioactive down in your basement whole house ro could be the same thing but that's it's pretty rare to have a whole house ro it is and it's much less common than then your water softener but there you'd have to worry about the membranes because membranes become fouled and the same applies to the point of use the single tap RO membranes eventually become hold and when the fouling materials contain a radioactive substance then that means that the membranes are becoming radioactive so again talk to the contractor talk to the water conditioning dealer you may be working with if you buy if you're in an area where there where for example uranium is a problem and you go to a DIY store in the area they may even have experience with but a as I said earlier the RO membranes should should reject salts for a minimum of ten years the pre-filter now if you've got groundwater you probably don't have a lot of sediment so the priests elders should not require changing very frequently the carbon filters because there's no chlorine in the water and I'm assuming that the water is fairly free of human contaminants like aromatic hydrocarbons or something and probably not a lot of humic and fulvic acids naturally occurring organics because well water is pretty pristine as far as suspended solids and dissolved organics the pre-filter should last equally long but again my only admonition is to make sure that that these components do not pick up radioactivity the distiller same thing the scale and the scaling material if that's cleaned regularly then then that probably should last a long time but to make sure that you that you properly dispose of the whatever is cleaned out of the of the stella add a boiling chamber and I think I've answered that completely I think that does it so here we have come to the end of of this webinar and I it for those who are still there if you look to the right probably on the right of your screen where the little panel is there is a little horizontal bar says handouts handouts and below that you should see a hyperlink that you can click on to download this PowerPoint so and if you have any questions about that you can email me I'll give you my email address it's C T as in Tom r e Y e innocent Nancy SS and Sam so that's C T re ye NS @ n GW a dot o-r-g so we want to thank everyone for participating we want to thank you Peter for your cogent insightful presentation and yes let me interrupt one moment and that is and I think on the other webinars I've it's been included but I certainly encourage anybody that's got a question for me to email me also and maybe the way I'll leave it is that cliff if somebody contacts you and wants to talk to me would you please provide my contact information yes I'll be happy to do that I will for I will give them your contact information for any questions you might want to get from the real expert Peter so we want to thank everyone for participating we will also have this webinar available a recorded version of it probably within days if you want to share that with anybody else you know so with that we want to thank everyone for participating and have a good afternoon

Channel: National Ground Water Association

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Length: 56min 54sec (3414 seconds)

Published: Tue Sep 20 2016