The Worst Jobs In History with Tony Robinson S02E05 Rural

Britain hasn't just been made by generals and politicians and quarters but by a whole host of ordinary people young and old dedicated to doing the real spadework this time risking your neck to maintain the heart of room life shifting who to produce enduring images of the countryside and saving souls in the village biting Creve corpse welcome to the worst rural jobs in history Britten's and urban nation 90% of the population lives in towns we think of the countryside as a place of tranquility a nostalgic scene of villages and fields somewhere to escape and relax but for most of our history living in the country has meant the toughest of lives for houses of anonymous workers take the ultimate pastoral scene in medieval times sheep outnumbered the population ten to one they were a vital source of meat and clothing the wool trade supported the economy and it all relied on Shepherds whose common then as check out girls are today the Shepherd's 24/7 job was toughest in the Middle Ages they had to follow their flocks lugging heavy hurdles and tools for miles to pen sheep that needed treatment they were lonely out in all weathers roughing it in temporary shelters outlet shepherds had to do everything for their valuable charges even Dagon the equivalent of wiping a sheep's bottom was supposed to be doing this paste camera with David but I've got a sheep here let's trying to back off all the times I've got my knee firmly up its bottom and these little cows have wandered into shop what are we doing we're gonna tag them what does that mean that means taking the wet dirty faces off the back yeah I've got my knees that's kind enough on his GF stay there the reason we do it is that if we leave it flies lay their eggs particularly the green bottle which was small in the big blue box yeah and the eggs will hatch out into hundreds of maggots which will eat into the skin and it can happen very very quickly within a matter of a day let's realize I'm about to do it though oh right well there's Lou this please look pretty fearsome very early scissors so what do I do with these right if you move you're gonna get this up your bottom you know that right all right oh yeah we just just cut the wool now I'm not gonna cut me into anything no not a sheep I'm mistaken long is fearful so worried about cattle refresh Oh one is a bit here I know that is yep right any that's it that's it clip all this and if acting as human toilet paper weren't bad enough Shepherd's had an even more revolting job to perform on young male lambs another job Shepherd's had to do was to castrate male lambs as the shepherd used to cut the end of the scrotum yeah off with a sharp knife yeah squeeze the testicles out and draw them out with his mouth yo-yo holding them with his teeth it was the best way to do it I'm not absolutely because to try and do it your fingers did slip out yeah and also your things would be dirty yeah but the mouth is the cleanest part and also has some antiseptic effect from this LIBOR he had draw them out and then they would often put a mixture of tansy and butter smeared on the wound to stop the flies get into it oh I've had a kebab like one of the few times Shepherds got human company was when the Sheep came to be washed in the nearest stream why do we have to wash the wall why don't we just sell it dirty clean waters work for about 30 percent more than dirty wall all of the downside is dirty wolf weighs more how many days a week where the chef is working oh seven days a week they had made two days off so that never if you need you have a church no and that bothered them so when they grow berries they always ask for a lock of wall to be put in their coffin to prove that they were a shepherd let it sleep boom I tell you what making Jews looking epic okay yeah okay what Hayek is gold now what are we going to do with easier sheep then we're gonna wash a sheep that they'll be letting forever yeah and we'll scrubber them with our hands yeah and I hope differently and then let them out oh you've gone below your waders I'm here a brief splash on a hot day is quite refreshing laughter 20 minutes the cold begins to seep into the bones Shepherd's had to stick at this for 12 hours and there was no change of clothes at the end of day oh boy sure is any cleaner than it was right out so the the poor old Shepherd the rim got to heaven unless you got a bit of wool to wave at the pearly gates but at least he was never mistaken for the depth they're being taken for Lucifer was just one downside in another worst job from the wool trade sheep were marked with iron ore dye sold by the reddleman the unluckiest sales rep ever I am a riddle man sell read and look read and I am read the centuries the riddle man wandered from village to village selling his wares and his face and his body and his clothes were permanently stained red and every time he turned up at a different village the children would run away because they thought he was the devil how do we know because Thomas Hardy recorded his humiliating fate in his novel return of the native like his van he was completely read he was not temporarily overlaid with the color it permeated him shepherds and reddleman had a really tough time and all that to keep the nation in socks but that was nothing compared to putting roofs over the heads today thatched cottages a part of heritage Britain the very symbol ruining life but when they were built these were poor workers hovels thatched with the cheapest materials read or sedge harvesting all that fatch was tough regardless in the cambridge offends getting a roof was positively dangerous the fens are full of this stuff it's a kind of a read and it's called sedge it's very difficult to get through and people have been harvesting it for centuries in order to use it for thatch and animal fodder and even for stuffing their mattresses with although quite honestly I wouldn't like to sleep in this stuff because if you catch it the wrong way to raise a sharp it's only a reed cap why is it so sharp well it's actually a sedge Tony then they're not just leaves they're actually a sausage and if you take a look along the edges of the Blazer you can see this serrated edge running all the way down the length of the blade here oh yeah yeah if you go like this there's no problem at all yes come back the other way it's extraordinary you get snagged by these tiny tiny little blades so how did they manage to harvest it well up until the 1950s we used to use hand tools like sides and sickles here and we'd move along the row cutting the material and tying him up into bunches yes your arms with you so we used to have bindings running up an entire length of our hands and around our arms I then use leather or string to bind them onto their arms and that offered some protection against some of these bulbs edges that we've got on here right bound up and okay villages were allotted an area of fen to cut but it's a wonder anyone took up the option but the professional sedge cutters or does everybody do it no it was a whole family affair the adults would use the size the women would collect the sedge up and the children would tie the bundles so you're doing it on top of everything else uses on top of everything else that you had to do and they would use the material for thatching or they would sell it on to earn some money to buy some food for themselves there we go what does it matter that this is a right-handed size matter well traditionally would have been a right handy tool if you were left-handed you would have just had to have gone with it as a right-handed tool so so sweeping sweeping in up this is it my doing this right that's perfect perfect it was a very long laborious job sage was cut here well into the 20th century but it's a really ancient worst job a Saxon poem says sedge grow it in water wounded grimly drawing blood from any man that maketh any grass patent got chopped it all away oh it's still hanging on let it cut this is the sage day it's a second horn especially with special stick and pull the string around here and we feed one end through the loop and now we start to tie you've got to get them tight because as they draw out the water evaporates if they're not tight enough it all falls out here there any money got the Sun beating down on you yeah that one down a thousand to go but if cutting every inch of a thatched roof by hand was bad there was worse to come the Industrial Revolution saw a huge population explosion the country needed vast quantities of Britain's staple food bread solo donors look to technology for new ways of harvesting and processing the wheats that made it when you buy a new machine to do a job for you you think are great that's going to make my life easier don't you well that's not always the case for everybody concerned take freshing which is separating the wheat from the chaff which is traditionally done by guys whacking at it with flails and then the farmers started buying threshing machines and sure it made their lives easier the job got done quicker and they made more profits but as far as the actual pressures were concerned half of them were immediately made redundant and the other half were faced with a whole new bunch of really bad jobs the corn was harvested in the autumn then kept in farms until the winter for threshing so although we've got a perfect day to day men feeding the machines then would have worked in freezing conditions with a machine that could kill or maim in instant and there's another risk because while the corn is in the barn it's home to all sorts of vermin my dressed okay yes you're not too bad but I think you're to have your yolks as we say in Lincoln what our yolks these are bits of fine dirt wine that we tie around the bottom of your trouser leg why to stop the rats and mice running up ferns they really did that wasn't just a myth no no no they really did have to do it who are the people who did this well they were mostly farm laborers but it was a very busy time so it would be a question of all hands on deck most of the threshing was done by contractors so the farmer would ring up the contractor and say can you come and Thresh my stack next week he would bring the machinery the engine drivers especially so he'd come with the machine but the farmer himself would provide the rest of the labor so everybody would get it hold the farmer himself farm workers children off school and indeed the farmer's wife they'd all be called in to help with this very busy time of year right on and I do it hello for the floor near the string yeah pick it up move it over and just flick it like that okay so there there's one for you so which ender that's got to be facing in the ears facing the entrance really flick it tonight Oh shun you'll stab his hand if you're not careful right yeah so like this oh that's a good one sir you'd like to have a go alright that's a bit heavy on that one sir well thanks right put it in there on the street that's right pick it up we just have in there yeah I was useless that was no but take a rotten she later she it's not going to be impressed orchid riddle yes oh no come on by gravity got in the way he's making a pile shorter you had to pitch quickly everyone was paid by the sheaf so it's thirsty work laborers were traditionally given up to six pints of beer a day when you look at the business end of the pressure to wonder they didn't all end up to the mints here we go Oh God right I am pleased can be shapes and yeah hey you know fun today pick about yeah give order to know recipe the strength of that why'd I have to keep on the strength because an end of the diabetes to came the string yeah so you do much when you grow blaster use the strings to try the same song i'ma legs can you like that nose young the crushing jaws shaped the whole machine feels very unstable you see how easily accidents got em I must've had a lot of accidents on this machine people have gotten lost limbs and they're falling in right inquest abhor injure on Monday last on alfrid last an able-bodied man event I worked a threshing machine he became later in the afternoon intoxicated his foot be placed in cautiously among the wheels of the machine and received severe fractures of the day the wife of the labor price was feeding a steam threshing machine upon the premises right down the mouth down shield when she was extricated she was in a state of insensibility not quite dead and her arm was crushed to atoms and torn out of the shoulder socket Benefield Perry coot 26 a tapas field man was feeding the threshing machine with beans he left the feeder to get a fork from a cook who was obviously she stepped onto the revolving drum he was immediately drawn in by the left leg and his lower body was torn away and smashed to pulp died without speaking but incredibly risking life and limb on top of the thresher wasn't the least popular part of the process the worst job of all probably was in the chapel and this is the chapel and usually it was the job of the young lad the newest recruit to go into the chat bowl and keep the bottom of the drum career and then it would be bagged up and used for chicken please stay up late have to watch this but oh yeah you have to watch your head that's if your little kid and you lost your concentration early be usually the youngest lad who was given this job all the oldest just have come get up on the drum anymore that's it getting your ears in your eyes down your throat down your front down your back everywhere let's say we've got myself do it imagine doing that from dawn till dusk yeah I've imagined Oh off we go but after the threshing there's one last horrible job before the forklift truck the corn carrier had to lug 16 stone bags of grain up a ladder to keep it out of reach of rats and that's the way it goes hey as the country's changed so have the jobs today you'll seldom see a mole catcher with his willow trapping rows of moles hung up on fences to show his dunnsworth we've dumped the mad prehistoric job of harvesting stinging nettles oh it was just too painful away to get string and fiber for clothing and the Fen diggers would their Beckett's and slubbing spades put themselves out of a job as soon as they drained the cambridge marshes we sometimes tend to think the countryside has been full of Titan it's mutually supportive communities but if you've got on the wrong side of them then you could find yourself living in the loneliest place on earth and there was no one who was ostracized more than person who did my next worst job who was the Sin Eater and his job involved heating bread of a corpse because in the countryside they believed in a mixture of religion and old style folk magic and one of the things that they thought was if someone died without their sins being forgiven then they would go to hell so if someone passed away without our solution they would place some salt and some bread on the corpse which weren't supposed to absorb the sins and then the Sin Eater came along and in order to get rid of the sins completely he ate salt and the bread so now all the sins were inside him and if you did it he got paid six months and a bowl full of beer but the unfortunate thing was that now the local people shunned him because he was so riddled with sin which seems pretty unfair because without him this poor bloke would still be in purgatory of course as the countryside moved into the modern era the Sin Eater died out but the job's just called and worse until the 18th century the only people who really knew their way around the countryside were the locals but with the threat of invasion by the French accurate maps became vital the Defense Ministry the Board of ordinance started a survey of the South of England this Ordnance Survey employed highly trained surveyors and their luckless assistants the worst job of pol man provided the legwork behind a national institution without the job of the pol man we wouldn't have these fantastic things today Ordnance Survey maps are part of the way we appreciate the countryside part for anything else they stopped us useless townies from getting lost but imagine the longest the worst day you've ever had traipsing through mud and stinging nettles and bushes and you'll just get an inkling of the horrible job of being a pole man the first job was to get a basic idea of the layout of the land by triangulation by taking two known points from sighting a third in relation to them the survey covered the land with a honeycomb of readings and Pole man had to trudge every inch of the course Frances the church is northeast and that building over there is north-northwest thanks very much I'll drop that down here the table this is one of the several sorts of instruments that people could have used to fill in the details after they'd fix the main triangulation points why was it such a bad job I mean all right it wasn't that much fun slapping up a hill and back again but people just do that on a day out well it might be lovely weather today but it wouldn't be always like that you would be out in the rain and the fog and even the snow if you were really unlucky and if you're the surveyors assistant your surveyor is going to be sending you to all the nastiest bits really doesn't want to go himself and I bet I'm carrying all your stuff under absolutely nice heavy equipment and quite a lot of miles to travel so what did the poor man do with this pole the pole is for carrying through a far-distant point where the surveyor can actually sight it and Mark the bearing down on the map so that that point can then be fixed so what do you want to do I'd like you to take a pole and go off to roughly where that telegraph pole is over there please mapping one field could mean miles of walking back and forth through thistles mud and mire and if you got the instructions wrong it meant double the distance it's further than it looks actually I couldn't tell what you were trying to show me with your signals ah I was trying to say go further up the hill to the next corner and but now you've come back and it's go further up the hill from to the next corner from here I'm afraid thanks a lot eventually surveyors came up with a signal system that worked until walkie talkies the next thing we need to have a go at is measuring on the ground with a chain because there are some places where you couldn't actually use a sighting Pole originally people use rope ropes with not seeing at suitable intervals for measuring distances but very often it rained and the ropes got wet and the length changed what did the local people feel about all these surveyors traipsing up and down their land well very often they didn't like it very much as it was probably imagine if it was the Ordnance Survey they thought what's the government up to sending these military types around to [ __ ] across our fields are they going to put the taxis up or if it was an ordinary landowner he was was having his field surveyed they all think well he's going to put the rents up for all the tenants and make more money out of us in Devon the locals were so hostile they stoned the surveyors but it was the work itself that was the real downside especially the chain even in 1771 a surveyor moans they can't get an assistant to leave the chain over rough mountains for under a shilling a day right boy there's one okay and then drag it back along the same line one chain is a cricket pitch 22 yards 80 make one mile even if this was the wrong sign I wasn't telling Frances I think this place is pretty well surveyed now what do you think the very worst part of being a surveyor was well perhaps the worst thing would be when you thought you'd got to the end and you thought you've got a final result and somebody came along and raised some doubt or other and you had to go back and check something all over again so I think really we need you to take that compass and go back up to the top of the hill and check the original readings you're serious well I threw a boss I think I should be serious Oh huh that's the poll rounds job why I'm resigning John Constable is the quintessential painter of the countryside today pictures like this can seem charged with chocolate box nostalgia but in his day constable was seen as daringly knew what was so revolutionary was the clouds which he painted with meteorological accuracy and the white flecks he used to render the shifting flicker of light and weather on leaves contemporaries found this unique way of using white paint so startling that they contemptuously refer to it as constable snow and this snow as well as things like glazed pots and even makeup required a lead white paint maker prepared to dedicate himself to hours of painstaking and highly toxic work what are we doing here what is what this is a very very old process this is a called stack mate process ancient Romans ancient Egyptians were doing it this is corroding blue lid into white ned i just keep pulling just keep going you don't have to pour push away from the 17th century onwards penniless women were bought at hiring fairs to make lead white on a large scale heavy sheet lead is rolled into coils so they can be corroded using a primitive chemistry I was about to find out how primitive this is a bit humming in here oh wow you just get hit by this wall of ammonia this was a horse dung this is horse dung corroding the lid in the bottom of each of these pots this vinegar that you have to use urine so what's the chemical reaction that takes place what's taking place here is that the lead is first of all being toh converted into lead acetate yeah the lead acetate in the atmosphere here from the dung which is giving off carbon dioxide is then converted to lead carbonate lead carbonate and lead hydroxide well and that is white LED so what do we do now we've got to fill the hole of this space here a hole of it everywhere here with these little boogers and then we shut the doors and lock it up for six months good idea now while I set these out there's a shovel yeah you'll find a heap of dung around the corner find a barrow lots of Dumfries it's a worse job it's shoveling horse turn oh he go the women who stacked the dung didn't have the foggiest about the chemicals but they did know how tough the job was they had to build stacks up to 12 metres high then they carry trays of lead weighing 25 kilos up ladders amid the stench of ammonia from the tons of horse poo it was disgusting but it worked if you've ever experienced the heat in the middle of a compost heap that's what acts as the catalyst for the six-month chemistry experiment come on semi grass yes it's grass the processed via a horse's bottom and heaving with bacteria causing all manner of stomach problems for the unsuspecting workers you wouldn't like to borrow a pair of gloves now you say what happens next right what we're gonna do is has have been firmly around that yeah it's then the important thing is to keep these these pots are got to be clean yeah so pull one of those out yeah and then it goes in like that should be easier to try try that one there okay and pop the pot in and just check that there's nothing inside it and it is clean because you've got to keep the lid clean yeah okay so that into that will go the vinegar then we'll go this the coil will sit above the vinegar like that yep and then we leave that for six months and what does it look like at the end of six twelve I'll show you what's a bit differently yes Tony this is actually a simulation because if this will white LED this would be a toxic substance toxic for the workers toxic for the workers toxic for you and me and we're not we only these gloves I've given you the glove thank you but we're not if this were white lid we're not properly protected under service right so what a worker would be involved in is taking this out of here and bear in mind this is a woman and this weighs that's nine kilos one and a half stone yeah you don't have to lift this coil out and unroll it never good yes do go on yep get it sort of get all the powder off you don't normally normally you'd be collecting this in a tray yeah so I can see that all this dust is coming off it yes I waited breathing what would it do for us well if you were a pregnant woman this would have an effect on the developing nervous system could possibly cause abortion could lead to learning difficulties in young children how did you know whether you'd ingested so much of this that you were putting your unborn child at risk well in the 19th century when people started to be concerned about health in fact they were concerned in the 18th century and the French Revolution they tried to do away with white Lidl together but found that they couldn't inspectors used to go around the factories and ask all the workers to stand like divers with their out in front of them like that and if a person couldn't raise his hands it was called wrist drop and he couldn't raise his hands because the signal from his brain to his finger top tips was not constant so he couldn't hold his hand up it didn't always work in 1872 a teenager called Charlotte Rafferty had worked for just five months at the lead white firm of walkers Parker and cam before she collapsed and died Maura the powder was mixed with oil to form a paste artists then further diluted this but even with the my new quantities they used on their canvas they drank milk to try and prevent absorbing the lead so we've got our lead white paint and I'm going to use this bit to paint a tiny little object has transformed our countryside the golf ball the countryside has always been what we've made it today more and more of its used for leisure rather than survival golf started with Scots hitting stones down rabbit holes with sticks today there are two thousand four hundred and eighty-five golf courses in Britain gobbling up a quarter of a million acres of countryside but the game would never have spread without the invention of the first proper golf ball the feathering it was made from bull's-hide and boiled feathers by a craftsman with a worst job why worst just enter his workshop Phil we're gonna make golf balls we are hang on I was about to say why on earth would that be a worse job but I think I already know smells probably sick set you up for it it is horrible whatever is this that doesn't go time feathers no I did a boy look ooh boiling feathers smelt quite so bad so why is it we're making precisely ah we are making precisely an early form of golf ball known as a feathery into the feathers it's not round is it no it's like a Pixies rugby ball you see that little stitch all the way along there it's very light that's the three pieces the body feather is stopped being made in the 1850s Tooting Phil's recreated the feathery pattern from museum exhibits the leathers sewn together before being turned inside out and stuffed with the stinking feather Ian gunk which article in it appear as if the two centuries feather EES were the only golf ball hundreds of craftsmen and apprentices did this mind numbing job amidst the stench of great fat's of feathers it is extraordinary actually you see how much feather there is left got virtually that much feather into this until 1850 feathery makers made a good if tedious and smelly living supply never met demand for their throwaway product cool cat fingers stinky feathers fly his buzzing round how many of these direct need making a day at the time they record about three to five a day and how many would you need for one round of golf between seven and eight so one bloke couldn't make in a day enough balls for some other chap to actually using one round that's correct extraordinary round just a little bit and put it in your hands and then just roll it under hands to totally comfortable nice and slowly what's rather nicely but in the mid 19th century the invention of the latex gutta-percha ball destroyed the feathery market leaving hundreds of workers destitute so do these first feather EES for a hundred and fifty years actually work oh wow that really shifted didn't it that's excellent if it wasn't for the advances of the feathery man then blokes like Tony would still be driving stones down hills and putting them into rabbit holes but it has to be said that sticking your face into a vat full of rancid boiling feathers does make it a worse job although at least your feet are dry and firmly on the ground which is more than can be said for the very worst rural job of all that is a horrible job Oh the worst jobs in history continues next hour with worst urban jobs I've been looking at some of the worst jobs that have made our countryside what it is today but which is the very worst out sort of like fire keeping the nation in wool was tough but at least the Shepherd's didn't risk ending up a steak tartare like the threshing machine even the outcasts reddleman have a stable with Monaco living no for me the very worst is a mind-numbing ly terrifying job without which we wouldn't have one of the most important symbols of village life it's the steeple jag the countryside revolves around the communities who've made it what it is for centuries the spire of the village church has been the symbolic heart of rural life but these stone beacons are fragile they're literally tied together with iron without the steeple Jack these key features of the landscape would simply collapse Here I am as a steeple jack actually steeple Jack's were really respected because they were skilled craftsmen and they earned quite a good wage as well but frankly any job which involves climbing about 60 metres up into the air and just clinging on to a bit of stone is my idea of hell and when it got to the Victorian period it was even worse because of the smog which meant that all the iron work got corroded and everything was covered in black gunk Roger I know today I'm gonna have to put all this safety kit on but yeah what kind of gear did they have to protect themselves in Victorian times in the Victorian times they would have had absolutely nothing they just had a straight ladder up the side of the church spire and you were about to climb that and do you work when you got to the top you would have had a bow stand seat which we're still using today but there would have been no no safety devices on that at all photos from one steeple Jack firm showed just how perilous it was three men from this company had Falls from more than 60 feet so what do you want us to do today we want you to go right to the very tip of the spire today to fetch the weathercock down that's not been repaired for at least 50 years so it's not just that I've got to go up there I've got to go right up to the very top and that's it pick out the largest heaviest thing that hasn't been touched for 50 years that's the one yeah Oh fantastic and wouldn't you know it this isn't any old spire some Mary's Bloxom who's got the highest spire in Oxfordshire Thanks oh wow a magnificent view had mines looking down it is a little bit scary and this is what halfway up this is half way up yes so a little breather here and then then on up to the top of the spire Lord O Lord over I don't know if I can do this Peugeot yep you'll be fine Tony how would they've got the fixings for the ladders they would have driven a wedge into the wall iron wedge yeah and just Tiger ladders to that huh and then when they got to the top of one ladder climb up to that and then rig another ladder on top of that that's it yeah tie the two lots of matter together not this letter was gonna be an angle is vertical it's it's not at last vertical so it's got the same angle as aspire you fooled me my legs are shaking already and I've even gotten to the the first rung be sure what it must have been like before you had all this stuff all right here we go Oh now I know I must live look down just keep up a regular rhythm I think I'm just not worried about anything at all Raj yes Tony what did they do if they wanted away well have you ever been walking around in town on a nice clear sunny day yeah you spell spot a moisture on your forehead that's a steeple Jack I'm glad you told me parish records are littered with steeple Jack fatalities from lightning strikes collapsed scaffolding and deadly Falls luckiest or unluckiest Victorian steeple Jack was a chap called Larkin he survived three falls from height only to be killed ironically by toppling just 15 feet Hey it's here hey Roger were there yep finally got to the top Tony I didn't think would actually be golden there's still a few little bits of gold left on it with it sir pretty rough that is by our standards I suppose he's standing up very much Oh wobbly with you on it I'll tell you Oh God firm grip of that you'll be fine Oh to come off here yeah just listen continue very heavy it's gonna be the suction in it because see it's quite tight on the rod Oh much higher does it go there he goes see it Wow she'll pass it down Smee hang on yep what what's that there that's a that's a bullet Oh Tony Ethel date from the Second World War all right chuck it down to me moon okay Tony you ready for it yeah here we go that's what you came all the way up here for yeah yeah job done no no quiet no oh look at the door Oh cheers mate Oh incredible feeling of satisfaction although we've got to take this little lock back down the bottom again there but if you hadn't been for the steeple jacks and the threshers and the nettle harvesters then we wouldn't have the fantastic countryside that we've got today and the same is true about pounds and our industry and our monarchy it was the workforce who made the history of Groton hammer

Channel: Reijer Zaaijer

Views: 78,090

Keywords: time, team, full, episodes, season

Id: sUDhLd8h5Q4

Length: 46min 44sec (2804 seconds)

Published: Wed Sep 11 2013