THE UNIVERSE - Out of Nothing: Infinity | SPACETIME - SCIENCE SHOW

since time immemorial humankind has looked to the stars the universe has always been a source of fascination and of mystery how was the cosmos born what else might the universe contain and where do we come from our universe began with a bang the Big Bang but what came before our universe and what followed directly after it was born we remain fascinated by the endless expanse of the cosmos a vastness that transcends the limits of human imagination and we continue to discover more about the form shape and size of our universe and its creation welcome to space time featuring astronaut and scientist Ulrich Volta and an expert on surprises the universe has in store for us researchers estimate that there are some two trillion galaxies in the observable universe each containing some 100 billion stars scientists are still figuring out how all of this arose seemingly out of nothing cosmologists are retracing the history of the universe back to its origins the Big Bang the moment in which space and time were born [Music] where do we come from where are we going I know these are the big questions that the ancient Greeks were already posing 2,500 years ago I one thing I can tell you is that we are made out of star dust and Stan stop the war but let's go back to the beginning with the famous Big Bang which took place some 13.8 billion years ago and not understood people often ask well where exactly did the Big Bang take place we're in outer space misleading question Mitch the Big Bang didn't take place in outer space outer space was born with the Big Bang one question about what existed before the Big Bang is also a misleading one in Einstein's general theory of relativity demonstrated that the Big Bang gave rise to both space and time side and so time did not exist before the Big Bang but one question does remain what happened immediately after the Big Bang our universe was born approximately 13.8 billion years ago it all began with the Big Bang an initial singularity an infinitesimal mathematical point from this point energy matter space and time all emerged and with them the laws of physics this was the moment of absolute beginning before that there was nothing today we are able to look back deep into the past to the time when the first galaxies were born [Music] without the Tifa unclear visits of all this powerful drive to understand how the universe works and how it arose exists because this is a question about the origins of everything that's 200 it's not just about humankind but what went into our creation that helped us and it's the creation of absolutely everything Dion's not anything time and also space to forget math of us so far in a way these are unanswerable questions maybe our brain isn't even equipped for dealing with questions like this the Big Bang is the origin of everything when you ask what came before the Big Bang a physicist would almost have to say that's a question that makes no sense because time itself only came into being with the Big Bang it's over among the farthest bound for it's impossible for anything to have existed before some questions and science make no sense llama scientists still can only describe what happened after the Big Bang when it comes to the Big Bang one good question is what happened at the moment of origin where did the energy and matter come from I put it there but physicists can't answer that at least not yet it's something our current theories can't explain the same goes for black holes our theories of physics say there must be a singularity inside a black hole da/dt we can't look into a black hole either at least not yet that's why a serious physicist would have to say they can't tell you where matter and energy come from Canadians are in the 20th century research has discovered that the universe is constantly expanding they inferred that the universe emerged from a starting point physics can't explain that moment of origin after that first fraction of a second astrophysicists and cosmologists start asking their questions but in a way the Big Bang itself isn't part of our cosmos we don't know where it came from we can see what came after but not what it was our laws of physics don't allow us to go back that far maybe it was quite different from what we imagined after the Big Bang our laws of physics kick in and that's where we can start looking for explanations the Big Bang is still the prevailing model for the origin of the universe but the theory can't explain what happened during the Big Bang only what came after it that's partly what actually happened directly after the Big Bang the Big Bang was followed by the inflationary phase an enormous phase of expansion to show you what that looked like I've brought this balloon here with me I'm going to blow it up imagine this is the beginning of the universe it was only this big that's what happened then is almost impossible to imagine this little universe and these little dots which represent the original particles of the universe this balloon expanded within an extremely short period of time 10 to the power of minus 32 seconds to be precise - it didn't became an absolutely enormous about 100 billion light years in fact this is an area that we can't even see with our telescopes today the so what exactly was expanding back then it wasn't the particles that were expanding with respect to each other but space itself the meaning the particles in space so the Big Bang created space which then expanded in an explosive way explosions articles that's what was key about this inflation after this inflation the universe kept expanding but at a comparatively slow rate that's the state of the universe we're living in today when we gaze into the night sky we're looking into the past we see the stars as they appeared when the light was emitted scientists are looking ever deeper into the endless expanse of the universe growing ever closer to the Big Bang telescopes keep getting larger and their resolution continues to increase a new super high to the sky is under construction in the Atacama Desert in Chile when it goes into operation and 2024 the ELT or extremely large telescope will be the largest optical telescope in the world Atacama booster in Chile I was at the Atacama Desert in Chile where the European Southern Observatory has a telescope the he also wanted our telescope at Vincey don't you look up at the Milky Way there overhead I just can't imagine not being moved by that I got up at night I just couldn't sleep because I had to run out and go and look at it again I just stood there amazed doctor our Milky Way consists of more than 100 billion stars to obtain the best view of the stars scientists need to get away as far as possible from human habitation and artificial light that's why the Atacama Desert is home to many of the world's largest telescopes but the keenest eyes to the sky are located in outer space like the Hubble Space Telescope it's launched into orbit in 1990 uttered in astronomies Golden Age allowing us to peer deeper into the universe than ever before with the Hubble astronomers have looked out too near the edge of the universe bringing us images of strange and compelling beauty landscapes of light star dust and clouds of gas shaped by cosmic wind and radiation scientists are already working on a new generation of observatories the James Webb Space Telescope will be launched into orbit 1.5 million kilometres away from Earth the most expensive telescope ever built the James Webb telescope is an international collaboration among NASA the European Space Agency ISA and the Canadian Space Agency the primary mirror which is formed out of 18 mirror segments is six and a half meters in diameter from its orbit around the Sun the telescope will offer a view of the farthest reaches of the universe [Music] the telescope will only reach its full size in outer space when it reaches its final destination a giant Sun shield as big as a tennis court will unfold the Webb telescope will peer back into the cosmic dawn to observe the birth of stars and galaxies dimensions Devon why are we out there what are we looking for when you look back at history it's a very humanistic we're curious by Nature it's our driving force we can see it today too children are incredibly curious and want to explore their world when adults do that we call them scientists it's a very powerful drive and we shouldn't underestimate it it's important for society exploring new things whether that's in outer space or on earth Society with the help of telescopes scientists look back billions of years but when they gaze back in time they eventually hit a limit the earliest light that scientists can observe occurred some 200 million years after the Big Bang the time before that the first 200 million years after the creation of our universe is still hidden from us optical telescopes a useless year without light they can't see in the beginning there was only darkness yes the Bible was right we know that today because the first stars that emitted light and illuminated the universe didn't appear until 200 million years after the Big Bang wants to understand that a bit better let's take a look at this diagram box the x-axis here represents time every slice in this diagram depicts the condition of the universe at a specific point in time missed inside point da look closely you see an area that's completely dark that's what we called the Dark Ages when it's here at 200 million years after the Big Bang it gets a bit lighter because this is when stars were born ddotty vanished again but then new stars were born the question that remains is this is our universe infinitely large or is it finite and what shape does our universe have but suffice you understand why the space in which we live must have shape we need to understand the curvature of space or the surface of our earth these is curved and if you were an aunt living on that surface you wouldn't notice that curvature in my analogy imagine we live in a space that's curved but because we're part of that space we wouldn't notice that curvature so what we have to do now is imagine that the three-dimensional space we live in is actually two-dimensional then this allows us to see that there could be three general possibilities for the geography of the universe first here is the positive curvature it's a spherical or closed universe so if I got into a rocket and flew out into this direction I'd return from this direction many billions of years later you'd I'd fly a closed loop then there's the hyperbolic universe which is curved like this it's a pretty complicated curvature and you can see it would be infinitely large when there's possibility number three a completely flat universe and that would be infinite - of course so the only question we still need to answer is what exactly does our universe look like stars and planets emerge galaxies fill with solar systems clouds of gas and dust drift through space energy penetrates the cosmos in the form of radiation but something else is there something intangible that shapes the universe a substance that no scientists has ever seen and as we now know a substance that no one will ever be able to directly observe dark matter the material kingdom is a bit of dark matter sounds very ominous of but it isn't a business-based elizabeth stark just means we don't know what it is nice thoughts them good you're doing some things in the dark that means we don't understand it device that's this isn't we don't know what dark matter is but physics says it must exist that's because when we look through a telescope we see the stars moving in galaxies and uncommons if you believe Naya and if the stars were subject only to gravitational force of matter in the galaxies they move at a certain speed but that's not the case they're moving quite differently to see guns under sauce there must be another force that's being exerted on celestial bodies a mysterious mass that researchers can only infer because of its gravitational effect gave us nice noise - there must be something that doesn't emit light affecting this motion that's why we've realized that this dark matter must exist we can measure its impact what if this dark matter might be what kind of particles it's made of time these physicists don't know yet there's much to fear from that alien give it must be quite a lot of it in fact there must be five times as much dark matter as light matter what an eerie matter data involves that's what our models tell us does this know to get to us it's astonishing dark matter is the norm and we our matter where the anomaly absolutely spits out fire Madonna voice should be constantly tripping over dark matter we're not Dark Matter permeates the universe understand love if the stars are moving faster maybe Newton's laws are wrong but if you call Newton into question you won't find many physicists on your side physicists really don't like to call the fundamental laws of nature into question so what else could be causing the Stars to move faster than Newton's laws would have it you have to postulate that there's some other matter exerting gravitational force something exerting gravitational force that we can't see the only trouble is this dark matter must already exist at the place in the Milky Way where our Sun is located we know that our Sun is moving faster than it should but we don't know what it is that's kind of embarrassing because this matter must be nearby but we have no idea what it is and we've never observed it it's as though we haven't done our homework picture some guys saying you're nuts you observe everything and now you've observed something you can't explain it's got to be around here somewhere but you can't find it really when we still haven't solved that problem whoever manages to provide a systematic explanation for what this stuff is will win a big prize that's for sure calls in plus the McGavin Dark Matter is something we can neither see nor touch but dark matter is the only explanation for the motion of celestial bodies and the galaxies [Music] this invisible matter holds the universe together vegan is not in flesh so what happens to the universe after this period of inflation let's take a look at the diagram this was the Big Bang then we have this long Dark Age which lasted about two hundred million years then pretty suddenly the first stars appeared that illuminated our universe they didn't live all that long maybe a few million years they were extinguished but they catapulted all that star dust into the depths of the universe and that gave rise to the next generation of stars which lived about ten million years also catapulted their star dust into the universe giving rise to the next generation each cosmic cycle took a bit longer than the one before it after about nine billion years our galaxy and Sun were born late bloomers you could say but that's good because if we'd been born earlier there wouldn't have been as much star dust might not have been created and we might not exist either Gani in stanton the history of our solar system also begins with the Big Bang just under 14 billion years ago just fractions of a second after this creation tiny elementary particles were formed these became the building blocks for hydrogen and helium the lightest elements the new universe continued to expand the cooling of the universe along with gravity helped transform this matter into the first galaxies as vast clouds of molecular gas continue to increase in density the first generation of stars were born very large and very hot the first stars died young these first stars lived only tens of millions of years before they collapsed supernova explosions then dispersed the elements that would become the next generation of stars new stars can only be born from a supernova an explosion that ensues when a massive star collapses and explodes these brilliant bursts of light in outer space marked the death of a star and the birth of new celestial bodies the power of a supernova is what enables the formation of elements that are heavier than hydrogen and helium Lacerta unblock the lead and uranium here on earth don't come from the Sun they come from supernova explosions so you can see that we arose in an era that was very violent there were Suns that produced iron so that there were also supernovae which generated lead uranium and other heavy elements bismuth and so forth divisions of the sort on terrestrial planets such as our earth require such heavy elements in order to form a supernova explosion sends an enormous amount of matter hurling into outer space the matter is mainly oxygen carbon silicon and iron together with interstellar gas it forms the dust clouds that can be observed through our telescopes these clouds become the cradle from which new stars are born but some of the particles of dust collide with one another and form clumps these clumps grow ever larger becoming first embryonic planets and then terrestrial planets in the early period of our solar system a disk of gas and dust rotated around the Sun like a giant wheel this disc orbited the star at the center of our solar system this was the cradle of our planetary system the gas gave rise to Jupiter and Saturn the two gaseous giants that were and still are crucial to the development of our solar system the discovery of these discs of dust surrounding young stars helped solidify our understanding of the origins of our solar system there isn't any first I thought we just don't know what's going on out there we don't even know what's going on in our solar system even the planets in our solar system different we have gaseous planets to rest your ones once with and ones without a ring some rotate in one direction some on the other I think it's curiosity that drives us to try to understand this and everything else that exists in our enormous universe is there some origin a Big Bang what existed before the Big Bang physicists say that's not a viable question but they're fascinating questions and of course we want to understand this from the beginning humans have sought to understand and explain their world the cosmologies devised by religions were also a form of doctrinal teaching many ancient cultures and creation myths depicted the world as a flat disk but even in antiquity the realization that the earth was a sphere prevailed there is no edge of the world that we could fall off of however the position of the earth within the universe was long a matter of dispute it took a while for us to understand that the Earth's position didn't have anything to do with theology in the past that wasn't so clear we assume that humans must be at the center of all creation the pinnacle of creation the Aristotle had something to do with that he loved the idea of a hierarchical universe the belief that humankind was at the center proved very appealing and it didn't leave room for much else the scientist and philosopher Aristotle believed in a geocentric model of the cosmos for him the earth was the origin and center of the universe the Christian Church adopted this worldview and defended it with vigor this model held sway for nearly 1500 years [Music] in the 16th century nicolaus copernicus placed the Sun at the center of the universe the planets including the earth revolved around it [Music] in the early 17th century galileo galilei was the first to use a telescope to observe the heavens [Music] this marked the beginning of modern astronomy is an advert in centrum the Sun was put at the center which led to an entirely new perspective and understanding not to distort and film telescopes made it possible to look out into space and see what was out there there was until then it was all speculation and everything was understood within a humanistic framework we could see all these things that we could never see before the phases of Venus the moons of Jupiter and how the orbited Jupiter caused so many things were suddenly visible this process of observation was the birth of astronomy the next step was not just observing but trying to understand this festoon our understanding of the world has been profoundly shaped by astronomy it is regarded as the oldest science the path of the Sun across the sky during the day the bright stars at night the phases of the Moon and the motion of the planets in our solar system all this has always sparked our innate curiosity our knowledge of the universe is increasing enormous Li and it's increasing at such a rate that the astronomy textbooks basically need to be rewritten every few years the dawn of the Space Age allowed us to reconsider relationship of the earth to our solar system and the entire universe today astronomers send observatories into outer space and conduct research outside the spectrum of visible light telescopes that can observe x-rays gamma rays infrared and other spectral ranges offer new insight into the cosmos each part of the spectral range opens a different observational window into outerspace giving rise to new discoveries these telescopes are designed to observe phenomena that take place at the end of a star's life span such as exploding stars supernovae neutron stars and black holes using the nasa new star telescope scientists were even able to observe two colliding galaxies Vizzini galaxies min ones of the galaxies in our universe look like they're usually shaped like a disk just as we see here so how did it all begin imagine an enormous cloud which collapsed in on itself as it rotated this cloud collapsed into a disk that's what we see right here there are stars in this disk as well as many dark clouds these dark clouds are made out of Stardust stand tall but most of the stars are here in this bulge in the middle so why is it round because that's where most of the stars are gathered and right in the middle of this bulge in the middle of every galaxy there's a huge fat black hole which is many million times the mass of the Sun fun new unit runs on Muhsin a black hole is the densest form of matter that exists the densest matter we can imagine in 1974 a powerful radio source the Sagittarius a star was discovered at the very center of our galaxy by the 1990s scientists had concluded that it was a black hole black holes cannot be observed directly but they affect their surroundings it is this effect that astronomers and astrophysicists observe and analyze Manjeet I'm focused on names and we can see that stars in the middle of the Milky Way in the Sagittarius constellation are moving along an elliptical path around a point but there's nothing there normally a planet orbits a star you see the star and see its gravity maintaining this planet in an elliptical orbit is a bomb when you look you see nothing something's exerting gravitational force but we can't see it we know it must be very heavy because it pulls entire stars into its orbit and sits down there by observing the Stars path we can calculate the mass of that center which ends up being several billion times the mass of the Sun we suspect there are supermassive black holes and galaxies and in fact there's evidence for that in Vizag if dusty dachshund by conducting research on the universe we are also engaged in a search for our own origins is our own existence simply a coincidence just a few decades ago many still believe that our solar system is unique but it turns out that it's just a tiny grain of sand on an immense galactic Beach today scientists believe that each star could have its own planetary system and they continue to discover evermore planets with conditions similar to those here on earth the saloon evals on-site nozzle for paneer the universe appears to be teeming with planets the humidity and we found planets at an ideal distance from their star they're not too hot or too cold from a nice and cozy if like here on earth we found many planets like that in the universe designs for instance so the basic conditions that gave rise to life as we know it appeared to exist in many places here we see the Suns at some time then we need to check do these planets have an atmosphere so and what's its composition I know his gas commission is there carbon dioxide oxygen methane normally this mix of gases would be unstable unless it's being maintained by organic processes like here on earth if we found that mix of gases in a planet's atmosphere outside our solar system we'd be able to say we've discovered life on another planet that discovery isn't all that far off the newest telescopes headed into outer space will be able to detect atmospheres on small planets I'd say with 10 or 20 years away from this moment at most because that's very exciting maximov I predict that within that timeframe we'll discover life elsewhere in the universe $20,000 finding life in outer space would be the greatest discovery of all time it would provide an answer to one of humanity's most enduring questions are we alone in the universe is there another planet similar to earth with conditions favorable to life to chart our galaxy the European Space Agency launched the Gaia space probe in late 2013 the satellite is creating a precise map of the astronomical objects and the heavens using this data astronomers plan to make a 3d catalog of the Milky Way which will provide new insights into the origins and evolution of our galaxy [Music] Gaia is positioned 1.5 million kilometers from Earth on a Lagrange point a spot where the interaction of gravitational forces creates a near equilibrium at this point the gravitational pull of the Sun and earth and the centrifugal force of the satellite orbiting the Sun cancel each other out the probe remains parked at this stable position needing only a minimum of fuel to maintain its location in space Gaia is measuring the positions motions speed and brightness of nearly 1.7 billion stars in the Milky Way the data will provide a detailed catalogue of our cosmic surroundings [Music] Gaia will carry out precise measurements of billions of stars and catalog them giving us a huge trove of data the first catalog has already been released we'll measure those positions year after year and observe those changes we'll be able to see some variations in brightness and even generates spectra and detect signatures to an extent that will give us a huge trove of data and we can apply statistical methods to that big data perhaps to examine how the Sun flies around the galaxy or what dynamics exist which stars go where are there stars we haven't found yet more stars on a collision course with the earth those are the kinds of questions we'll be able to ask Gaia has also located some very dark bodies on the outskirts of our planetary system alpha mistletoe now that we know where they are we can observe them and try to understand them so every Falcon business though 1.7 billion cataloged stars seems an impressively large number this corresponds to only about 1% of all stars in the Milky Way a figure that illuminates the vastness of our galaxy and the incomprehensible expanse of the universe [Music] does the future of our universe look like we know that each type of curvature has a particular future Sean let's take another look at those curvatures imagine the universe is a sphere with a positive curvature we can show the sphere would continue to expand and eventually shrink back to nothing back to the Big Bang as it were now that would mean the universe is finite we need Azzam guns on this saddle shape here would be very different we'd have a universe with no bounds that would expand forever azam and here's the third possibility the flat universe this universe would also expand forever an ostomy and here's the things in 2000 we discovered the geometry of the universe how did we figure that out it was thanks to background radiation Massey's deaths in the 1960s we discovered that microwave radiation is constantly hitting Earth from outer space off the iodine test this radiation has an inner structure that means when I look in different directions the intensity of this radiation will vary somewhat when I depict those variations in color I get the structure you see here Jesus tooked or demon Yazeed and now comes the decisive point theoretical scientists have been able to show that the distance between these points allows us to derive the curvature of space that's what they did in April 2000 what they showed is that we live in an absolutely flat universe and that suggests the universe will continue to expand forever Titan Osteen background radiation was discovered almost by accident in 1964 physicists Robert Wilson and Arnold Penzias were mapping radio signals in the Milky Way an odd buzzing noise interfered which turned out to be microwave radiation from outer space the two scientists are discovered cosmic background microwave radiation an echo of the universe at a very early moment after its birth the discovery of this faint whisper was a milestone in our understanding of the cosmos these applicants meant looking deep into outer space observing the speed and direction at which galaxies are moving investigating dark energy dark matter black holes how does it all fit together these are all fascinating questions and we still don't understand them at all phenom scientists are on a journey to the limits of knowledge in search of the blueprint to the universe although they continue to acquire new insights at an ever faster pace much more remains to be discovered the universe still holds many mysteries waiting to be unlocked listen harder does ones I've made from on arousal today we know our understanding of the universe is very incomplete everything that for example we know that all the matter we see around us appears to make up only 5% of the universe and then there's another 25% which we know is there that's dark matter we can observe its effects but we don't really know what it is it's still a black box for us the remaining 70% is even more mysterious 6.70 Simpson Thomas Taylor who's a guy physicists have said it's dark energy that sounds awfully dark that's that's what's causing the universe to expand in a way that we observe normally you'd expect it to expand more quickly or more slowly to arrive at the rate of expansion that we observe we've had to introduce this dark energy and that makes up 70% of what we believe exists in the universe if you add it up our theories explain only 5% the remaining 95% is still unclear 1/4 Mansa concern for scientists this is a golden age and fossils isn't going to start over on September 14th 2015 scientists in the u.s. observed gravitational waves directly for the first time that opened an entirely new window to the universe it was evidence that the fabric of space and time is not static and unchanging as it's the same as always Einstein was right also about gravitational waves so you're probably wondering what is that exactly well it has something to do with space imagine that our three-dimensional space is covered with a two-dimensional surface like the surface of this water right here the surface could be disturbed which is what I'll do when I touch it a wave is formed which ripples outward that's exactly how you should picture a gravitational wave it's what happens when elastic space is disturbed Einstein said that space is elastic if I bump it I'll create a ripple which moves in a three-dimensional fashion through space that's a gravitational wave Einstein said about 100 years ago a few years ago we detected one so they really do exist Albert Einstein had predicted these gravitational waves but it would take another century for scientists to demonstrate their existence the gravitational waves originated 1.3 billion light years away [Music] they were oscillations in the fabric of space and time generated by a cosmic catastrophe by the time it reached Earth the distortion measured only about a thousandth of the diameter of an atom we've known for quite sometime that Albert Einstein's theory that an accelerating object will emit gravitational waves is indeed true we've been able to demonstrate that here on earth we've now designed a mission called Elysium in which we'll send three probes into space these three spacecraft will measure gravitational waves coming from various directions which will allow us to determine where the waves are coming from at what speed and so forth it's a new and exciting way to observe outer space in September 2015 astronomers observed the collision of two black holes one was 29 times and the other 36 times the mass of the Sun they crashed into each other merging into a single black hole this collision sent out a powerful burst of gravitational waves causing ripples in the fabric of space-time which continued to move onwards through the universe until they were detected on earth with the help of two lasers the ripple of the gravitational wave was so tiny that it could only be observed using the high precision detectors placed a certain distance apart a tiny deviation of the laser beam between the two arms detected the appearance of a gravitational wave this direct observation was an extraordinary event the physicists who detected the waves won the Nobel Prize gravitational wave astronomy marks a new era in the study of the universe [Music] missile inspecting these gravitational waves suddenly allows us to investigate parts of the universe we normally can't see when we can draw inferences about processes we normally wouldn't be able to observe like the merging of two black holes or two neutron stars we assumed that could happen in theory over to you if black holes exist then why couldn't there be two or maybe they couldn't somehow merge and until you can imagine all sorts of things in your theories but now we know this actually does happen in the universe and so I figure they do murder and more often than we had suspected their gravitational waves have allowed us to prove something that used to be just speculation it's opened a new window giving us a new view of the universe against annoyance that's what we'll be doing over the next year's and decades the next sensational discovery followed in August 2017 for the first time scientists observed the spiraling crash of two neutron stars the merging stars generated gravitational waves gamma-ray bursts and light waves which the scientists were able to observe and analyze gravitational waves can generally only be detected when there's a huge burst of energy which is then transformed to gravitational waves that only happens during cosmic catastrophes like the melting of neutron stars or black holes something of that magnitude concerns our neutron stars are very small but extremely dense although they are just 10 to 20 kilometers in diameter their mass is about twice that of our Sun the neutron star collision took place practically in our own galactic neighborhood in galaxy NGC for 993 some 130 million light-years from Earth it will happen to our universe once and above all me how will it end cosmologists are in an agreement about that they've developed two basic scenarios let's begin with the following situation these cosmic cycles will continue for some time but not forever perhaps for 20 or 30 more cycles and then they'll end because the hydrogen will have run out and if there are no new stars and come and no new earths and no new civilizations and everything will die out the universe will keep expanding it will get colder and everything will head toward what's called the cold death that's that's the first scenario the other scenario looks like this when the universe will continue to expand but not slowly it will expand faster and faster this expansion will keep accelerating and in the end everything will rip not just the Earth's the planets but everything will rip down to the tiniest grain of sand the tiniest elementary particle this massive destruction has been dubbed the big red that's the second scenario which ever happens the cold death or the big rip I can promise you it will take forever close to Eternity so you can rest easily tonight off just a few hundred years ago we believed ourselves at the center of the universe since then we have come to realize that we are little more than an insignificant speck within a seemingly endless cosmos we continue to gaze ever more deeply into the universe and have succeeded in decoding some of its mysteries today we live in the Golden Age of astronomy but what we have discovered thus far is only the beginning you

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Length: 48min 20sec (2900 seconds)

Published: Sun Dec 01 2019