Attack On Pearl Harbor: The Event That Changed WWII | Battles Won And Lost | War Stories

every battle is both a victory and a defeat it depends which flag you fly in every theater of the second world war battles won and lost determined possession of territory of resources and of the strength to go on fighting for some of the battles it was the victory that most influenced the future course of the war for others it was the defeat this is the story of the battles won and lost that decided the outcome of the greatest conflict in history some words transcend their origins as humble place names even as the names given to battles won and lost they are carved into history as turning points which influenced the course of the war the fate of nations the makeup of our world these words are indestructible el alamein okinawa pearl harbour well pearl harbor was put together quite late the japanese had to acquire raw materials from southeast asia following an american embargo in july 1941. the objective was to seize quickly key points in southeast asia but in order to do it they had to bypass the philippines pearl harbor was the key knock out the fleet the battleships and they assumed carriers located at pearl harbor so that they would then be free at the same time to invade malaya to see southeast asia it was done in the understanding that in the long term the americans had the capacity to build up sufficient military power to create a terrible threat to japan but it was done in the hope that japan could achieve sufficient success that the americans would feel it wasn't worthwhile going on from carriers 370 kilometers out in the pacific the japanese had launched pre-dawn the first waves fell on pearl harbor at 7 40 a.m in that first attack 40 torpedo bombers 49 high-level bombers 41 dive bombers and 43 fighters swept around the west of the island of oahu to hook up into the great naval base the natural harbour in the south of the island the first attack lasted for 30 minutes [Music] we were thinking about the army air force they used to have maneuvers on sunday mornings we said that they're kind of early this morning then pretty soon we saw a bomb drop out of a clear sky came the treacherous japanese attack on hawaii the whole world knows now how japan assaulted the american naval base without warning without a declaration of war and while her envoys were actually negotiating in washington in addition to anchorages the first attack had targeted air bases wheeler field hickenfield kaneohe and ewa grounding any possible opposition to the second raid there were 354 american aircraft on the island of which 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged seven escaped unscathed at 8 50 a.m the second wave hooked in from the opposite side of the island and pounded its targets for more than an hour the force comprised 54 high-level bombers and 78 dive bombers with fighter support [Music] the defenders had organized their anti-aircraft fire by this time and we went up to our battle stations and fired at planes coming over and it went on for a couple hours of the 29 japanese aircraft lost in the raid 20 were in the second wave there's no question that it would have been worthwhile for the japanese to attempt another attack and they should have been going for the oil tanks and for the dockyard facilities in order to reduce the capacity pearl harbor to be the base in the pacific from which the americans could then mount their further attacks they did not have enough screening vessels and had they not so much launched a third strike had they stayed in the area they probably would have netted the enterprise which was nearby so they had the forces there but they were very worried about being so far out lacking screening vessels that they pulled away a bit too early [Music] 94 warships were in the harbour 18 was sunk or suffered serious damage but of the five battleships that were sunk three were to return to service one that did not and remains today as a memorial to the dates that will live in infamy was the arizona [Music] four out of every five men aboard the arizona were killed eleven hundred out of the two thousand four hundred and three american fatalities on that day a lot of the guys that were caught in fires and jumped over the side some of them drowned some of them burnt to death somewhere but i was one of the lucky ones in that case so [Music] as a mathematical statement pearl harbor was a battle lost for the americans but the port's infrastructure was largely intact and there were no carriers in pearl harbor when the attack came in the operation was a partial tactical success with the caveat that the wrong targets were attacked it was a strategic failure of the worst order and yamamoto's comment that he feared the sleeping giant had been awakened i think was a correct one the nature of that attack was the thing most calculated to create in the united states a collective will to respond in a way that i don't think anything else would have december 7th 1941 a date which will live in infamy united states of america was suddenly and deliberately attacked [Music] by naval and air forces of the empire of japan [Music] [Music] on the 12th of august 1943 hitler ordered construction of a new defensive line on the eastern front the east wall but he forbade any thought of withdrawal to the position so as autumn began to be felt axis forces stood as much as 300 kilometers ahead of the wall which was itself well inside russian territory on august 26th the red army began its autumn offensive by christmas when winter closed down fighting the german front had been pushed back all along its length and in the center as much as 150 kilometers behind the east wall the central front rokosovsky moved beyond the battlefield of kursk at the same time army group south from einstein was coming under pressure from the third and fourth ukrainian fronts when hitler visited von manstein's headquarters on the 27th he was called on to decide whether to reinforce army group south with formations from the center or permit a withdrawal behind the line of the dunepa he couldn't decide when he went on to visit von kluge at group center hq he was persuaded not to reinforce von manstein fourth ukrainian front tolbukhin liberated tagenrock two days later and momentum was all with the advancing russian forces on september 2nd central front reached the riyans countertop railway completing their break-in to the german line a week into september and the caucasus front moved on the tarman peninsula on the 10th they took my pole by amphibious assault [Music] and on the 14th central front with varanesh front general vatuten in support began driving for kiev towns were now being reclaimed on an almost daily basis priyansk on the 10th and when chernikov fell on the 21st it signaled that rokosovsky had reached that neighbor at the moment the best news comes from the russian front where the red army has been scoring one triumph after another beating back the invaders smashing their defenses [Music] on the 22nd the tutans front began to cross the nepa general commanding the first ukrainian army drives on beyond the nipper on a wide front malinowski's command crossing further south on the 26th by which time smolensk and roslavi had formed at the beginning of october the baltic fronts of yaramenko and popov joined the offensive by now manstein was back behind the east wall but his forces were much reduced and he would have trouble holding the position the momentum did not relent and at the beginning of november the red army launched a major assault out of its bridgehead over the nipa at leotesh on november 6th kiev fell to the red army and when six days later jitumiya fell two fronts were able to combine in establishing a bridgehead of 160 by 240 kilometers completely negating the utility indeed the very idea of the east wall the scale of the soviet comeback is without parallel in military history the allies poised for attack in the west the red army blasts and batters the german barbarians in the east [Music] as campaigning stalled with winter the german armies were still intact and they were still holy on russian soil [Music] but the soviet forces had advanced to a much stronger position from which to launch first the spring and then the epic summer offensive operation bagration when general montgomery was appointed to command the eighth army he made one thing clear he would not go on to the offensive until he had total material superiority and he withstood churchill's impatience until he was satisfied that the odds were right and then he orchestrated the second battle of el alamein second element is very much a set piece battle montgomery emphasised that the troops shall be trained in the tasks that they are meant to do so you had some battalion and brigade commanders building replicas of the positions that they're going to attack and training and rehearsing their role for weeks and weeks and weeks beforehand general montgomery realizing that a citizen army fights best when it knows exactly what's going on and what it is going to do saw to it that the plan of battle was known to everybody from general to private soldier the battle had in a sense begun as another battle the one initiated by rommel on the night of the 30th of august on the eighth army's position at alam halfer targeting the weak southern end of the british line that ran about 65 kilometers from the sea to the katara depression there was some desperation in rommel's plan of the six supply ships on which he had been defending four had been sunk his success now depending in part on the successful capture of british fuel dumps during his advance or his armor would be stranded within three days blocked by well-prepared defensive positions rommel was forced back on his start line by second element the balance of material and troops and logistics in the middle east had tipped this the first major battle where the british forces exceed those of the germans in all regards in terms of air power in terms of men in terms of any tank guns in terms of medium tanks montgomery has assembled his forces and he's masked them ready for this attack to break through the light on the night of the 23rd of october 900 guns opened their throats and the battle of el alamein was underway before germans they got they got us monday he opened up with over a thousand pieces of opportunity on that line it came everywhere like hailstones north to south from the coast to the katara montgomery deployed a truly commonwealth force 9th australian division at the coast road the 51st highland division second new zealand and first south african then fourth indian and further south 50th and 44th divisions and three french with three armored divisions in support second new zealand was the first advancing force to claim its first objective it secured materia ridge but 10th armoured in support did not exploit the chance to break out north of them 9th australia was slowed passing through a minefield with first armoured hanging behind them all this while rommel was away he had gone to germany on sick leave on the 25th he returned to his command and to find that along the line from the british 13th corps in the south to the intended main break-in in the north the attackers had been checked and progress slowed the resistance along the alameda line was very strong the british and commonwealth forces were not able to break through montgomery's battle plan was delayed and essentially it had to be reset rommel launched armor to recover ground lost at materia and kidney ridges but was beaten back [Music] montgomery concluded from the progress of the battle that the main german concentration was in the north facing the troops that he had charged with making the breakthrough he responded by realigning the major thrust this would now come south of the coastal sector in a new plan supercharge or its principal opposition would be the italian formations ninth australian was to continue pressure on the coast road but the main line of attack would now be inland and westwards supercharge and the breakthrough began in the middle of the night of the 1st of november 2nd new zealand led the attack supported by first armored division which took a heavy toll of 15th panzer which engaged it success was consolidated on november 3rd when 4th indian and the 51st were sent in against kidney hill their breakthrough opened the road for 7th and 10th armoured which raced through into open country i can't remember one tank sitting out in front burning one of ours and a voice in my saying help help me the operator on that tank had been on the wireless when his tank was hit and somebody was trapped in that tank the wireless was still on god's sake helped me and one of our tanks put a shot through the side of it in the voice stop when first armoured and the new zealand division joined the offensive the italian ariete division was almost completely destroyed rommel was on the back foot all along the line south 13th corps under general horrocks overran the italian formations facing it and the entire axis line was now falling back as rommel began his withdrawal along the coast [Music] by escaping even if only to be pursued all along the north african littoral rommel had avoided the total defeat for which montgomery hoped if there's a criticism to be laid at this point in time it's of the timidity of the allied follow-up but we also have to remember that a lot of montgomery's units had fought themselves to a near standstill breaking through at alamein that his armored forces were starting to feel the title of battle that particularly the australian division had been hammered in its fight to the north so the capacity of montgomery's horses to chase was quite limited as well but by any assessment rommel had suffered a decisive loss and the allies for the first time in the war could celebrate a decisive victory after alamein the germans essentially are on their way out of north africa dealing with north africa starts the allies thinking about their re-entry into western europe and in many ways it's the turning point in the war for the western forces germans have received back again that measure of fire and steel which they have so often meted out to others ah this is not the end uh it is not even the beginning of the end but it is perhaps the end of the [Music] beginning when the wars of east and west were joined by the japanese attack on pearl harbor the longest battle of the second world war was already over two years old it was known as the battle of the atlantic and it started as the war in europe began with the atlantic remaining a battlefield until the very last days of the war it was the vital logistic battle of the war whether it failed or succeeded on either side really determined the course of the war and how well it was going profoundly influenced what each side could be doing in other campaigns there were periods in the first years of the war the german u-boat commanders dubbed them the happy times when it seemed as though the battle of the atlantic could decide the war and decided in favour of the axis powers but the tide of battle turned in the first half of 1943 after which it was clear that the allies had control the basis of britain's imperial power had always been importing raw materials from and exporting manufactured goods to her colonies and dominions this had made the united kingdom more than usually dependent on imports for survival and those imports must ultimately join one of the atlantic sea lands after the fall of france german aircraft surface ships and submarines were based along the french atlantic coast from the airfields and ports of the french coast their efforts to disrupt and destroy britain's vital maritime lifeline became the battle of the atlantic germany's glamorous surface vessels such as the bismarck graf spa scharnhorst and tirpitz took a toll but each was picked off in turn by the royal navy aircraft sank ships but not in numbers that would have forced the british isles to its knees the real threat was the submarine the advantage the submarine has as a commerce raider i think was paramount submarines could attack unseen were very difficult to detect once detected good at evading and could come and re-attack the germans also set up a pretty sophisticated system for working out where the targets were and for concentrating the u-boats to do mass attacks lessons learned in the first world war meant that from the outset merchant ships traveled in convoys admiral donitz commanding the submarine fleet evolved a tactic to counter the convoy system rudel tactic which came to be called the wolf pack it worked with the u-boats hunting in packs extra vigilance by the convoys is essential to their safety dernitz never had as many submarines as he wanted but then the allies did not initially have as many escorts as they wanted and for the first years of the war there was a gap in the air cover where convoys sailed beyond the range of aircraft as the battle wore on tactics changed new weapons were developed which were much more effective at destroying the u-boats it was a constant battle of offense versus defense and developing technology on both sides fundamentally all these things together with perhaps the most important which was the provision of long-range aircraft and air support to the convoys which created as a totality a system which was able to reduce the u-boat threat the decisive month was may 1943 to the germans this was black may german submarine losses had risen sharply in proportion to the number of allied ships being sunk in april 39 ships had been lost but at a cost to the germans of 15 u-boats an unsupportable rate [Music] and then convoy designated a slow convoy sailed 43 merchant ships were escorted by 16 warships and in the atlantic the convoy came under attack from a pack of u-boats variously assessed at between 30 and 40 strong their attack went in on the night of may 4th a canadian air force catalina sank one new boat an escort ship and 12 of the merchantmen were sent to the bottom on the fifth the escort group was reinforced on the night of the sixth the pack attacked again and four u-boats were sunk no merchant men were lost it is sometimes difficult to pinpoint the turning point at which a drawn-out battle was decided but here was one convoy sc-130 a week later met similar success 37 merchantmen with an eight-ship escort sailed into the danger zone where they were picked up by u-boats on may 19th that same day the convoy was joined on station by escort group one three days later the convoy entered british waters and escort group one detached in that mid-atlantic passage the u-boat pack had come under constant aircraft and surface vessel attack four submarines were sunk without loss to the convoy in the first three weeks of may 31 u-boats were sunk the total would reach 41 by the end of the month and durnix was forced to temporarily suspend operations in the north atlantic the losses were prodigious 36 000 merchant seamen the same number of allied soldiers not less than 30 000 german submariners thousands of vessels hundreds of aircraft but no battle had a more vital bearing on the war in europe the allies prevailing the atlantic allowed the remainder of the war to be fought so by enabling the logistics enabling the north american industrial machine to provide all the resources that were needed to fight what was an industrial war the battle of the atlantic was central with the soviet union coming under immense renewed pressure in the early summer of 1942 as well over a hundred axis divisions renewed their assault stalin demanded more of his allies stalin wanted churchill to open up a second front but he just wasn't in a position to do that at the time so churchill reasoned that a major raid could be a kind of compromise if they could take a significant port that would show the germans that they were vulnerable in that area that would then force hitler to redistribute some of his forces down to protect that part of of europe which would in turn take some of the pressure off the red army and importantly show stalin that churchill was doing his part that he was a willing partner and not just sitting back while russian lives were being taken on mass the allied forces came up with the idea of a cross-channel raid a raid by definition means hit and run this was not to be an attempt to gain a toehold let alone launch an invasion they would it was said gain useful intelligence about german coastal defenses preparatory to launching a full-scale invasion at a later date there were also secondary objectives and the raf in particular were eager to see this as an opportunity to draw out the luftwaffe to have a ding-dong battle and hopefully give them a hard time at this time the the new spitfire mark nine had just come out and so they were confident that they'd be able to give the luftwaffe a run for their money producers of british aircraft have already proved that they turn out the best planes in the world each new spitfire bears witness to the great contribution of british design and workmanship the objective selected was diep it was in its planning known as operation rutter in its execution it was called operation jubilee [Music] british lieutenant general bernard montgomery's south eastern command provided the troops for the operation and planned a frontal assault without heavy preliminary air bombardment under pressure from the canadian government to ensure that canadian troops saw action the canadian second division was selected for the main force they would assault the town while british parachute units attacked german batteries on the headlands as a diversion that never happened bad weather caused delays montgomery was sent to north africa to find the eighth army and fame the code name was changed to jubilee and lord louis mountbatten took over planning the air bombardment on dieppe was reduced for fear of french casualties destroyers were allocated to bombard the shore it was judged that battleships were too vulnerable that close to the coast the parachute operation on the flanks was cancelled an intelligence on which planning was based was patchy and in some cases laughable german gun positions dug into the sides of the headland cliffs were not spotted by air reconnaissance and planners assessed the beach gradient and its suitability for tanks by scanning holiday snapshots the royal marine commando was to land in fast gunboats after the main force had gone in they were to destroy the dieppe dock installations and capture documents in a safe in the port office the break-in was to be the special responsibility of a marine who had been a burglar in civilian life it has recently been suggested as documents have been declassified that their real objective was a new enigma machine which was defying british cryptanalysts the naval intelligence officer planning that part of the raid was ian fleming later to find fame as the author of the james bond novels now is this true well we certainly know that ian fleming was there at df it was his only battle experience from world war ii so that is certainly true we certainly know that it was a goal of the day parade to gather intelligence so that certainly fits so it's very possible the germans alerted by french double agents that the british were targeting dieppe were on high alert it began with the navy taking the army across a calm channel in a dim light just before dawn navy army and raf combining in a bigger raid than any attempted so far the raid began at 0-450 on the 19th of august with the faint remaining hope of surprise having been lost the landing craft of the eastern sector had unexpectedly encountered a small german convoy the resultant violent sea fight alerted the german coastal defenses at bernevale and wheat as the assault force approached the coast of france the germans were at action stations two commando units made flanking landings number three on yellow beach at the eastern end of the landing zone and number four on orange beach at the western end the main force hit three beaches out and about the town and port of dieppe blue to the east green to the west [Music] and the main force coming in on red and white beaches number four commando successfully stormed the varangevia battery and was the only unit to capture all of its objectives only eighteen men from number three commando got ashore in the right place they managed to distract the bernaval battery to good effect but were eventually forced to withdraw as superior enemy forces responded to their landing a concentrated naval bombardment preceded the main landing but fire from destroyers was too light to seriously affect the defenses a concentrated raf attack was equally limited in effect and a smoke screen laid across the headland had dubious value indeed it was a factor contributing to sending in reserves with fatal consequences when the outcome of the original assault was misinterpreted on the east of the main landing at puit just 60 men out of 543 from the royal regiment of canada were taken off the regiment had been pinned to the beach and destroyed by coastal defense batteries and a well-sighted machine gun only a handful of the men of the south saskatchewan regiment reached their objectives with others from this regiment landing in the wrong place the queen's own cameron highlanders of canada despite being landed late managed to push further inland than any other troops but were forced back when german reinforcements rushed up half an hour after the flank landings the main assault started the canadian essex scottish regiment and royal hamilton light infantry supported by 27 churchill tanks of the 14th canadian army tank regiment most of the tanks lost their tracks as they were driven onto the shingle beach and became crippled targets for german anti-tank guns tanks that did cross the shingle were stopped by concrete roadblocks without tanks and support the infantry was simply slaughtered by crossfire from machine guns hidden in the cliffs les fusilier monreal launched straight at the center of the town were pinned down under the cliffs a royal marine commando was ordered to land to support them a new task which caused chaos when finally the mess was sorted and the commando moved many of the craft were hit on the running those that reached the shore were killed or captured and their commanding officer lieutenant colonel tigger phillips seeing that the mission was futile stood up and signaled to those following to turn back he was killed a few moments later at 10 20 a little over five hours after the battle had begun [Music] five hours in which everything possible went wrong the withdrawal began five hours after that the last allied troops had either been taken off killed or taken prisoner 60 of the invading force was killed wounded or captured and they had lost weapons dingo armored cars and churchill tanks which did not impress the germans easy to fight they said with a poor and obsolete gun the royal air force lost over a hundred aircraft the luftwaffe less than 50 and the royal navy lost 33 landing craft and a destroyer casualties from the raid included 3 367 canadians killed wounded or taken prisoner and 275 british commandos german army casualties were 591 the argument began at once and has not relented was the d-up raid of any value the principles of special operations are that it's got to be fast it's got to be be stealthy and you've got to achieve surprise and this operation was simply too big to achieve that it was too complex it couldn't be a special operation in that sense they'd certainly been through it but they were already talking about next time even before they got into hospital it is of course easy to make the case that lessons were learned and that those lessons made a significant difference to planning for the invasion of europe on d-day in 1944 [Music] it is rather more difficult to make the case that the lessons could not as easily have been learned by better use of intelligence in both of the meanings of that word war in the pacific has moved so fast that there may be a danger of underrating the enemy let no one imagine that recent victories in the pacific indicate a walkover the japanese continue to fight back with the fanaticism quite unknown in the west by early 1945 japan is plainly beaten on any objective measure the japanese empire cannot win the war but the japanese culture military culture especially will not allow the japanese to acknowledge that so japan has to be battered into submission to do that the allies the americans especially need to build air bases to build air bases they need islands and to eat if they need islands they need okinawa for the invasion of okinawa 430 assault transports had been loaded at 11 ports from seattle to leyte on april 1st 1 300 ships were massed offshore and the first waves of the 155 000 men of general simon bolivar buckner's 10th army three marine and four army divisions began going ashore [Music] they met very little opposition but before the island fell american forces involved would have numbered three hundred thousand general ushijima commanding the japanese 32nd army had pulled his forces back deciding not to contest the landing but to meet the invasion south of the shuri line by the end of the first day buckner had sixty thousand men ashore general ushijima's strategy to defend okinawa is to sell it at the highest human price so he doesn't waste lives meeting the americans on the beaches for example japanese withdrawing to the interior and they basically say come and get us and that means the americans have to expend lives in order to kill japanese in order to gain victory and that the japanese strategy is about the most simple and brutal you can imagine the ships riding at anchor tell a different story the invasion fleet was battered by the japanese weapon of last resort the suicide bomb just minutes after 4 o'clock [Music] it hit the superstructure everything went black we knew we were ahead because we were aft for the machinery after machinery forward was still good over the next few days the japanese launched kamikaze assaults on the invasion fleet which did not wholly relent in all the weeks of fighting that lay ahead here a japanese v pilot has ended his career with a direct hit on a carrier of the essex class he's caused casualties and damage on board an enemy ship and it's for just that purpose that his own life was written off from the first day of his training by the end of the okinawa campaign the suicides of 1 465 kamikaze pilots had accounted for 29 ships sunk 120 damaged and 3048 sailors killed it was a common cause he took us out we found his body with a power shoe i couldn't understand why he had a parachute because he might have been shot down and he could bail out what's the answer to that i would tell you this and this is hard for me to tell you he did his job and he did it well on the 9th of april the american invasion force opened its main offensive third amphibious corps general geiger swung north as it happens the northern thrust would meet the least resistance and the north of the island would fall first 24th corps general hodge landed alongside geiger's corps and swung south and here the fighting was hard against an enemy that had sworn to defend every inch to the death advancing in parallel along opposite coasts geiger's corps reached cape head at the northern tip of okinawa in less than two weeks though the motobu peninsula was not secured for another week by this time the the americans have been fighting the japanese for three years and they've been through some appalling battles they know what the japanese are capable of but on okinawa it gets even worse and it's probably the worst battle at the americans fight in the pacific i mean it was the worst ordeal you could imagine worse for the japanese because they killed themselves if they weren't killed by the americans but both sides are suffering huge losses heroic dead of a combined army and marine force marked the grim battlefield of okinawa where one of the bloodiest engagements of the war is being fought thousands of yanks have been wounded and other thousands have sacrificed their lives to drive a fanatical foe from this vital base the doorstep to japan itself [Music] in the south it was a different story the americans came up against the well-planned fortifications of the shuri line and did not breach it and take the island's capital naha until may 27th [Applause] shuri castle key to the defensive line fell on may 29th with japanese defenders now falling back for a last stand on the southern tip of the island [Music] the fight to the last spirit of the japanese soldier was nowhere more apparent than in the fighting for okinawa and it's estimated that out of 108 000 japs on the island 101 000 had to be wiped out before victory was achieved most of them were blasted out one by one on june the 17th japanese morale collapsed the japanese started to surrender in numbers [Music] to the surprise of the americans who had not known it elsewhere in the pacific on june 22nd general ushima committed suicide and you can see that they've finally decided that this was no use it takes most of the battle before that occurs and that's a sign of just how tough it's going to be to defeat the japanese casualty lists were catastrophic japanese casualties exceeded 110 000 america's 40 000 in battle and nearly 10 000 more to kamikaze okinawa is not where the pacific war finishes because the americans and the british and the entire western allies know that they've got to defeat the japanese home islands so one of the most important consequences of okinawa is that it feeds into the american planning for what is proposed to be the invasion of japan and it tells the americans that they'll not only kill lots and lots of japanese troops and civilians but they'll lose perhaps a million troops of their own that figure weighed heavily in the debate that would resolve the next phase of the war the use of a new weapon so in a sense okinawa shapes the history of conflict in the second half of the 20th century [Music] you

Channel: War Stories

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Keywords: military history, war, war documentary, military tactics, war stories, history of war, battles, full length documentaries, history documentary, ww2 documentary, world war 2, pearl harbor attack, pearl harbor footage, attack on pearl harbor 1941, attack on pearl harbor documentary, pearl harbour documentary, battles won & lost war stories, us ww2, japan ww2, pearl harbor, documentary movies - topic

Id: Eqj9NIx411Y

Length: 49min 49sec (2989 seconds)

Published: Fri May 28 2021