The Future of Neuralink

this video and solo podcast episode is on the long-term future possibilities of brain computer interfaces and neural link specifically based on the recent update of progress given by the neural link team i have a basic outline in front of me with some ideas but most of it is just off the top of my head so i hope you're okay listening to that kind of thing about my general thoughts about neurolink and the recent update of progress i was fortunate enough to attend the demo in person as a random visitor really and chat with another random but much much smarter visitor jim keller with whom uh i did a podcast a while ago and we agreed to do another with him soon he's one of the most interesting and brilliant people i know so it was great to catch up but outside of that i was just a spectator like everybody else watching online i have no insider information have no interest in insider information i'm just a fan long time fan of the human brain and anyone who's working hard to understand its inner workings the general sense i got is that there's a lot of exciting engineering and scientific challenges that the big and varied team there is tackling i think it's a really exciting place to be just lots of ideas swimming in the air and lots of brilliant people it's always exciting to me to sort of be in the presence of great engineering teams so it's exciting to see that but what i found especially exciting for my romantic and scientific soul is the long-term vision the dreams the possibilities that were mentioned by the team on a spontaneous final question that was asked where every member of the team up there answered their own version of what they're excited about to see in the next decade two decades long-term future possibilities of technology so this video is about that my thoughts about the possible ways that neurolink might change the world and the human condition i'll try to stick to some categories some structure and try to discuss off the top of my head my thoughts of the possibilities that fall within those categories i should note here that a lot of the things i'll discuss are long-term visions of the future to make all of these visions of reality is exceptionally difficult there's a journey of many breakthroughs required but i think we are now in the realm where a lot of these things are scientific and engineering challenges that can be solved by great teams by bold innovation from many companies not just neural link hopefully many others hopefully many competitors that push the boundaries of what is possible but this video is about the visions of the possible futures and i think great efforts of humankind start with a vision let me give you a quick outline of categories within which i see some exciting possibilities so first is alleviation of human suffering second is understanding of consciousness intelligence third is augmentation of the body and mind and generally augmenting reality fourth is gaming and beyond that virtual world virtual reality fifth is all the engineering challenges around merging biological systems and computational systems basically tech sixth is telepathy much richer forms of different communication seventh is saving and replaying of memories but also saving and replaying of mental state or mind states period and finally eighth is merging with artificial intelligence all the exciting possibilities around that that i'd like to discuss so since i'm russian let's start by discussing human suffering i think first and foremost as was mentioned by the team is the possibility that neurolink might help alleviate human suffering the nervous system the brain at the very basic level is the source of pain that's both physical pain and psychological pain so you can talk about anxiety depression trauma of all different kinds the ability to measure signals from the brain and perhaps more importantly the ability to send signals and in a closed loop interact continuously with the brain sending signals in both directions it seems like it provides a very rich tool kit with which to start to deeply understand the human brain generally but in the nearest term to focus that exploration on the understanding of neurological diseases so that we may first of course understand and second to treat them a huge number of mysteries yet to be uncovered at the very basic level of how do we treat some of these diseases and that falls into the category of human suffering you know we often think about suffering as arising from the environment within which the individual lives so by placing the focus on the environment it allows us to kind of be hopeful because we can make the environment better the source of trauma the source of anxiety the source of depression all of the things that come up in political discourse these are all things that we can do something about so that's what we focus on when we try to alleviate human suffering but from another perspective the real source of suffering and pain is the human mind which creates the experience the lived experience from the perception of the external environment and the perception of the internal environment now there's a lot of discussion of meditation exercise a lot of social programs and education all kinds of things that aim to help the mind but in addition to that the exciting possibility with a brain computer interface is that we might be able to accelerate our understanding and treatment and control of the internal environment of the mind now of course it's also important to say that there's injustice in the world there's evil in the world neither neurolink or any other piece of technology will be able to get rid of hatred in the world but the hope is that at the individual level you'll be able to aid in the alleviation to some degree of all the sources of neurological suffering so second category of future possibilities in your link have to do around our understanding of how the brain and the mind works and all of the things that derive from that so basically we'll supercharge research going on in neuroscience today so first is understanding how the brain works at the functional level so all the different modules from memory to perception to cognition and all the sub-modules of that and as we untangle those pieces it's possible that it will inspire or instruct us on the engineering side of how to build smarter and smarter artificial intelligence systems so inspire totally new algorithms for learning systems for reasoning systems for knowledge base knowledge acquisition and so on and as you push that further of course to me as a artificial intelligence researcher the exciting possibility is that we may be able to understand human intelligence where not location wise but functionally where intelligence arises in the brain or good answers to the question of what is intelligence and the next step is beyond just engineering ai systems that may help us understand how we enhance it you have all these productivity hacks all these kind of life hacks understanding from where our ability to reason about this world comes from might help us to really have some nice brain hacks to improve our ability to reason in a purely natural way i'm referring to this is before any kind of augmentation from a computational device not the next level of understanding the human brain as was mentioned by the team as i bring up often the fascinating hardest most interesting problem i would say of the mind is the hard problem of consciousness beyond intelligence we're does consciousness arise from the brain again not location wise but functionally and again to be able to with more scientific rigor answer the question what is consciousness is it a property of matter is it a unique emergent property of the human brain is it something totally different that we don't even understand like our mind is some kind of key into an alternate dimension that uh only psychedelics and uh a device like neurolink may be able to unlock so at the risk of sounding crazy it's an exciting possibility to take consciousness from i would say i feel of philosophy in the 20th century to a field of science and engineering in a 21st century to me that's deeply interlinked with intelligence because i think there's a beautiful dance there between consciousness and intelligence and the human mind that's not easy or even necessary to untangle but i think understanding one will help us understand the other and finally perhaps interconnected with consciousness and intelligence it might help us take the question of is there free will into the realm of science and engineering versus the realm of philosophy to try to make a rigorous study of where does this experience of making a choice making decisions like we humans have a control of the way the future unfolds from where that arises is that a real part of the fabric of reality or is that something that the brain conjures up what i see neurolink as as i talked with elon the second time on the podcast i see it as a way to sort of get beyond the the factory walls and see how the inner workings of the factories operate as a scientist as an engineer and a bit of a philosopher that's truly exciting third future possibility of neurolink is augmentations of all different kinds so regaining the ability to move for people who can't move parts of their body i mentioned neurological conditions that affect the mind but certainly there's neurological conditions that affect the body i mean giving people who can't walk the ability to walk again or to walk for the first time such an exciting possibility if you've seen uh videos of people who for the first time are able to see color or gain a function that they didn't have before through technology the bliss in their eyes is uh is magical now the augmentation doesn't have to be just in regaining the physical function of the body it could be augmentation to the mind it could be for example regaining the ability to see by stimulating the visual cortex connecting a camera to the visual cortex and perhaps more than regaining regular visual function it could lead to superhuman level vision whether that's expanding the spectrum like ability to see infrared or it's doing some basic augmented reality kind of things where some of the detections are done for you about moving objects about the categories of objects and all that kind of stuff many of the ideas here are the same as those explored by the work that people are doing in augmented reality devices but it's it's very possible that the difference between a brain computer interface and glasses for example or heads-up displays is that bcis might be able to create a much richer high bandwidth experience with a fast closed loop of perception more so than the constraints that you have to operate under with glasses or huds fourth a super exciting possibility for those of us who were once gamers or still are gamers is by creating an immersive gaming experience so bcis might be able to once again read the brain and stimulate parts of the brain that enrich in some way the the gaming experience this could be very shallow kind of basic enrichment just being able to measure levels of excitement emotion those kinds of things that can aid in the experience of the game but also again as i said with augmented reality being able to stimulate the visual cortex in order to create an immersive visual experience so with a brain computer interface beyond just gaming you can start to think about creating virtual worlds virtual reality that's very useful for games but just creating an immersive experience of all different kinds again this is an open question but there could be technical barriers in creating an immersive rich high bandwidth experience with a virtual reality headset versus a brain computer interface it's an open question of creating a fully immersive experience what is easier to do in the long sort of arc of history with the technology we have today it seems clearly more doable in the short term to create virtual reality experiences with a headset as opposed to something that requires brain surgery but that's not to say if we look at the long arc of technological progress that the much easier solution won't come from the direct access to the brain through something like a brain computer interface and again i think bigger than gaming a lot of people write to me about psychedelics for example which i've never done but this would be an example of something where you can create visual experiences that are safe and controlled and can take you perhaps to some of those different multiple dimensions or wherever the heck you go when you take psychedelics in a more controlled way perhaps and maybe even taking a step back into more kind of vanilla experiences of visualizations and meditation so imagine the closed loop of being able to write and read from the brain in aiding the meditation experience sort of emptying your brain from thoughts figuratively and literally the fifth exciting future possibilities of neuralink and brain computer interfaces is all the innovation engineering around the two-way communication between a human-made electrical computational system and a biological system just the the fabric the nature of the two design paradigms not saying biological systems are designed but they are designed through evolution whatever that resilient mess mush of biology to the more structured architectured electrical systems that are programmed explicitly and clearly the communication between these two different worlds and bringing them closer and closer together is super exciting first at the very basic level there could be all the innovation around robotic neurosurgery or even surgery in general so allowing robots to do what narrow ai systems do best which is for basic tasks that have vision and control where everything's controlled in the environment fully actuated system to be able to minimize the risk of injury maximize the probability of success so there's a lot of interesting innovations around just the robotic side of that the next layer of that when you look at some of the materials engineering and even the computational side of connecting the laces to the brain so connecting the electrical device to the biological device we may be able to understand how to engineer sort of physical computational systems that have some of the same nice properties of resilience that biological systems have and in so doing be able to work better with biological systems but also just be able to be more resilient more robust more adaptable perhaps or maybe come up with totally different ways that such systems can learn about their environment just like our biological systems can at multiple levels and another layer of that when you look at what neurolink is currently doing they have 1024 channels the engineering around scaling that to i don't want to put numbers out but any number above that is super exciting it's already 100x anything else that's out there but you can imagine especially long term it being ten thousand hundred thousand i mean it could be millions maybe billions i mean there's so much possibility of engineering breakthroughs about the number of channels that are possible that we can't yet imagine and that's a engineering challenge of how to scale these number of connections which are tricky to do because they have to live exist successfully in cooperation with biological systems for months years you know for long periods of time that's really interesting i feel like that's a forcing function for us to understand really how we can engineer systems that in the best possible ways are not only able to uh work with other biological systems but become more like those biological systems so sixth possible future of neurolink and bcis was mentioned a few times by the team under the flag of telepathic communication or telepathy conceptual and consensual telepathy so i think in general to enrich the the bandwidth in quantity and quality of the communication between two human beings so you can imagine being able to communicate not just through this kind of 1d realm of words but to communicate visual concepts first of all but also kind of mind maps of like multi-dimensional concept maps that are in our mind when we're trying to reason through things to be able to communicate those in some way it doesn't even have to be kind of a perfect replication but any kind of improvement increase in the bandwidth of the communication between humans on the visual or on the conceptual side is super interesting i think somebody on the team mentioned kind of art to be able to communicate creative artistic kind of things in your mind and share them with others without having to learn the skill of converting that art into uh something in the physical world that's uh that can be you know observed by others you can sort of directly without learning the skill be able to communicate all the crazy beautiful things that are in your mind i think for my world of like programming for example it'd be exciting to think that two human beings at any level could sort of collaborate together uh it gives a whole nother meaning to pear coding where two people can collaborate together as they work in a on a project of any kind whether it's in the programming world or any kind of design world architecture any kind of illustrations all that kind of stuff collaborations between humans for uh intellectual labor for design for engineering work or any any kind of collaboration in the intellectual space and uh finally i think it'd be pretty good for podcasting so uh for those of us who don't like the sound of our voice and funny enough don't like to be in front of the camera instead of having to convert my thoughts awkwardly in a monotone voice into a microphone i can somehow communicate them in a much richer way which i think at least for an introvert i think the kind of things going on in my mind seem to be much more eloquent and interesting than the kind of things that come out of my mouth when i perform the conversion so from like a car mechanic or maybe i should say like brain mechanic perspective my uh converter it's not working very well between the the brain thoughts and visualizations and concepts based to mouth speaking different uh english concepts so i look forward to uh this podcast being consumed and generated telepathically so seven possible future application of neurolink would be the ability to save and replay memories or save and replay mind states it's a way to do what daniel kahneman for example talks about as many of us kind of live life through memories of previous events so kind of the memorable special things that happen to us are experienced more deeply and more frequently through our memories than directly when we actually experience them for the first time and the exciting possibility of neural link is basically improving the resolution of that memory replay that we generally do anyway as people should check out daniel kahneman's work he describes it quite eloquently and it's true many of us live in our memories it's also from a certain perspective uh nice to be able to modify delete or alter some of those memories so for example on a on a darker side it could be traumatic events that you know from a psychological perspective could be haunting you can remove or at least alleviate the impact of those memories onto your cognition or maybe pull stuff from the subconscious you can think of it as a freud's favorite kind of toolkit to uh play around and explore with our own mind to uh discover our demons so as opposed to the david goggins approach that i've taken recently of doing insane amounts of exercise to uh to discover and have a conversation with my demons could do it in a more controlled and safe environment of uh brain computer interfaces as a quick side note there's interesting echoes of uh the memory replay that you've seen our reinforcement learning systems so it's kind of interesting to think that instead of just us being able to replay our memories it could be our own little machine learning systems that can learn something from our previous memories by replaying them over and over to try to give us maybe a strategy of how to avoid those memories in the past so it's basically converting our prior experiences into data and once it's converted into data that could be used for all kinds of applications so you can think of like a personal machine learning system that can replay your memories and uh try to figure out try to be a a personal executive assistant to you to advise you what to learn from those experiences with a lot of these applications that i've already discussed privacy and security is of paramount importance i mean like with actually a lot of our technology but this is very much at the forefront of what uh neurolink is working on currently and always will be and i think a lot of companies in general in the tech space will sink or swim based on how much they respect privacy and security i think in the early days of our development with social networks and so on you could get away easier by being careless with people's data i think my long-term perhaps optimistic but i think it's a realistic view of the future that people will demand much more control over their data demand much more transparency around privacy and security transparency and clarity so of course that's underlying all the different features that i'm uh discussing and finally to move a little bit beyond the ability to save and replay memories is to save mental states and that's essentially a path towards digital immortality so you can think of being able to save the contents or the critical contents of your mind into digital form and then being able to transfer to other systems to robots or as in for example my discussion with sarah seeger who searches for habitable planets outside our solar system exoplanets we discussed the idea that one way perhaps to reach far away livable planets that might have extraterrestrial intelligent life on them is by sending digital humans there so being able to save essential or entire contents of the human mind and to be able to reload it once you arrive into uh any kind of whether it's a biological or a robotic system so that's that's the kind of stuff that ray kurzweil thinks about it's also a kind of stuff that i think a lot of people are excited about is the ability to store and digitally transfer the contents the important the beautiful contents of the human mind finally the eighth future possibility of neurolink and also one of the original motivations behind the company is the methodology by which the human mind the human brain the human society can merge with artificial intelligence systems once they're able to achieve human level and superhuman level intelligence since the origins of the field of ai most if not all of the progress that's been made has been in what might be called narrow artificial intelligence but as a lot of people have discussed now there's a lot of debates around this there's a lot of thoughts but but it seems very possible that humans limited though we are will one day be able to engineer systems that are far more intelligent than us human beings in some dimension that fundamentally changes the fabric of human society so we already have ai systems that are much better at a lot of things in humans in a narrow way but there might be a set of dimensions where an intelligent system is able to generalize better than humans in a set of tasks that can lead to existential risks to human beings where artificial intelligence systems essentially become a kind of direct or indirect competitor whether that's a paper clip manufacturing ai systems that destroys all humans just to make its manufacture paper clips a little bit more efficient or if it's a much more complex distributed system kind of like our social networks of today but much smarter with some kind of combination of gpt 3 or gpt-20 systems that kind of creep up on us like the boiling water creeps up on the lobster and overwhelms the resources or the capacities of human civilization in a way that's fundamentally traumatic or destructive or poses an existential risk even if that point is far away in time and that's difficult to predict i think it's very difficult to rationally say that we will never reach that point so once you allow that as a possibility you start to think from a engineering perspective how can we minimize the existential risk associated with that and then creating ways to merge with the ai so we kind of ride the wave of ai and they ride the wave of the functionalities of the human brain is an interesting possibility i think it's a beautiful vision of a future that's mostly filled with mystery so we don't know how agi systems will evolve but it's an interesting idea that as ai systems become smarter and smarter it is one way to ensure our survival is to expand the capacity of the human mind to communicate with ai and with the ai to communicate with the human mind at the basic level to me that's super exciting because ai systems can learn from the brain the brain can learn from ai systems and i'm as a person who is a big fan of deep thinking of sitting for multiple hours and focusing on a single idea and just thinking with a sheet of paper and thinking about an idea i find myself needing to look up things a lot and that's actually a huge distraction and it's a huge drain on my mental resources and and the kind of distraction the the timing of the thinking is disrupted by having to look up different kinds of information to look up different kinds of papers to look up even basic information on wikipedia so the ability to kind of close the loop to increase the bandwidth of thinking of the lookup of the information that's available online is super exciting to me now that's not even agi that's just like basic uh recommender systems basic search engines basic even like gbt three plus plus type of communication back and forth i think that's really exciting to empower the brain as it's doing the usual kind of deep thinking that it's capable of and then of course but then of course you could take that farther as the ai systems get smarter and smarter and smarter if we completely open the gates of the communication in two ways then it increases the likelihood of agi not leaving us behind and i think that's a scary and exciting future and that's probably where we humans do our best work i hope these thoughts were interesting useful to some of you in these difficult times of economic pain of political division i personally and i hope others do too draw a lot of inspiration from companies from people from scientists that are boldly pushing forward the limits of human knowledge the limits of human capability and just engineering and building doing their best to engineer and build a better future for our world so i hope you find it inspiring as well and as always i love you all and hope to see you next time you

Channel: Lex Fridman

Views: 200,771

Keywords: elon musk, neuralink, lex fridman, lex mit, lex elon, lex podcast, lex fridman podcast, lex fridman podcast elon musk

Id: aJgZgisiUsY

Length: 33min 25sec (2005 seconds)

Published: Tue Sep 01 2020

Reddit Comments

[u/matxapunga]

I think I saw him during the Neuralink last presentation. Can someone confirm?

[u/birazzzzz]

We will see some unimagined breakthrough prior to neuralink being a customer product and thats fact.

[u/t500x200]

Good one. Lex is great.

Regarding nr. 7, 22:29, If switching over to new body happens too fast, there will be no experience of intersection-ing, and it may very well be experienced as death/dying.

The way I imagine that I see improved way of approach is with parts-switching, modules switching, to improve the emergence. 

And particularly, some changing of parts would be more encompassing/dramatic, - yet there would not be any shutdown of entire system in favor of another, meaning: there may be some way to replace systems that provide energy to brain to doing its operationing (and it's basically the neck where what's needed input/output has to align). 

So we might be able to cut out a lot of the meat and then focus also on how to improve the core parts of the brain's hierarchy (as meaning what is conventionally considered as the brain itself).