The First Men to Cross the Oceans | Setting Sail (Sailing Documentary) | Timeline

[Music] much of the planet is covered by oceans to most people they were a barrier but there was one small group of people who conquered them long before anyone else they were the first blue water sailors and this is their story [Music] [Applause] it is known as the Polynesian triangle an area of ocean stretching from Hawaii to New Zealand to Easter Island it is huge more than the landmass of Europe and Asia combined British explorer James Cook was the first to reach he was also the first to realize that wherever he went people had been there before hundreds sometimes thousands of years earlier people who spoke a common language a race of master sailors descended from the same stock one of the West's greatest navigators he was astounded how shall we account for this nation spreading itself so far over this vast ocean he wrote we find them from New Zealand in the South to Hawaii in the north and from Easter Island to the Hebrides phrased more than 200 years ago the question has kept archaeologists occupied ever since and it has by no means been resolved there now is some agreement over when and how the Polynesians find out across the Pacific though much remains based on speculation and the further we recede in time the hazy er the picture because this is not the story of a single continuous migration there are several steps here on the islands of Papua New Guinea a first wave of dark-skinned settlers arrived at least 40,000 years ago because of the ice age sea levels were lower than they are now creating land bridges that linked New Guinea and Australia but getting to that large landmass still involved the crossing of several sea channels [Music] these islands saw the birth of seafaring at a time not usually associated with seafaring capabilities [Music] about 5,000 years ago a second wave of migrants arrived lighter-skinned and with Asian features they would later move on into the Pacific becoming the ancestors of the Polynesians of their ships nothing is known there are no records or stories but once they reach the islands northeast of New Guinea these people left something very distinctive we're going to an island called the bassy when we landed pegasi Elaine is to get to the village of Kumgang just behind come dot is a Lapidus site 3,300 years old the Lapidus site itself represents a group of seafaring people who came here and colonized the area and who stayed for maybe a few hundred years maybe longer Glenn Summerhays is an archaeologist with the Australian National University these islands in Papua New Guinea's Bismarck Archipelago are difficult to reach but for anyone interested in Polynesian history they provide important clues because the pottery found here tells us a great deal more than what might be expected Lapita initially represented by decorated forms of pottery it was Ark logically visible it was easy to identify and walk up people his attention was the fact that it was found over the years from the Guinea all the way out to Samoa there was the psychological signature of the first colonization of what we call remote Oceania the thing is people have been living in near Oceania for well over 30,000 years probably longer so pottery was found twenty seven thirty thousand years after the first people arrived in this these group of islands so who were the people who made the pottery how did they interact legal open happiness and these are questions that we really don't have answers for at the moment there are still many unknowns about the Lapita people in other words which glen and his assistants are now trying to uncover Kieran Baba say they have found a rich site the site of Kumgang is one of perhaps three or four of the most important early repeater sites in the Bismarck Archipelago it's important for a lot of reasons but for me the reason I come back and back again is the fact that we're finding pristine conditions for excavation we're finding early Lapita pottery we're finding it in a Maclin condition we're actually finding a Lapita village a village where tens of thousands of pieces of pottery bits of obsidian volcanic glass shell armbands fish hooks all the things from the past that people use in everyday life we're finding in this village the density is incredible within a one by one metre we're finding over 3,000 bits of pottery for the tall pottery sherds we're finding over 300 pieces of obsidian black volcanic glass we're finding shellfish holes we're finding shell armbands we're finding teeth with drilled holes and it uses necklaces this is in a 1 by 1 meter test bed going down no more than 1.2 1.3 meters but it is the pottery which remains the star witness in this part of the story we are getting glimpses into the form of interaction between near Oceania and remote Oceania and this glimpse into the form of interaction is by comparing the pottery designs than motifs found on repeater pottery in the areas of Papua New Guinea and comparing them to those Smokies found in Tonga and Samoa what we're finding is the people that were living here making the pottery making the shell armbands interacted with people from Samoa what the nature of interaction is we're not too sure but we do know that when pottery forms change here similar changes are occurring in Tonga and Samoa and this leads me to believe some form of interaction occurred whether it was once a year or once a decade or once a hundred years I'm not too sure the Lapita people left more than pottery in other words by carefully decorating their earthenware they also provided insight on when and where they moved into the Pacific yeah 20 or 30 years ago people explain the similarity of pottery across the Pacific as a result of trade and exchange that's the only way they could see the complexity of designs found our vast area but now through petrographic and chemical analysis we find that most of the pottery found in Vanuatu was made in Vanuatu the pottery in New Caledonia was made in New Caledonia the pots are not moving how do you explain the similarity across vast distances it would have to be that the pots aren't moving it's the people it's the ideas of moving and this explains the movement of people across the western Pacific whichever way we look at it it was an impressive migration starting in the second millennium BC the Lapita people began sailing from the Bismarck Archipelago north of New Guinea past the solomon chain to New Caledonia Fiji and Tonga a route which has become known as the Lapita corridor altogether it covered more than two thousand miles much of it against prevailing winds and currents [Music] [Music] it was clearer than the pita people also settled Samoa in the western Pacific but interestingly there was very little early evidence of that until the Simone's decided they needed a larger ferry to connect their islands at the ferry birth and wooly Fonua on the island of rule a very important discovery was made the discovery was entirely accidental the man was looking for shells where they were dredging out this fairy birth and he noticed that there were these bits of rock with markings on them and he wanted to know what they were he showed them to one of my students who'd worked with me there he recognized what they were and immediately told me and I got the shirts from him Roger green at the time with the University of Auckland eventually received hundreds of decorated pot shirts it was clear that they represented a key piece of the Lapita puzzle he has helped to solve the missing piece of the puzzle had been submerged in other words now the entire picture became clear the distribution of the Lapita runs from the Bismarck Archipelago through 4000 kilometers to the west all the way out to Fiji Tonga and now Samoa and the significance of this find was to find the early site in Samoa and then to show that there was actually material in it that came from Fiji and Tonga and helped us show the both the voyages and the interconnections between these people the organic material admits the rocks also a lot for precise dating indicating the Lapita people arrived in Samoa between two thousand nine hundred and two thousand seven hundred years ago but most evidence relating to that early presence still lies submerged you know enough money to look in several places I have a map of where to look in the right commissioner yes there now is agreement that the Lapidus settlers of the western Pacific stayed there for some time maybe 500 years or even longer becoming Polynesian in the process during that time they changed their cooking methods increasingly relying on earth ovens rather than pots before long the pottery disappeared altogether and with it the shirts that enabled archaeologists to track the movements of their Lapita ancestors sometime in the first millennium BC these people who have beasts as well into the expanse of the Pacific I take a what I call a punctuated view of this in other words there were a series of pauses in the settlement of the Pacific and this movement had to do with improving transport mechanisms and the particular development there that was the most important is the development of the double canoe while this helps explain how they moved on it doesn't cover why they did so all we can do is speculate about their motivation they were out there looking for a new island and expecting to find them that was the view that these people in the Pacific had and the interesting thing is archaeologists find it almost impossible to go to any piece of real estate in this whole area of remote Oceania without finding that people have been there before even so there is uncertainty over which piece of real estate was first settled in absence of pottery archaeologists have to look for different clues there is logic in common sense for instance which would point to a first sight nearer rather than further from the point of departure in the case of Tonga and Samoa this would suggest an arrival in the Cook Islands some archaeologists believe this is where the Polynesians first arrived though the material evidence to prove so has not yet been uncovered beyond of the islands of French Polynesia which could also claim an early arrival based on common sense in at least one case there also seems to be a linguistic connection [Music] the islands of Tahoe Andrea taya for instance used to be called people in Hawaii names that are almost identical to those of the Samoan Islands from which the first migrants might have left it could be mere coincidence though riah tail or earth while Hawaii is traditionally seen as the sacred Island from which much of Polynesia was later colonized that sacred role is confirmed by the number of Mirai 4 ancient temples here including the temple of taboo taboo attire still the most sacred site in all of Polynesia but these structures date from a much later time thus far there is no archaeological evidence to confirm riot as early role in the settlement of the Pacific within sight of taboo taboo Atia is the island of Wahine another possible candidate for an early settlement site but the earliest remnants found here thus far date to about the eighth or ninth century in spite of this relatively late start Wahine - played a prominent role in Polynesian history as is clear from the many Mara that are scattered throughout the island some are among the largest and most important in all of Polynesia though the most intriguing perhaps are the many smaller temples that were built side-by-side along the lagoon [Music] much of what we know about the archaeology of this part of Polynesia is the result of the work of professor Kenneth Emery in the 1930s it was continued by his student Yasuhiko senato now one of the greatest Polynesian experts himself 1929 my professor dr. Murray came to the tragedy and during his honeymoon he recorded Mariah all over the society islands and of course he came to Hawaii he said that Maya is a very unique place because all the Chiefs of rohini lip service and ballistically so that the Maya area was a taboo area for kimonos high above the temples along the lagoon a Metiria hill dr. Sonata discovered even more ruins but maintaining these structures is a struggle the forest quickly takes over in this part of the world this is a constant problem every year we come back from Honolulu recreate by our serviced by our funds we're asking the Tahitian government to maintain the place because this is good for the tourist attraction as well as educational sites but since we found the site 1979 and actually restored the partially in 1984 the concept program to maintain that place what the efforts are clearly worth it for there's much to be learned from this site aside from the temples there are burial sites foundations of homes for priests and cheese as well as fortifications proving life here was not all peaceful and quiet in spite of the obvious importance of Wahine and its neighbors in the Polynesian story doctor sonoda is convinced that these islands were bypassed by the first polynesian migrants but where then did they go and where did they subtle polynesian legend tell us that the ancestors came from west and came to tie the area and Tahiti is the head of octopus then from there dispersed but I had a chance to go to my cases 1964 and 65 and based on my excavation and radiocarbon dates that Cetera's in the markets of Ireland probably reached there about their obesity to 300 [Music] from that I proposed that marques Island was probably the center of dispersal for East Asia it remains a controversial hypothesis since it would have required the first Polynesian migrants to sail an enormous distance against the wind and against the current and against reason and logic it seems for there are plenty of islands in between but there is no question that there was an early presence in the Marquesas with some of the earliest evidence of humans in all of East Polynesia having been located here and there was no question that these early arrivals were dispersed in turn and move far beyond still puzzling people who studied them for nearly a lifetime why they have to move so quickly it's such a hurry video because even 8850 the printing press and I have been saying that why they have to move that the nature of formations they have ocean-going canoes they have a knowledge of navigation and they know how to preserve food that knowledge would have been particularly useful because on one of their next moves the Polynesians managed to reach the most isolated island on the planet until the Marquesas the early Polynesians at least had the benefit of encountering islands along the way from the western Pacific but beyond that the island chain stopped between the Marquesas and the South American coast were no more than a few small islands including this one more than a thousand miles from its nearest neighbor today it still relies on the coming and going of ships to provide supplies and with hardly a fourth to accommodate them they have to be unloaded at sea [Music] [Music] [Music] the arrival of the first people here still ranks is one of the greatest feats in human migration after all the island is no more than a lone volcanic outcropping of some 50 square miles more than 2,000 miles upwind from the Marquesas and further still from the rest of French Polynesia if any island on the planet should have been missed this would have been it and yet the Polynesians didn't in fact they settled it and soon left impressive proof for their presence we're facing who hung a picot located on the western side of the island and his ceremonial altar one of the 300 of this guy archaeologists turned businessman Sergio Rocco is keenly involved in restoring the many statues known as moai that are found here on Easter Island or Rapa Nui as it is known throughout Polynesia part of that commitment includes a daily visit to Hangul Picchu to confer with his brother Rafael who is overseeing the altars restoration the site has one moai has a central platform nicely defined and we're in the final stage of even the final - of restoration of the site who has been almost nine months in different phase of the work excavating first documenting and gathering all the evidence that helped date the site and put in historical perspective and now we're actually finishing by putting the final stone on the platforms and the payment in the back much has been written about the how and why of these colossal statues but while there is some uncertainty about how the Easter Islanders managed to transport the statues from the quarry to their final location there is no longer doubt about their function the cult of the ancestor is a common practice a religious practice from Southeast Asia all the way to Eastern and in different islands and different regions the ancestor was represented differently in some cases you will have a very small as Stonehenge that some cases you will have a flat stone where the ancestor is supposed to sit in other case you will find a cairn or a pile of rocks but indicating the presence of the ancestor and in Easter Island these ancestor figures shape like human figure at the beginning became a unique figure of this island aside from honoring the ancestors the statues may also provide clues on when these ancestors arrived tradition holds that the first canoe was led by ho-tu Matua who arrived at anakena beach from Toshiba the ancestral homeland but thus far there is no universal agreement on when that would have taken place the carbon dating we have established seventh century dating from a hota hai I will expect to find the first evidence of human occupation of this island several century further back from a hota hai that is around three to four century a deal that could let's then Easter Island to be one of the earliest of sites in these Polynesia and the reason I push back several centuries America with the high date is because of the high is already one kind of religious alternate that have distance itself from the ancestor figures or form of moriah that we suspect probably derived form and so the statues may also confirm the likely departure point of the first settlers the rapidly culture based on the comparison with other Polynesian culture suggests the first that we're firmly an East Polynesian culture now where exactly we came from in East Polynesia we have to look from places that where first settle before Easter Island in the most immediate place that this at least suggested for a long time is the Marquesas Islands [Music] [Music] [Music] with Easter Island the markeson settled the most easterly point of the Polynesian triangle not long after their voyage is East they also set out in a northerly direction nearly 2,000 miles further they reached a new island chain how they managed to find it no one knows after all no one could have known whether there was land in that direction though the Marquesas probably suspected as much after observing the flight path of birds unfortunately the first people here didn't leave any statues to help us figure out when they reached Hawaii but there are other ways that this can be determined the sink holes here on southwestern Oahu formed in an old coral reef the reform women see was higher than at present the seat dropped down again left the coral reef high and dry and rainwater being a little bit of City after dissolving carbon dioxide in the softer parts of more soluble parts of this reef have dissolved what we call sinkhole and through thousands of years as they were forming any birds or the animals that happen to fall in a sinkhole and couldn't get out again would leave their bones in the sink Ellen Ziegler is a zoologist who specializes in Hawaii's native fauna the job often takes him deep into the sinkholes to search for the remains of birds and other animals we take the bones and other animal material out of the sinkholes by different levels and in general the top level will be the youngest in the bottom level the oldest and then we can take just a bone or two from one of these layers and radiocarbon dated and we can tell that larious may be five thousand years old or is only five hundred years old but there's another interesting thing we can do about those levels if we keep the material from each consecutive level separate and analyze it separately down at the bottom the very lowest levels in these sinkholes will find for instance all native way snails and then as we come up younger and younger levels then all of a sudden a particular tiny little snail it was introduced by Polynesians all over the Central Pacific including Hawaii that snail turns up in that layer so we know that layer must post-date the time the earliest Hawaiians got here and it is so by carefully examining layer after layer and searching for clues to changes in the environment brought about by the first humans that some idea can be obtained on the timing of their arrival it's just judging from what few dates I know and so on I'm not an archaeologist I would think maybe fifteen hundred years ago the first Hawaiians got here Hawaiian legends convey a later date but they refer to a second wave of immigrants these people left more concrete evidence of their presence and their chance trace their royal lineage all the way back to the time when men came from afar from the ancestral homeland of kojiki by converting the successive generations to years that would have taken place 1,000 years ago [Applause] they also speak of a period of voyages back and forth to the islands they left and it was these voyages that would inspire a more recent generation of Hawaiians to build a voyage in canoe and rediscover their maritime roots if we want to do the Hawaii Tahiti trips and you take the genealogies and you count the generation it looks like the heyday was around 1200 AD but no one knew what a canoe of that era would have looked like it didn't deter anthropologists Ben Finney and his colleagues technically what we're doing is experimental archaeology the ideal of experimental archaeology is to take an archaeological II recovered artifact and duplicate it with the same materials and the same construction techniques and then test it to see how it works but canoes don't sink because they have no ballast so we have no archaeologically recovered example fortunately there were other sources that could be used we studied all the canoes as recorded by cook and other Europeans and they made some exquisite drawings and we tried to develop a common denominator design that would be an archaic East Polynesian canoe and so was born the first Polynesian voyaging canoe replicas her name is Hokulea Hawaiian for Arcturus the island zenith star but some shortcuts had to be made we knew we could not build a 60 foot 19 metre canoe the old way of hand cutting the pieces with stone adzes and fitting together and sewing them together and so forth we'd still be working on it now so we made it with modern materials we tried to keep the shape right and the weight right so we had a heavy we thought well shape replica though no one will ever know whether it is also an accurate replica Hokulea undoubtedly possesses some of the old voyaging canoes principle characteristics it's a double canoe that is twin hulls symmetrical this gives you stability and carrying capacity outriggers are fine maybe a little faster more maneuverable less load carrying and very tippy so this is a voyaging canoe for transporting lots of people [Music] over the past 25 years Hokulea has traveled all over the Pacific in the process much has been learned and re learned about Polynesian sailing and navigation and about the conditions that would have existed on the original voyages I can imagine that a canoe like that would take 43062 people in which case is loaded low on the water it's slow and you have only limited food and water supplies surprising left on the problems is cold because you go out there with a stiff wind and a lot of head seas hitting you a lot of spray over you you're very cold you lose body heat and you lose too much you die but it didn't deter them all the islands worth living on got populated [Music] [Music] there now was only one direction left to explore in the Pacific sometime around the end of the first millennium perhaps even earlier people from the Central Pacific Islands of French Polynesia headed that way they first sailed to the Cook Islands and from there they headed south to our tail rod the land of the long white cloud now known far less poetically as New Zealand they knew there would have been land there because birds could be seen heading that way but they didn't know how far it was and that it would be a tough trip into decisively less tropical waters difficulties that are still recollected in the Maori rich fall tradition the chance comes from my older Northlands about seven years old it refers to an ancestor named Naruto Fiji who came on a walker called bar talking about the follow the specific chant is about calming the seizes eenz at the hokianga harbour it's very old in very archaic goes back well over 20 generations ago grow weary TOA nui is a historian at the University of Auckland who specializes in the Mallory's unique worker traditions what the traditions are about arrival settlement in dispersal around the north is earphones of Museum a long genealogy which you can take some history from typically might be 40 to say 60 generations long you know so it's a recitation of names but above say twenty five generations something like that it contains elements that are symbolic as well as historical aside from the difficulties of distinguishing between symbolism and history there are elements that have tainted this or all record if traditions talk too much about the place they came from like it's quite detailed about say tides your dad or Tom then that's usually been acquired through European knowledge the earlier material is more oblique more symbolic the more oral tradition you learn the easier it is to pick up the discrepancies in language style context in detail and it's quite easy to pick out what's being inserted after 1900 given the complexities involved in the possible addition of foreign elements much of Polynesia's oral history has been treated with caution if not skepticism but row weary colony is convinced it contains much valuable information in regard to the Polynesian expansion and especially their arrival in the most southern part of the Polynesian triangle Western scholars of always search for the first arrival and the thing is is there different tribes have their own version of Li the first arrival is there are twenty or thirty worker traditions that are well known throughout the country but worker traditions contain multiple layers and so they contain elements which are about migrations in the Pacific elements which are about migrations from the Pacific to New Zealand and in other elements that are about migrations inside New Zealand now that's just the twenty or thirty main canoe traditions looking wider than that these nearly 400 communities and their traditions and some of them is a very old enduring of skill and it may well be that amongst those these well-known traditions that one of them in fact is the first upon careful analysis oral traditions match the archaeological record quite well especially as far as the arrivals from central Polynesia are concerned but they may also contain information about much earlier arrivals one of my thoughts is is that these perhaps in India water from West Polynesia because in one part of their country and west coast of the North Island there are a number of genealogies and snippets of tradition which don't fit with these Polynesia archeologists would say the obscurity that fits with a scenario that the navigators who came from Melanesia and Polynesia were good at navigating that was sophisticated they they knew what they were doing and there's no reason for them to stop them it also fits with a scenario that if he was a contact from West Polynesia it was long ago it was brief though there is no archaeological evidence for such a voyage there is no reason why couldn't have taken place at an early stage in fact according to a theory developed by Jeff Irwin also the University of Auckland it would have made eminent sense in 1985 I decided to take my own boat up to New Guinea and as we sailed up to Fiji and then through the islands of Melanesia what we were actually doing was retracing the steps of the Lapita colonists had been sailing the other way and I began to think what would it have been like for them sailing in the opposite direction generally against the wind for us it was really easy we were sailing with the easterly trade winds we were slipping easily downwind and I became to realise that it was the ease of sailing with the wind that made exploring against the wind possible because in the event of not finding land all I had to do was turn around take the trade winds and then run back down on their starting Island obviously it was the safe thing to do the safe thing to do also appeared to fit the archaeological evidence but her wounds was only one of many theories and not necessarily an easy one to prove what we thought we'd do was we would send off voyages in the computer and we would see if we could get the computer to duplicate the archaeological evidence the beauty of a computer is that you can set off thousands of voyages and you can give the the results and opportunity to stabilize statistically so the computer was going to give you patterns and the results the results confirmed that an early voyage to New Zealand even in late Lapita times would have been possible and not necessarily more challenging than other voyages undertaken by the first Pacific voyagers they also help explain why the main migration from Central Polynesia to New Zealand would take place so much later New Zealand is the most difficult archipelago in Polynesia to reach because it's south of the tropics it's in a different weather system and there can be worse weather down here and coming down here in this direction but crews at real risk because they might be able to return so the first voyage is from central Polynesia may have been tentative steps we're going to leave those canoes dry and find their way back over in front land so that strategy number four which is return voyage the month is January so there going to be some pretty good easterly winds for them to come ten canoes in that fleet and we're going to give them seven weeks now they're not going to quite make New Zealand so sixteen days is their turnaround day and their angle out is still 230 degrees on the compass so we can put that data and there we go and off they go exploring and each canoe is picking up its winds and so on for each day okay let's have a look will show the villages and there they are and it will zoom them up so we'll just have a look and see what's happened now these canoes that we after are a tonic that sailed in the right direction they went out for 16 days and one of them hit the Kermadec on the way out the Green Line stopped where they have actually run out of time and now they've turned around those red lines they're trying to find their way home a couple of those canoes have run into the most southern of the kurma decks and the rest have got back either to the southern cooks this one here looks as if it's got to the Austral so strategy for has enabled these canoes to go searching for land they've gone in the right direction they turn around too quick but they've all stayed alive sailing into the wind often seen as the greatest obstacle to the colonization of the Pacific made sense because it maximizes the chances of survival in case of failure it helps us understand why the Polynesians first sailed East perhaps as far as South America before heading north and south to Hawaii and New Zealand and it makes clear that the process was delivered and controlled but it doesn't explain why it all eventually came to an end in the last millennium it looks as if the frequency of voyaging has slowed down and it's a real mystery the places where people kept on communicating are the exceptions not their all and we can only wonder why voyaging stops to thoughts come to my mind one is that the focus of people's attention became internal as populations grew and in society became more complex and maybe competitive and the other reason is because the process of exploration had had a feedback component it was understood at the islands which were found were all that the world [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] it appears that once colonized the Pacific did indeed become a more complex place though there still was inter-island voyages around the middle of the first millennium these contacts too began to fall rather than expending energy on great voyages more time and effort was devoted to complex religious rituals and monuments a process that consumed vast resources and in places like Easter Island this would have dramatic effects the island is limited in natural resource and the pristine ecosystem is so fragile that once the new population come in it can disturb quickly if this new population of pollination were growing continuously they will demand the clearing of the land to plant the more food and feed them and because of this process the forest formation was quickly deteriorated deforestation in turn led to poor soils resulting in less food for a growing population this created hunger conflict and finally war the great statues were toppled and abandoned but it was too late by causing deforestation the ancient Rapa Nui have created a trap for themselves not only in protection of their soils and ecosystem but also in eliminating food that would have been so important to make a large canoe and we'll let them navigate to other destiny so they were trapped have you would necessary to make canoes elsewhere in the Pacific society had become more complex as well Pacific cultures became less hospitable eliminating the principal motivation for traveling to explore to settle and afterwards to stay in touch so there are two the great voyagers eventually stopped voyaging ironically they did so at a time when others began arriving in the Pacific people who set out to sea with totally different motivations to make money to dominate or to impose their religion Western explorers were surprised to find people wherever they went how they got there seemed inconceivable the natives tales of great voyages were dismissed [Music] it wasn't until James Cook arrived became clear their legends were based in fact that these people had found out all over the largest ocean on the planet how shall we count for this nation spreading itself so far over this vast ocean until that question is fully answered the story of the human conquest of the sea can never be complete because these people wrote its first chapter [Music] you

Channel: Timeline - World History Documentaries

Views: 231,755

Keywords: Ancient accomplishments, Ancient artifacts, Ancient migrations, Anthropology, Archaeology, Cultural documentaries, Epic travelers, Hidden histories, Historical insights, History, History enthusiasts, Indigenous conquerors, Indigenous storytelling, Indonesian history, Maritime heritage, Ocean exploration, Oceanic myths and legends, Pacific Ocean, Southeast Asia, Timeline - World History Documentaries, Traditional knowledge

Id: engWBTqeUD0

Length: 51min 8sec (3068 seconds)

Published: Tue Feb 11 2020