The Cannibals Of The Four Corners (Native American Documentary) | Timeline

[Music] the American Southwest a land of desolate beauty [Music] this rocky soil has supported many cultures over time and around 200 ad one legendary society arose here [Music] the Anasazi for more than a thousand years these early Native Americans flourished in a region west of today's Santa Fe New Mexico little is known about the Anasazi but archeologists and historians have viewed them as a model society peaceful democratic a near utopian community we know they cultivated maize and observed the Stars [Music] they built a world of sophisticated architecture engineering and urban planning of astronomical record-keeping and pottery adorned with fine art but all that was shattered around 1200 AD when the Anasazi disappeared no one knows exactly why they left behind abandoned buildings and their bones today new forensic findings are casting this ancient supposedly peace-loving people in a very different light our view of the Anasazi is being turned upside down unearthing the facts has been one man's lifelong obsession we look around at this beauty it's incredibly beautiful but something happened here it was not pleasant [Music] [Music] physical anthropologist Christy Turner has spent the last 30 years studying the ancient peoples of the Southwest he investigates the skeletal remains of men women and children when we look at a child a child is hard it's very hard to deal with it's easier to see this as an object but on the other hand if we look at it very closely we can begin to see things about the child we can tell from the kinds of dental wear and the kinds of dental damage that the child had been you know relatively healthy up to a certain point but this episode stopped the child's life notice that the nose is broken the blown out sockets of the teeth we think this kind of damage results from having been hit in the face with this film but we cannot tell if the child was alive or if it was dead at the time this happened once a forensic consultant for the American police now a professor at Arizona State University Turner has devoted his entire career to investigating a unique brand of violence he believes that the ancient peoples of the southwest were much more brutal than ever suspected the Anasazi have been portrayed as peaceful happy farmers you know with no problems you will see the evidence of violence and warfare almost every place you look now people don't seem to have any problem with violence you can attack town kill 800 people nobody gets too excited but people have a big problem watching in just in this great town watching our evidence say that someone was being eaten cannibalism humans butchered roasted and eaten it's such a disturbing practice that few scientists until recently were even willing to investigate if you infer what happened here and you follow the inferences and their logical tracks you come to a very very very very emotional set of events going on the history indicates that people are screaming the women are begging not to be killed the men who tried to help them get mutilated they mutilate the people who are alive they're cutting their arms off while they're alive and some of these things are horrible and if you let yourself see these things it becomes very difficult to be objective about what you're doing dealing with in 1969 as a young professor Turner presented a controversial paper describing traces of cannibalism in the American Southwest it was roundly rejected but along with his late wife Jacqueline he persevered over the following three decades he amassed evidence of cannibalistic practices these findings are only now changing our understanding of Anasazi society he argued his case in the classroom and in his publications there's a pattern of decapitation and then roasting of the head to a certain degree not too much you don't want to burn everything up you walk off and and ruin your dinner Turner's findings have led to him being attacked and ridiculed lined up against him on Native American tribes like the Zuni the Hopi and their clans who consider themselves the descendants of the Anasazi they find Turner's claims shockingly inaccurate first of all on the issue of violence and cannibalism we do have some memory of different types of violent behavior inflicted upon Hopi people we do not have any traditions about any of the 60 or so clients that we know once existed of inflicting any kind of behavior that extreme against any other Hopi client but Turner believes he has identified clear and convincing evidence of this gruesome practice the findings come from here Chaco Canyon in New Mexico near the border of Arizona and Colorado among the ancient rooms and the round Kiva's the ceremonial chambers of the Anasazi [Music] Turner has returned time and time again to the bones discovered in and around this Canyon by generations of early archaeologists long ignored collection is now in museums across America [Music] the story begins more than a hundred years ago in the southwestern desert when the first archaeologists came here in the late 1800s they noticed an abundance of bone fragments in amongst the stones most ancient burial sites are orderly showing reverence to the dead but here in the southwest some Anasazi sites were different bones were mangled crushed and scattered around no one knew exactly what it all meant but they had their suspicions trader guide and pioneering archaeologist Richard Wetherill led the first major expedition into Chaco Canyon in the 1890s the field director of those excavations wrote some of our workmen cleaned out a number of rooms and in one of these a great many human bones were found some of these including portions of the skull were charred an majority of the long bones had been cracked open it would therefore seem that these Pueblo Indians either through stress of hunger or for religious reasons it occasionally resorted to the eating of human flesh many of wetherall's findings were later dismissed or ignored Wetherill himself was ambushed and murdered he was buried not far from where he dug in Chaco Canyon to Turner Wetherill and his colleagues were trailblazers they had identified cannibalism the unidentified violence they did not have an explanation but they got it right they got it right and what bothers me bothers me is why why is my profession ignoring what these people did retracing the footsteps of Wetherill and the archaeologists who followed Turner confirmed that what they'd found amongst these hills were not just the typical findings of any graveyard in at least one in every 50 cases the trail led murder and worse the bodies were dismembered and the bones broken into fragments the ancient remains reminded Turner of just one thing the way early hunters handled the game they consumed one of the first things Turner tried to do was to get inside the minds of the anasazi he turned his hand to butchering meat himself meat is tough to tear apart now look at all these fractures look at all this little tiny pieces that have come from my hitting this bone so what do we have here look at this this is what goes into the pot okay this is meat processing okay they're processing people for the same reason they're processing animals okay they're breaking Emal's open for the same reason to turn a human into meat is an act so reviled that the charge has provoked many Native Americans Turner's claims strike them as no less than historical slander cannibalism of course a very extreme human behavior we now have science making all kinds of of judgment on who was doing what to whom in the face of many doubts from Native Americans and scientists alike Turner set his standards high he wanted to develop a rigorous series of forensic indicators that would have to be present before he could claim the remains had been cut cooked and eaten now we have a we have a minimum of six criteria that have to be present before we will make we will draw a conclusion that we have possible cannibalism Turner's checklist has since become the foundation of a new science human taphonomy the study of bones that were manipulated at or near the time of death first off the parts of the assemblage that we can identify with certainty that our human head parts have burning on the backs of the heads or on the tops of the heads but never on the face so the head has been placed on a fire for a length of time that caused the charring and the burning and the damage on the outside but no damage on the inside the skull was intact the brain was still inside in short it being roasted prepared for a meal brain is nutritious food rich in calories and high in protein after the roasting the heads are broken open to expose the brain take the head place it on an anvil stone take a hammer stone and get it hard and cause the skull to crack open the cracking results in the skull breaking into a series of pieces and we know the fracturing occurred at or around the time of death because these breaks are very very sharp these are the breaks made when bone is fresh newly dead not yet aged and dried out extracting the cooked brain left another clear sign of cannibalism and vil abrasion distinctive scraping as a bone is smashed between stones now those are particularly important because you cannot get anvil abrasions on a bone that is heavily covered with muscle tissue you must cut the tissue off first turner also discovered a pattern of tiny v-shaped grooves etched in bone these were not from erosion over time nor were they from teeth marks of carnivores and scavengers like the biting of coyotes or the gnawing of rodents they were sharp parallel cuts the marks of stone tools slicing away flesh and muscle cutting down to the bone for the past decade one man has investigated the use of precisely these kinds of prehistoric tools archaeologist Bruce Bradley crafts his own stone blades or flakes he is taking Turner's fieldwork to another level he uses precisely the same rocks and techniques as the Anasazi hunters in a series of forensic experiments he's trying to uncover how these ancient people would have used these tools to carve meat from bone a butcher shop sheep provides a real-world test for Turner's theories contact runner cutting these connective tissues like these tendons just tendon here they're the tough things meats easy to cut these tendons are tough and you got a lot of tendons attaching right to the ends of the bone right at your joints and that's why you've got to get in there and you also have they run underneath so you can't get out very easily you can't see what you're doing you sister you got to feel it like there I got between the bone there a lot of times when butchering depends on what you want to do with this stuff if I'm after the marrow then I need to disarticulate it so I can smash it clean it smash it and I got to get flex it so that I can get right in where those tendons that go between the bones right inside the joint would Bradley's findings mirror those marks left on human bones wood stone tools really leave the clear signs of Turner's criteria his theories were put to the test [Music] butchering a carcass takes time and technique end up having dessert whist it go on there we go but these stone blades are as sharp as any steel knife used today what archaeologists Bruce Bradley is interested in are the markings left behind when he's finished cutting away the flesh right here you can see the the cut marks on the bone and this this occurred when I was cutting earlier and cut into the end of the bone so now what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna just do that final cutting here in the end the way this carcass was processed doesn't merely resemble the Anasazi bones it's a clear match right down to the location of the cut marks themselves they're near the end of the bones by the joints where tendons hold muscle tight besides the cut marks there are further clues to the processing of humans after the big pieces of flesh had been removed the long bones in the arms and legs were scraped clean next they were put on a stone and shattered it appears the cannibals were going after what was inside the bone marrow for them this nutritious tissue was perhaps the single most important source of fat they could find Turner discovered something else in the bones that was significant the length of these fragments is the same in humans and in game animals they're breaking the bones up even to the same length and that was the length of bone that would fit into the Anasazi cooking pots the pots themselves created further evidence of cannibalism as the stew was cooked and stirred the pots left behind a unique trace on the ends of the bones pot polish the polishing is due to the bone having been stirred around in the inside of an abrasive cooking vessel a ceramic vessel where the inside is someone like sandpaper the polishing reflects the light differently than the regular perimortem fracture the Anasazi bones revealed clear evidence of cannibalism but there was one more clue to be found in what wasn't there significant skeletal bones that had apparently vanished one of the key elements that is absent are these particular bones of the body found in the back that we called vertebrae means that vertebrae had been essentially destroyed and we think this is caused by nothing more than the people smashing the vertebrae to extract the marrow that's present in them as well as in the long bones the femur arms and so forth we have the breakage we have the cutting we have the burning we have anvil abrasions we have the polishing and we add this six character the missing vertebrae and that's our goal is to make the test for cannibalism very very severe so that we don't get false cases of cannibalism being and you know being interpreted or being proposed bottom line bottom line this stuff is being processed the same ways as game animals look that's all gained from their eating it if I turn my back and tell you that this is human why are you going to reject it as having been eaten when you just accepted the same bones as having been eaten as game animals but despite the strong evidence of cannibalism some scientists are still not convinced in fact there are those who believe that Turner is not just wrong but that he's inflicting a new violence on Native Americans just to call somebody accountable is dehumanizing you make them less than than human than you are but there's a long there's a long tradition in the United States of science trying to dehumanize Native Americans you know I'm not saying that Christy Turner's is consciously doing that but I think when the idea of cannibalism gets picked up by the media it takes on a life of its own it becomes fact and it has that consequence of dehumanizing Native American populations and particularly Hopi and that's what gets lost and oftentimes that's what really the Pueblo people and other Indian people find very difficult to deal with because they are human beings with human feelings and to talk in these generalities while they this or this culture that is dehumanizing to me the verdict is out on whether violence really played a major role in the Chacoan system certainly there's some aberrations they happen in any society they happen in families how do you determine whether something's domestic violence versus institutionalized violence southwestern archaeology I'd estimate less than a tenth of a percent of what happened in the past is is known you know what it is really is when you come right down to it make a lot of noise about how much evidence we have we have diddly-squat [Music] if many scientists and Native Americans are especially offended by Turner's theories it is because the stakes are so high not only are the Anasazi the most revered of all the inhabitants of the American Southwest but Turner claims his evidence shows that cannibalism happened at a time and place that marked the very peak of their civilization [Music] from about 900 to 1150 ad the Anasazi flourished their Center was in Chaco Canyon [Music] the chaco-sphere of influence expanded outward from Chaco Canyon spanning by some estimates nearly 90,000 square miles an area bigger than Ireland a network of 30 foot wide roads stretched across the canyon lands and linked the Anasazi straight houses more than a hundred and fifty of them they were the signature buildings of the Anasazi massive stone structures up to five stories high they represent a style of architecture and urban planning unique to the region throughout sap the Kiva's circular sunken chambers widgets believed were used as ceremonial gathering places around these altars and tasks hundreds would have gathered for sacred rituals and it's here in the very heart of the Anasazi culture that Turner believes that cannibalism took place it's a really very sensitive subject he's so removed from it it's so abstract for him Hucky possibly understand the sensitivity of it I think the people who would say I'm insensitive know nothing about me we're not insensitive to this material what we are insensitive to is that we're not being politically correct being politically correct is not doing science science finds the truth and it takes the committee then to deal with that truth and I think we've found the truth across the Chaco region Turner examined remains from almost 80 sites and he found clear evidence of cannibalism in about half of them in all nearly three hundred humans processed as game killed and eaten massacres and cannibalism from looted key on the western edge of Chaco to Salman ruin on the north and even in Chaco Canyon itself at Pueblo Bonito perhaps the ceremonial center of the Chuckle world time and again Turner found the signature of cannibalism we didn't want to destroy the the myth of Chaco Canyon game but we had to find an objective explanation for this damage to human remains everything that we have done meets any scientific requirement that there is no other explanation by most scientific standards Turner had his proof hundreds of sets of human remains that were carved exactly the same way as game but still some doubters argued that the proof was not complete that one critical link was missing for while Turner's studies had presented a clear case of human butchering his detractors wanted hard evidence the meat had actually been eaten a few archaeologists and anthropologists suggested that the same processing might possibly be due to other cultural practices burial ceremonies or even ritual mutilation of enemies or witches [Music] well I mean people kill each other all the time people don't always eat each other and so those are those are two i mean you kill somebody you're either doing it out of self-defense or aggression or protecting something when you go to the extent of eating somebody you're pushed to a more extreme point it's one thing to say that the bones were disarticulated and butchered it's another thing to say that the flesh was consumed that's a big leap but in 1997 a critical piece of evidence turned up in a remote southwestern corner of Colorado at an Anasazi site known as cowboy wash excavators led by Professor Brian Billman of the University of North Carolina found 24 bodies nearly 1/3 of the estimated population chopped and cooked and there was something else there besides the bones in a half of the Kiva at the center of the community a final insult was left a coprolite desiccated human feces if this piece of evidence came from a cannibal would it hold the ultimate proof it was a question of molecular biochemistry richard mala a biochemist and professor of pathology at the University of Colorado is a blood expert and also an amateur archaeologist he became fascinated by the challenge what we've been able to do is say okay the the individuals were probably violently killed their bones and bodies had been processed that all suggests cannibalism but it doesn't prove it the question is then can we can bring the concept of cannibalism all the way up to the mouths of the individuals but you can't prove that they truly ate it mala set out to find that proof to identify the residue of one human in the excrement of another but what kind of test would prove that it was a scientific challenge never before undertaken so we had to find a protein that was only found in skeletal muscle muscles of the legs or the arms and not found in the gut that protein was myoglobin human myoglobin could only show up in someone's feces one way if he had consumed a person mala prepared his test with the utmost diligence there could be no false positives for animal myoglobin or for other human proteins that might have entered into the intestinal tract finally after months of preparations he was ready Marla performed six sets of tests using small fragments of the coprolite along with a series of different controls blue meant no human remains but if any turned yellow it would be irrefutable evidence of human consumption Marla ran the tests in triplicate over several weeks and time after time each test came back the same positive in the coprolite positive for human myoglobin we did find myoglobin human myoglobin in the copper light we feel now that it has entered the mouth and passed through the system consumption had finally been confirmed cannibalism had been demonstrated beyond doubt all over the world growing numbers of scientists are now using Turner's methods to reevaluate data from earlier finds his cannibalism just an aberration in Chaco or is it part of a global phenomenon researchers have now found signs of cannibalism in Spain from 800,000 years ago and in Africa even earlier and closer to home as well at Goths cave in Somerset an excavation began in the late 1980s led by anthropologist Chris stringer revealed the discarded pile of bones about 12,000 years old many were animal bones but in amongst them were human bones the bones were brought to the Natural History Museum where evolutionary anthropologist Peter Andrews and bio paleontologist Yolanda Fernandez Yalova began a year-long analysis of the remains including this human shoulder blade they subjected selected fragments to analysis using even more precise technology the scanning electron microscope magnified a thousand times the bone surface shows clear signs of markings from stone tools here's a cut coming here this cuts coming across here with the scrape was after the cut but then you would expect that the scrape should be after a cut the marks left by these Stone Age nomadic hunter-gatherers are almost identical to those left by the Anasazi in America a discovery that suggests that prehistoric cannibalism was more common than previously suspected probably all populations all races all people at some one stage or another have been have practiced cannibalism then it's a very characteristic thing about being being human are we prepared to accept that our ancestors were cannibals but if scientists are now beginning to see cannibalism as endemic to humankind the next question is why from Africa to Spain to Britain the answer to the oldest cases seemed to be for food the mix of human and animal bones in the same rubbish heaps points to hunger as the driving force but at Chaco Canyon the answer was less straightforward something else had brought this shadow into the realm of the Anasazi back in Southwest America the bones had more stories to tell [Music] 15,000 skeletal remains 500 with signs of violent death another 300 butchered and consumed in all one in 50 were victims of cannibalism cases included men women children and even the unborn so who was responsible for these brutal acts and why did they occur as investigators sought to make sense of the data there were several possible answers one was warfare according to Harvard archaeologist Stephen LeBlanc there's evidence of warfare throughout the ancient Southwest people were really being killed there really were massacres but during the two-and-a-half centuries of the chukka phenomenon things were different you have this fairly long period of eight hundred a thousand years up to about 900 AD with sort of this chronic intermittent warfare and then just almost suddenly it stops then you see this period of about 200 250 years with virtually no warfare so it's this 200 year interval that's really so enigmatic although it was a time of peace that's precisely the time when cannibalism did occur war then was not a factor another possibility hunger it is probably the oldest reason for human consumption but ice core samples and tree ring analysis from around the world showed that the years 900 to 1150 were marked by a warming trend in the southwest food was easier to cultivate gain easier to catch it was a time of Plenty so here in Chaco Canyon starvation as a cause of cannibalism was unlikely still LeBlanc did some gruesome calculations the average event seems to represent maybe five or seven people but some of them seem to represent perhaps thirty people and those are the ones that are hardest to explain that the the number of people that it would have taken to have consumed 30 individuals is really staggering maybe two to four hundred people you try to complete compute just how much meat would have been consumed in one of these events it's big cut turns out to be hundreds of pounds of meat that's too many people and too much food at any one time for the starvation theory to make sense so cannibalism could be ruled out as a source of food and for warfare what was left the mystery continued until Turner and his colleagues began to notice a pattern it was very interesting than to see that indeed almost all of his cases of what he thinks are cannibalistic events fall within the distribution zone of the chocolate great houses and they fall in time from about 900 to 1150 that is the time of the chocolate phenomenon almost all excavated great houses show signs of violence and two thirds show signs of cannibalism almost 90% of the cases were committed either in or near the Chaco and great houses it was a major breakthrough it indicated that the Chuck Great Houses and cannibalism were inextricably linked Turner and others believed there could be outside influences at work here in the architecture there were signs of cultures far to the south the Mesoamericans Toltecs and other ancient peoples from today's valley of Mexico below the Chaco style great house of wupatki there is a ball court an integral part of the Mesoamerican culture and throughout Chaco Canyon itself the ruins suggested to Turner a Mesoamerican influence especially a churro kettle the largest of the Great Houses as a wall the one throw a block at least a city block at least with columns in it with columns that are exactly like the columns you see in many Mesoamerican sites okay sometime after checkered kettle was built after they built those columns at facade somebody filled those things in but initially in the early part of that that construction it was something like nothing had occurred here in the southwest previously this is so big but when I look at this stuff I see something here that is so much bigger then local evolution could possibly have produced them this is something that came in here I have to have a mechanism to bring this cannibalism into the Southwest Ski Turner was looking for something more concrete than signs of Mesoamerican influence in the architecture he needed evidence of the people themselves who had come up from the south whether clues in the skeletal remains and we sort of looked all over the potential kinds of evidence that we could find and it sort of Eureka we could identify Mexicans by their modified teeth because in the valley of Mexico and throughout Mesoamerica people modify their teeth by chipping filing in laying you know drilling them and doing all kinds of thing too so if we have got some individuals here in the southwest with dental modification the odds are very good that they're from Mexico because there is no tradition of tooth modification in California the Great Basin the Rocky Mountains the Southwest the Great Plains you named re-examining the bones from here webelo bonito in Chaco Canyon for the fifth time Turner discovered what he was looking for a single files too I think we've got the direct link between Mesoamerica and the Southwest so what do I say I've got it I've got him I've got a Mexican over here someplace with chip Keith I've got cannibalism three or four rooms around here I see Mexico the connection that Turner sees is found in today's Mexico City once the capital of a vast Mesoamerican Empire here the remnants of an ancient culture offer an explanation to the source of cannibalism in Chaco Canyon these are the ruins of templo mayor an immense ceremonial complex of stepped temples and their altars it was the religious heart of a culture with a deep reverence for ritual sacrifice and even the ritual consumption of human beings the stones are adorned with sculptures deities fierce and demanding serpent God's forces of the universe needing to be appeased the god and goddess of death were idols with exposed ribs and sliced orbitals Aztec records attest to this cult of blood in surviving codices there are images of sacrifice and consumption stories of dismemberment decapitation and bodies being boiled early Spanish records report gruesome ceremonies in which thousands of captives at a time were bent backwards over this dark stone slab and sacrificed to voracious gods the still-beating hearts of victims would have been deposited in this ceremonial vessel parts of the bodies were recorded as having been consumed by priests and other elites investing them they thought with godlike qualities the rest may have been sold in the marketplace and hundreds of years later their bones ended up here the National Museum of anthropology and history in mexico city houses 20,000 skeletal remains excavated from some 600 archaeological sites in Mexico physical anthropologist Carmen peon has been doing extensive taphonomic studies on Mesoamerican bones that go back to at least 500 BC and as pion has studied the bones she's found the signs of savage treatment ritual cannibalism and perhaps even more bizarre processes they thought about using the body of the sacrificed victims in any way they could bones were crafted into tools and ornaments longer bones from arms and legs were made into ritual musical instruments and they made some deep cut on the shaft of the of the long bones and they played it like this and skulls were put to several sinister uses a hole was punched very carefully on the bottom of the skull the hole was the size and the mandible is his so what I propose here is the skull was afterwards put on a pole as a trophy and they weren't just single trophies Kathleen Qing holes in the sides of the skull the Mesoamericans would run a pole through and string many skulls together in one find a skull rack consisted of a hundred and seventy skulls the purpose was clear to frighten and subjugate all those who might oppose them for the Mesoamericans human sacrifice itself brought order to the world but preserved the theocratic system it sated the gods with blood and it kept the elite in power to dominate the masses and crush dissent but just before the beginning of the Chaco era a time of great civil anarchy rocked this world it's known that many fled the valley of Mexico the crux of Turner's theory is that a small cult came north traveling up to Chaco Canyon carrying their bloody beliefs with them he believes that when this fierce group encountered the Anasazi they found a peaceful pliant people who were easy to subjugate according to Turner the Mesoamerican cult set out to recreate the same system they had left behind a culture of intimidation and social control they needed some kind of weapon certainly Kambiz it would serve as a weapon you don't have to kill a lot of people to make your point and they use cannibalism as a threat it's a terrifying thing we're afraid of ourselves I mean the revulsion and I can imagine word getting out we've got cannibals in our midst would bring about a lot of social control with with very very little effort in the end then tennessee jest the Anasazi may not have been the cannibals but their victims I think the terrorism idea of one form or another in my mind has the strongest hypothesis we have if it's people treating other people as though they're animals and butchering them in the same way that you would an animal and even consuming the the result that you know that that probably is intended to send a political message warning it's a warning against other people not to do something that these people are accused of having done this reign of terror lasted for at least two and a half centuries but somewhere about 1150 ad things began to change environmental conditions took a turn for the worse the climate became cold and dry crops began to fail game became scarce it was a time of drought starvation and disease and the chucko system fell apart the evidence in the bone shows that cannibalism also began to wane at just this time but it's likely that it was more than just the harsh conditions at work perhaps the ancient inhabitants finally turned away from cannibalism and from this place itself we cannot know for sure there is an old Native American story that choco was a place of evil but something terrible happened there that this evil through the world out of balance for centuries this was no more than an oral tradition but Kristi Turner and other scientists have shown through their forensic investigations that this legend is now supported by clear and compelling evidence you

Channel: Timeline - World History Documentaries

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Keywords: native Americans, Channel 4 documentary, 2017 documentary, real, Full Documentary, History, cannibalism, TV Shows - Topic, Documentary, Documentaries, history documentary, BBC documentary, Full length Documentaries, stories, Documentary Movies - Topic, documentary history

Id: 7BLKttn_cS8

Length: 47min 53sec (2873 seconds)

Published: Sat May 13 2017

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[u/MonsieurMcGregor]

This is Channel 4's "Secrets of the Dead: Cannibals of the Canyon" from 1999, not 2017.