Termination Shock | Neal Stephenson

[Music] uh it has been a long 22 months welcome i'm alexander rose the executive director here at long now and now i have a beard i look like this um it's been like i said a long 22 months um i'm so glad that this is a talk that we really get to come back with and and neil stevenson has been a a very long time fellow traveler with long now and i i was reading his books even before i started with long now 25 years ago and they're always some of the most evocative ways to look at the future he has this kind of amazing prophetic ability to take a piece of technology and then push it into the future and see the way that's going to affect society and tonight in in lieu of trying to ruin this book for you we're actually going to talk about one of those types of technologies that is uh in part of the of this next book we're actually going to kind of take a look at it from a scientific point of view that i think is going to be an interesting lesson the way we look at thousands of years in the past and thousands of years in the future especially around climate change so welcome neil stephenson [Applause] normally when i do a reading i read from my own book for obvious reasons but this time i'm going to try something different i'm going to quote from some fascinating books written by other people and as i do i'm going to flash the covers up on the screen to give due credit to the authors and so that you can follow up if you want to read more on your own in 536 a.d the byzantine historian procopius was in italy describing a year without a summer during the whole year the sun gave forth its light without brightness like the moon and it seemed extremely like the sun in eclipse for the beams it emitted were not clear like those it usually makes john of ephesus reported similar phenomena in the eastern part of the empire the sun darkened and stayed covered with darkness a year and a half although rays were visible around it for two or three hours a day they were as if diseased with the result that fruits did not reach full ripeness all the wine had the taste of reject grapes john litus a byzantine official posited a physics-based explanation for the anomaly the sun becomes dim because the air is dense from rising moisture as happened in the course of the recently passed 14th indiction which is to say 535 and 536 for nearly a whole year cassiodorus at the same time wrote how strange it is i ask you to see the sun but not its usual brightness to gaze on the moon glory of the night at its full but shorn of its natural splendor we are all still observing a sun as blue as the sea we marvel at bodies that cast no shadow at midday and at the force of strongest heat reduced all the way to the impotence of extreme mildness and this is not the brief absence of an eclipse but as one that has taken place for nothing short of almost the whole year we have had a winter without storms a spring without mildness a summer without heat there was no way that these riders could have known it but the events they were describing were triggered by two or three massive volcanic eruptions elsewhere in the world that all happened to occur in a span of a few years beginning around 5 36. one might have been in iceland another somewhere in the tropics and one was definitely at ilopongo in what's now el salvador elopongo alone produced 87 cubic kilometers of ejecta and had devastating effects on the mayans at the same time up in scandinavia a culture was dying out this was a precursor culture to what we later called the vikings historians have debated why this culture waned and disappeared and there were probably a number of reasons but it couldn't have helped that in a part of the world that was already famous for cold weather and marginal agriculture they got hit with a series of incredibly cold winters no direct accounts survive but the nordic cultures that arose afterwards may have preserved some cultural memory of the event in their stories for them the end of the world would come not in fire but in ice a terrible winter called the thimble winter or the mighty winter so here's a passage from the edda first of all that a winter will come called fimble winter then snow will drift from all directions there will then be great frosts and keen winds the sun will do no good there will be three of these winters together and no summer between another edict poem the crs's prophecy states black become the sun's beams in the summers that follow weather is all treacherous the sun starts to blacken as the sun vanishes the stars fall into the sea where their heat raises a great steam that covers the sky the finnish kalivala contains the following what wonder blocks out the moon what fog is in the sun's way that the moon gleams not at all and the sun shines not at all parenthetically i'd be remiss if i didn't point out what's probably obvious to all of you which is that these legends of anomalous long winters that change the course of human destiny are of course fundamental to george r r martin's song of ice and fire aka game of thrones doom by neil ferguson catalogued several post-volcanic winters an eruption in peru in 1600 was followed by severe winters in scandinavia and a famine in russia the 1640 eruption in japan led not only to cold summers and failed harvests in its vicinity but droughts in greece egypt india and other places after the 1783 eruption of lockheed a volcano in iceland benjamin franklin wrote of a constant fog over europe and parts of north america the mississippi froze at new orleans and the resulting food shortages some historians believe helped touch off the french revolution 1816 was called the year without a summer because of the eruption of tambora in indonesia it and the earlier lockheed eruption in iceland are basically tied for the modern record each put about 110 million tons of sulfates into the air the long now foundation owns property that's home to a number of ancient bristlecone pine trees researchers have been able to sample these and use tree ring analysis to see how the growth rate varied from year to year as a result of changes in weather sometimes the effects are obvious enough that anyone can just see them by looking at a slice of the wood but there are also special staining techniques that can make the changes more obvious 2036 bce was apparently marked by a large volcanic eruption that left a clear discontinuity in the sample on the left the sample on the right shows a couple of anomalous years around 1419 bce you can identify them from the blue fringes in the staining here's a plot of tree ring data what's being plotted here is the thickness of the rings which gives you an idea of growing conditions year by year a higher value suggests a better growing season a low value suggests that the weather was bad i've superimposed some vertical red lines showing the dates of some of the big eruptions mentioned in neil fergus's book some of the big drops are observable in years following some of the big eruptions notably lombok indonesia which is the most one and the one in peru but in other cases like lockheed there's not much of a change so this is kind of interesting in that you don't always see a strong one-to-one correlation between these eruptions these volcanic events and whether in a particular part of the world there's a global effect but those effects are distributed just because of the complexity of atmospheric physics here's a similar chart in the lower part of the chart you're seeing two plots a bunch of spikes drawn in black which are telling you the amount of volcanic aerosols in the atmosphere so for example there's a super high spike in the late 1200s this group here is probably tambora around 1816. this one here is probably lockheed and so on and so forth so then the blue line is showing how much the temperature is thought to have deviated from average and again the correlations aren't always perfectly one for one we see a big drop after tambora down here but there's other cases where nothing seems to happen at the other end of the 19th century edvard munch painted this famous masterpiece the dramatic red sky in the background is open to interpretation of course but the painting was made not long after the eruption of krakatoa which depressed temperatures all over the world and created spectacular sunsets like this one for a couple of years afterwards in the 1960s yet another eruption in indonesia put a plume of ejecta into the atmosphere the australians got a plane in the air to take samples when it landed they noticed a deposit on the windscreen one of the australian scientists licked it and reported that it was painfully acid a more sophisticated analysis found that it was sulfates sulfuric acid basically in 1991 when mount pinatubo erupted in the philippines it was possible to gather a lot more scientific data beyond the now familiar empirical sensations of depressed global temperatures and brilliant sunsets this is all quite well understood when sulfur dioxide is injected into the stratosphere it combines with available water to form sulfuric acid which drifts around in the form of a very large number of tiny droplets when such a droplet is struck by light from the sun some of the light will bounce back into space so it never reaches the troposphere which is where weather happens and it can't warm up the planet some of the light will be deflected sideways this contributes to a general brightening of the sky that explains the beautiful sunsets as well as some of the mysterious atmospheric phenomena described by those byzantine and scandinavian sources as well as benjamin franklin himself and some of the light keeps going down and continues to warm the earth as usual this keeps happening for a couple of years which is how long it takes for the sulfates to wash out of the atmosphere then everything goes back to normal sulfates have remarkable leverage against global temperatures the amount of sulfates needed to cool down the earth by one or two degrees simply isn't that large it's easy to imagine engineered delivery systems that would duplicate what volcanoes have done many times in the past high altitude tanker planes high altitude balloons and big guns have all been mentioned this kind of thing goes under the name solar geoengineering it's a perfectly well-known concept among scientists who study these things but it doesn't get talked about much because it's controversial unfortunately the co2 level in the atmosphere keeps on rising regardless this is a screen grab from just a few days ago showing that the current level is about 414 parts per million that's up from 411 in the last year the graph on the lower right just happens to begin around the time i was born and it shows that just during my lifetime it's gone from below 320 parts per million to almost 420. and if you look at the shape of that curve not only is it going up which means that the problem is getting worse but it's got a little upward curve to it indicating that the pace at which it's getting worse is accelerating prior to the industrial revolution this number was in the mid 200s today it's the highest it has been since a few million years ago when the world had a completely different climate various governments have announced plans to cut back on carbon dioxide emissions china for example is saying that by 2030 their emissions will level off in other words if they do that and every other country in the world does likewise the co2 level will at that point become a mere linear function of time it'll still be going up at an impressive rate but the rate itself won't be increasing this plot will no longer have that slight upward curve it'll just be a straight ramp angling upwards by something like 2060 or 2070 it's hoped that the world economy might reach net zero carbon emissions this doesn't solve the problem it'll turn this curve into a flat horizontal line if the co2 level in the atmosphere is say 500 parts per million in 2070 it'll remain at 500 until natural processes can bring it back down again which is expected to take on the order of a million years there are a lot of ways in which this is bad but perhaps the most serious threat that we can expect to see materialize in coming years is that of so-called wet bulb disasters in which temperature and humidity both get so high is to make the survival of humans a physical impossibility kim stanley robinson's ministry for the future opens with a harrowing depiction of one such event in india that all sounds pretty bad and like the kind of thing that a well-ordered society would mount an effective response to but we're at the end of almost two years of a global pandemic in which a significant fraction of people refuse to believe in the very existence of a disease that's killing people all around them in the hundreds of thousands so from all of this it's completely obvious that the human race is going to have to build carbon capture technologies on an incredibly massive scale if you think of this in terms of all the coal mines that have been hollowed out of the earth's crust all of the petroleum deposits that have been drained all of the forests and peat bogs that have been burned basically we have to fill those back up again with stable carbon compounds that we'll have to manufacture we'll need to do it fast it'll be by far the largest engineering project in the history of the world i believe that we will do it and that a hundred years from now this problem will have been solved atmospheric co2 levels will be back to where they were before the industrial revolution that's the good news the bad news is that it's going to take decades and during that time we're going to begin seeing disastrous events such as the one depicted in the ministry for the future on those rare occasions when people talk about solar geoengineering at all it's conventional to describe it as an idea that's on the extreme fringe and that deserves to be there because it seems so dangerous much more research is needed is the usual conclusion i do wonder whether it will continue to seem all that dangerous a decade or two down the road when climate disasters are leading directly to mass fatalities particularly given the fact that nature has already performed the experiment for us on several occasions and we know that the sulfates naturally wash out of the atmosphere in a couple of years danger is always relative jumping out of a moving car is dangerous but people will do it anyway if the car is about to go over a cliff so in my book termination shock an individual billionaire constructs a large gun that shoots sulfur into the stratosphere simulating what volcanoes do this is already a fadicam plea at the beginning of the story and so what it's mostly about is how people react to it needless to say not everyone is happy just to give some sense of scale the amount of sulfur that this fictional gun is capable of launching over the course of a year's continuous operation is only about one percent of what mount pinatubo put into the air explosively but in his mind it's just a pilot project and the plan is to build more such facilities in other parts of the world and that is the setup for a kind of geopolitical uh thriller that is is essentially the story of those who uh those who are happy about this plan and those who are extremely unhappy so uh with that i think we can shut the uh projector down and uh and go to the q a mode thanks [Applause] [Music] [Applause] thank you i think the um the setup of the of a rogue billionaire doing geoengineering is do do you how likely do you think it is that a a person will do it versus a government i think that's a fun way to do the story it's a fun way to do the story yeah i think i have to to do some work in the the story explaining how this guy is able to get away with it uh but having it be an individual um makes for a kind of better storytelling um realistically uh i i think it would be a pretty hard caper to to pull off so um what what i kind of think is more realistic is that at some point especially if we start seeing these wet bulb events or other mass casualty disasters that some government somewhere is going to run the numbers on this and say you know we don't care what anyone thinks of us uh this is this is going to be a good deal for our country uh and so we're going to go ahead and do it it's interesting i think that you're right that at the conclusion of all these conversations people say we need to do more research but they're not really doing it well not only that but a lot of times when people do try to start research programs they get shot down because even doing research is viewed as being being beyond the pale yeah even when i think when david keith spoke here we had about 20 people here thinking uh that he was doing that aerosols in the atmosphere you know for brain control and yeah and that whole thing so it quickly goes sideways yeah yeah they they they're getting it and they're in a crossfire from environmentalists on the left and from people on the right who think it's all associated with chemtrails so and how did you get going down this path what was their impetus for for starting down this um i had been kind of tracking it for for a while uh and um you know it's kind of an inherently interesting science fictional topic you know the notion of volcanoes having these these huge effects on human destiny and particularly the uh the what a mystery it was to like the the romans i mean they had no way of knowing that a big volcano had blown up in el salvador right right so to them there's just something happened yeah yeah um so there's that uh and then i've i've brushed up against a few people looking at sort of cloud brightening and other space-based solar geo engineering which means putting stuff at l1 between the earth and sun to block some of the sun's light so it's an idea that's been in the air for a little while um and i just kind of reached a point uh in 2019 where i thought you know if not now when uh i'm supposed to be a guy who writes books about technical subjects and you know why why haven't i tackled this one yet and so if we use some of these technologies to potentially shade the planet there's still other effects of things like the co2 precipitating into the oceans and it's just kind of a stop gap absolutely yeah anyone who studies this at all will will admit that right off the bat that the real problem is the co2 and even if the the the warming effects of co2 could be counteracted uh through some intervention like this you'd still have ocean acidification and other nasty uh byproducts of of too much co2 in the atmosphere um so um so the only way to to to think about this is as like applying a tourniquet um you know while the patient is transported to the hospital um and you've you've changed your writing styles over the years you know going back all the way to your first there was the command line essay and then uh with your baroque cycle or are you have you found a thing that you're now doing or you continue to do it changing it for different books uh it's always a little different um i i think there's kind of a one way of writing things when it's a kind of contemporary action you know thriller type of book like ream d or or uh or termination shock and then um uh you know different styles just simply dovetail with with different uh kinds of books i mean i had a lot of fun sort of copying the the the sort of the 17th century english writing style and the baroque cycle because it's bombastic and they they capitalize letters at random and they italicize things uh and um uh and it's just kind of hilarious to read and then and also your methodologies right you i think you started handwriting back uh at the broke cycle is that still yeah something you're doing yeah i'm still still doing that um uh there have been a couple books since then where they that got started on um uh on a word processor and um and so i just kept doing them that way but for the most part i do all original composition with fountain pen on paper so this whole book was written yeah i i i realized uh i realized before i uh just came on stage here that i had forgotten to post my picture of the stack which is about about that high for the manuscript for this book and i'm sure uh this is a slightly painful subject at this point but with the advent of meta and all that and and where where you started with this but you you have some some thoughts as to the way this is coming back at you well it's very weird uh it's very weird but um the uh i mean people have been um sort of uh poking at the idea of the metaverse since the book came out and have come up with various visions of what it could look like and ways to implement it and so but nothing like facebook changing its name to meta and announcing that they're now a metaverse company so we're followed immediately by uh microsoft and disney two other companies you may have heard of um saying that they too are metaverse companies epic is a metaverse card there's a lot of metaverse companies out there so it doesn't doesn't bring me anything except you know weird annoying uh you know contacts on on social media but um uh and and probably it probably sells a few more copies of of snow crash so that's not all bad but um i said uh i mean one of the other uh thing that i work with your daughter and uh your son-in-law on is the clock project they've been engineers on the on the project since since the beginning so it's been really great uh kind of it's become a family business yeah and working with them so it's been really fun um that i think and on that subject you you sent in one of the earliest clock ideas when i i first met you almost 25 years ago yeah and i wonder if you could ex talk about that a little bit because i thought it was one of the more fun ideas that we played around with and yeah the ways we're actually doing some version of it for the for the clock it was um it was during the run up to uh the the turn of the millennium and i think long now wanted to to put the the clock was still just kind of just getting started and so to observe the the turning over of the odometer at 2000 the idea was to to put up at least some visions of what the clock might look like and so uh danny and others asked um a few people to just sort of draw up their ideas of what it might look like um and i had been thinking uh about um [Music] about kind of reading the newspaper every day and you know getting this constant stream of information and was it really uh was it really that important to read it every day or because at the end of the year they always publish a year end roundup of the news right and then at the end of the decade they they published the you know the the decade roundup and in uh at that time they were starting to prepare their end of century and end of millennium you know news roundup so you know the norman conquest and you know you know all these other things and um and so it just got me thinking like what if you actually structured your life around that so that you would make a decision that you were only going to get an update of the news once a year or once every 10 years or whatever and so uh that produced the idea of monastic orders that would kind of take a vow to that effect and they would live in a set of uh at the time i drew it as concentric uh rings with walls and and gates that would open under clock power every year or every 10 years or every hundred or thousand years um and when they were open you could pass through the gate and you could leave if you wanted or you could go in deeper you know and become an even more uh isolated person so that was the that was what i sketched out and i think it's probably still up on the long now site somewhere um and then that became the basis of my novel anathem with so with a lot of elaboration and variation let's see all right from alec v we have a could vr ar metaverse be used to simulate the problem and make it feel more real um i'm assuming you mean about uh climate change and things like that i think it could be a great display mechanism to i mean you can't really get a grip on what one of these interventions might do until you perform a simulation um and we have got pretty good software now for uh for for running climate simulations uh and um and and seeing how effects are geographically distributed and and that's that's kind of the basis of the book because if you look at one of these simulations you see you might see a splotch somewhere in in in india or africa or or america where there would be a severe drought or or massive flooding and so that kind of spatial data is really important in thinking about these these problems and these interventions and and ar vr is a good way to display that stuff unfortunately it would only work on people who already believe in the existence of human caused climate change and anyone else would would dismiss it out of hand as you know communist propaganda um so i'm not sure it would help with that part of the the problem and uh peter asks um do you think it's truly inevitable that we're going to deploy some of this kind of solar geo engineering i wouldn't say anything's inevitable but um i think it's under discussed right now in in our discourse around climate change um because it is sort of a taboo idea and um and and and so i i think it it's okay to bring it out into the open and talk about it more um because uh sooner or later um again if you read if you read the opening chapter of kim stanley robinson's ministry for the future which is typically for him a meticulously researched and carefully drawn account of one of these disasters it doesn't take more than one or two of those to to get a government thinking about some kind of intervention so i do think that um it's going to get talked about and maybe going to get done in in in some parts of the world that aren't quite so um um so meticulous about uh self censorship every night i think it's it's very interesting how that conversation around geo engineering creates so much um controversy when fundamentally we are geoengineering the planet and have been right now for hundreds of years yep it's it's kind of one of those things it's also revive and restorers had this issue of you know if we've been extincting species right for thousands of years but the moment you are purposeful in bringing one back people get they start using this phrase you know unintended consequences a lot yeah those though we can't we can't have those ferrets coming back yeah yeah yeah no it is a an odd um kind of uh habit of thought that that we've got into and i know why it's the it's the precautionary principle and the the precautionary principle is there for good reasons you know we we screwed a bunch of stuff up um but um but yeah uh one of the great things about charles mann's books 1491 1493 is the completely nuking the the idea that that there was a such a thing as pristine nature um you know we even indigenous peoples um all over the world uh were were geoengineering their their ecosystems and their climate for tens of thousands of years uh before the first uh settlers even showed up yeah so it seems to be fine to do geoengineering haphazardly but yeah if we do it with intention then then we all shouldn't have to have a big discussion about it yeah uh anna marie uh is asking it's it sounds like you believe that in 100 years we will have successfully sequestered enough carbon but she's wondering i think why do you why do you have so much hope is it just because we have to because we have to yeah and um and i i think once it gets rolling and we find processes that'll that'll work that it'll um it'll become a thing that people are excited about and that people want to to take part in um and you know we just it's a thing that has to be done we have shane asking uh what what what are you reading these days and do you read fiction or non-fiction for the most part i mostly read um non-fiction i mostly read read history books um so um i i did finally i i postponed buying and reading the ministry for the future because i knew it was out there and i wanted to finish my book first so so that's definitely on my my bedside table now and um for you know as a guilty pleasure i read the the fantasy novels of joe abercrombie uh he's got about nine of those things out now and they're they're amazingly good reads um and then um a bunch of a bunch of history the some of the books that i mentioned um the fate of rome is a particularly amazing book that's basically looks at what happened to rome through the lens of both climate change and pandemics and how those two interacted so the the part i didn't read about the 536 uh eruptions and the cold weather that followed uh is that that cold snap effectively opened a channel by which bubonic plague was able to escape from its reservoir in central asian marmot colonies and make it out to the mediterranean and led to the justinian plague which he gives a spectacular description of i mean um yosenia pestis man that is one seriously bad actor and now we don't you know we've got antibiotics that can control it and so we kind of underrate it you know but um it was almost 50 percent of the known population of the world still yeah yeah and and and and in its when it when it really gets rolling and and just gets transmitted through the air you know people would would begin to experience symptoms and be dead within an hour or two just unbelievable uh bad stuff and but it's it's bottled up in certain areas until the temperature uh changes in such a way that enables the vectors of it to to escape so so that's a great book to read that children of ash and elm totally knew history of the vikings is another one that i enjoyed very much nice um well leona's asking if you could share more about why you find the comancy species preservation so important but i guess also without ruining the part of the book about this oh well i mean i mean there's there's a there's some some comanche related content in in the book um it's not too much of a spoiler uh it happens in in west texas comanche eagle dot org is is ostensibly a raptor uh rescue center so like a lot of places like that you go in and you'll see eagles and hawks and so on that have been kept alive who that were shot by a hunter or something maybe they can't fly but they're they're being fed and kept kept alive uh at this place and they can make new you know the parts of them involved in making new eagles still work uh so um so there's that but but these people also have are doing a great job of preserving uh old photos and records and and i'm gonna use the word artifacts uh like uh weapons and and other uh items um uh that are um that that tell the the story of that that people which is a really interesting and unusual group of of of people i i won't try to go any deeper than that but even among native american tribes they've got a really unusual story and uh adam is asking what your favorite type of carbon capture or storage technology that you're seeing now is you know um the tough part is the scale it has to work on so there's there's some dialogue in the book where the tr is saying that the amount of carbon we have to remove from the atmosphere if you just turn it into carbon black and made a pile of it would be the size of mount rainier it would be about 30 cubic miles of solid carbon and so um i remember looking at some an idea i thought it was cool a few years ago and you know like we were researching it and talking about it and you know oh maybe we should try this and then actually bothered to run the numbers and and came to grips with the fact that um it wasn't big enough i mean there's no way as as uh recently a friend of mine dropped out of uh jpl to start a carbon capture company and his comment was we're going to need a lot of fans yeah you somehow you have to filter all of the air in much of the atmosphere through this device right yeah right yeah scale is pretty massive so um yeah because it's very dilute that's the problem it's it's all over the world the uk it's not concentrated anywhere it's perfectly distributed all over the the world and it's um it's not present in high concentrations it's only only 400 and some parts per million so that's a that's a really hard problem to solve so i i think my favorite technology hasn't even been invented yet but but people are working on it hard i think one of the questions here i think with with this type of technology like geoengineering is is how does this become accepted um in the world i think one of the interesting things obviously that science fiction plays this role is a way of playing something out like this so that it can then be kind of more accepted with another generation whether or not it's it's our generation do you see you've you've made some efforts in trying to make some large positive uh versions of science fiction rather than just dystopic do you where do you think where do you think your role is and other science fiction authors role in in kind of playing out positive versus dystopic features um well i i i think the important thing is to to um to allow for some some ambiguity uh and not try to go full dystopian or or utopian uh because readers seeing that will i think sense that oh hang on a sec that's not ever how it really is um and so um what i've tried to do in the case of termination shock is to you know to to just show this system being built by this guy as kind of the that's the opening that's uh takes a while to get to it but that's essentially already happened at the beginning of the book and then rather than trying to portray that as a dystopian or a utopian behavior show how different people respond to it and so in in this book there are some people uh from low-lying uh areas that are threatened by sea level rise who think this is great because this is going to save their country and there's other people who are afraid that it's going to interrupt the monsoon that their economy and their way of life depends on and they are not happy about it um and so i think that's a fairly realistic depiction of um of uh of what would happen if somebody began to do this uh and i think um the the best way to to to to cover it in in a book is to um to show that um and not try to put put one's thumb on the scale i'm gonna let stewart have the closing question um since uh he's he's been gracious enough to do the sorting here and he's asking um is is climate change helping humanity think longer term oh well it seems like a great way to incentivize that um uh you know um it's uh you you can't you can't think about it unless you're thinking long term because if you if you're not thinking long term you're just talking about the weather um and so and we've all had the conversation with the surly uncle at thanksgiving dinner saying you know you know uh it was cold last night i guess that the pro disproves all of this global warming nonsense um you know uh and so um so we kind of have to it's yeah i i suppose it's a uh uh you know a kind of a potentially darwin award moment for the whole species yeah in in a certain way hopefully we hopefully we don't win the award indeed well thank you so much yeah thank you thanks y'all [Music]

Channel: Long Now Foundation

Views: 8,271

Keywords: Civilization, Climate Change, Culture, Environment, Futures, cli-fi, global warming, water, flood, Metaverse, cryptocurrency, Snow Crash, Cryptonomicon

Id: P56Q8OcYRJo

Length: 42min 56sec (2576 seconds)

Published: Mon Dec 13 2021