Several Studies Just Killed MOND Hypothesis of Gravity Once and For All

if you've been following astronomy long enough you're most likely familiar with the idea of Dark Matter a proposition for some kind of an invisible particle that seems to introduce approximately five times more mass into the universe compared to what we physically see with our telescopes and so for example even though in a typical Galaxy like the Milky Way we might see certain number of stars and certain amount of gas when we look at orbits of these Stars it becomes apparent pretty quickly that there seems to be a lot more hidden mass that we don't observe because these stars are moving way too fast and that's actually true for pretty much every single Galaxy we've seen so far and that's basically how this idea of Dark Matter was born although technically it was actually frit suuki that originally proposed this idea back in 1930s for a slightly different reason he was actually looking at a galactic cluster known as the coma cluster and here he measured the orbital velocities of galaxies around the central point and around one another realizing that here there seems to be way more mass once again hidden because otherwise these galaxies would basically fly apart and so when he saw this he basically said well maybe it's some kind of a dark matter okay I wasn't there so I don't really know what he said but that's the story and so for many decades now researchers were speculating that at some point we're going to find this anural dark matter particle the particle responsible for producing all of this extra mass but despite that Decades of research and despite a lot of really complex Dark Matter detectors so far nothing has been officially confirmed there have been signs here and there but nothing concrete yet and as a result a few decades back back in the80s an Israel researcher M High mgram who you see right here made a slightly different proposition he basically changed the Newton's law of gravity just a little bit suggesting that maybe at far away distances or to be more specific at low accelerations the law of gravity changes and has additional components that could definitely explain what we're observing in for example rotating galaxies and turns out that his prediction was relatively good he was able to explain why galaxies spin the way they spin and was even able to explain a few more things and though it could not explain everything including for example the observations from the coma cluster here it was essentially assumed that this is just a matter of time before someone finds a way to explain all of this using this new proposition it became known as M modified Newtonian Dynamics and so hello for person this is Anton and today we're going to discuss basically I guess um the death of M because it might have been officially killed once and for all several major studies including Studies by previous mon researchers have now officially showed that there seems to be no M effect anywhere after all at least based on some of the predictions that were made in the neural proposition with recent data from extremely accurate observations basically showing us that all of the results seem to be purely Newtonian and not modified Newtonian and so I guess let's discuss some of these studies and what they've discovered and to some extent talk about I guess the future of Dark Matter research first though as always you can find all of the articles in the description below with this one by indran banic and Harry desmont basically being the one that summarizes everything and so one thing about mon that was kind of interesting is that it essentially predicted additional effects at low acceleration that technically could be detected by looking at individual objects in a solar system at far away distances or even things like binary Stars specifically wi separation binary Stars where the distance between two stars is so large that their overall acceleration is really tiny and so on the outskirts of a typical Galaxy or on the outskirts of a typical star system we might actually see M effects and even be able to measure them allowing us to either confirm or disprove this idea and interestingly in the last decade or so there actually have been several papers that to some extent potentially found evidence for this mon proposition and so after years of looking into this mon model I basically became intrigued because well for one we couldn't really find any dark matter particles yet and I guess two a lot of researchers seem to support this idea even though obviously not all researchers but this being in science it's cool to have an idea or a proposition but you have to have evidence and you also have to have a lot of studies preferably from some kind of a multi-angle approach and unfortunately when it came to mon most of the studies usually just focused on one of two things either Galactic rotation curves or in some cases very specific Galactic interactions that were only predicted by mon but not a lot of other theories and so it really kind of looked more like a confirmation bias more so than anything else here we needed to have studies that try to disprove one of these predictions by using the data collected over the years and in a video a few months ago we've discussed the first such study it was actually quite groundbreaking but it basically focused on the most recent data from the guia telescope that essentially collected the data for so-called wide binaries various star systems containing two stars that are usually separated from each other by at least a few thousand astronomical units and at these distances this is where we should be able to observe mon effects which is precisely what this study was about this was from November of 2023 and in a natural it discovered an overwhelming evidence for regular Newtonian physics in orbits of these various binaries so basically here this was one of the first major failures for this mon hypothesis here Mont predicted that a lot of these Stars would orbit approximately 20% faster than expected yet thousands and thousands of stars were orbiting just as Newton predicted with the actual Sigma value being super super high suggesting that this is extremely unlikely to be by chance but naturally not all mod scientists agreed with this obviously for a lot of them this is their whole life here so there's going to be a lot of disagreements there were some additional studies trying to disprove this by using similar data and though they had some success it was not as significant okay which means that maybe we need more evidence and while that extra evidence was just released on March of 2024 here they tested mon for a lot of different bodies right here in the solar system and that's because we shouldn't just be observing M effects for different galaxies it should also have effects on various comets and various asteroids on the outskirts of the solar system the places where the acceleration is very low and this was actually one of the First Solar System tests for mon mostly based on various trans neptunian regions a distance is over 100 astronomical units away and so here by observing things like for example comets the researchers confirmed that they seem to have a much more narrow distribution of energy compared to what's predicted in mon with a lot of the bodies orbiting in these various regions only containing slight inclination to the plane compared to mon where this inclination is predicted to be much much larger by the way mon in this case was also sometimes used as a potential explanation for the mysterious planet 9 and this study basically suggests that none of this would make sense here the mon once again kind of fails to recreate what we see and a variety of planetary bodies or comets on the outskirts seem to once again obey Newton not modified Newton not to mention that it makes absolutely no sense for Galactic clusters such as the famous coma cluster one of the recent studies tackles this as well and unfortunately Mont cannot predict motions of galaxies within clusters whereas Newton plus Dark Matter definitely can as a matter of fact surprisingly for many clusters mon do does not provide enough gravitational effect whereas on the outskirts of most clusters according to mon there should be a lot more gravitational effects but that's not what's observed in these studies and so here Galactic cluster sampling establishes that M once again unfortunately fails and lastly one of the recent studies also decided to focus on one of the predictions involving Saturn this is actually the most recent study from May of 2024 and here it involves the prediction from mon known as the solar system quadruple something that should be responsible for changing the orbits of planets just a little bit on a scale that should be observable if we have really accurate devices on those planets and so for this particular study turns out that we could actually use data from the cini mission the mission that was orbiting Saturn for over a decade and I was able to collect extremely accurate orbital data between 2004 and 2017 and so here because of mon the rest of the Galaxy should have a very minor effect on the orbit of Saturn that would shift its orbit by just a little bit every once in a while enough to be detectable by various accurate probes but not enough to be detectable by telescopes from planet Earth and so here as Cassini was orbiting Saturn it was actually sending out various radi pules that were then received on planet Earth and that allowed us to measure extremely accurate distances to sat allowing for an extremely accurate calculation of its overall orbit in the solar system and and once again just as in previous Studies by using the values from these radio pules it was discovered that there seems to be no M effect on Saturn either and there were no unusual anomalies here as expected in the mon hypothesis or basically Saturn was orbiting as predicted by Newton without the need for anything else moreover even when the scientists try to tweak the calculations a little bit just to see if it fits with any other similar models the answer was no it only seems to fit with Newtonian Dynamics and with Newtonian physics once again the results here were very significant and that basically meant that there seems to be no reason to have this unusual quadruple which is usually quoted as one of the most important propositions of the mod hypothesis and so this other proposition known as the EF or the external Field Effect seems to not exist either and so by itself these are really important studies studies that find a way to scientifically disprove something which is the basis for most scientific research search and by doing this by this proven mon we now have to focus on possibly finding something else as an explanation because the effects of dark matter are still there they're undeniable they seem to be very powerful but we just cannot explain it using modern theories none of the proposed particles so far have been discovered with only possibly two Axion or some kind of unusual neutrino still being viable candidates but at this point this is actually even more exciting because now after few decades we know what it's not it does not seem to be a quirk in gravitational formula and it does not seem to be some kind of a massive particle invisible particle such as the famous wimp weekly interacting massive particles but it's definitely something requiring research because there is so much of it everywhere and it seems to be responsible for affecting pretty much everything in the universe and so here I guess we go back to the original Fritz's proposition at this point we don't really know what it is it really is is dark matter the matter that's invisible and unknown but despite these studies we're not really closer to the actual answer of what it is there is however a chance that maybe in the next few years some of the most advanced and most recent Dark Matter detectors might finally discover something and of course once they do we'll come back and talk more about this in some of the future videos but until then at least for now maybe for the next few years we can definitely put mon to rest because it does not seem to make scientific sense all of the evidence we have definitely Stacks against this hypothesis and a few propositions that did make sense could also be explained by basically a kind of a sampling bias too much data picked in a certain way but it also means that we'll definitely be talking more about dark matter in a lot of future videos because it's just as mysterious as it ever was thank you for watching subscribe check out all the links in the description below support this channel patreon by Jo internel membership or by buying the wonderful person t-shirt you can find in the description stay wonderful I'll see you tomor and as always bye-bye [Music] [Music]

Channel: Anton Petrov

Views: 157,038

Keywords: anton petrov, science, physics, astrophysics, astronomy, universe, whatdamath, what da math, technology, steven universe, space engine, universe sandbox 2

Id: thM9j8SOVBY

Length: 14min 15sec (855 seconds)

Published: Tue May 28 2024