[music playing] NARRATOR: Ancient Egypt,
for over 3,000 years, one of the world's most vibrant
and puzzling civilizations flourished through
war and peace. The Egyptians built great
cities, enduring monuments, and the advanced
mathematics and technology. Their astonishing legacy
survives to this day. [music playing] As the country grows richer,
its neighbors grow bolder. Now, archeologists have revealed
Egypt's brilliant strategy to repel the foreign
threat, a strategy devised by its greatest warrior
king, Thutmose III. By striking first, Thutmose
hopes to extend his empire and stabilize Egypt's borders. His plan is untested. His generals are skeptical. And he risks losing everything. But his enemies have
left him no choice. [music playing] In the year 1457 BC, Egypt
finds itself in great danger. The country's former
allies in the Middle East have joined forces
threatening Egypt's borders. But Pharaoh Thutmose
III and his soldiers won't wait for the
enemy to strike. [music playing] Making the first move, they head
toward Megiddo, a fortress city near the Carmel Mountains
in modern Israel. There, beyond these hills,
the enemies of the pharaoh lie in wait. And the fate of Egypt
will be decided. Megiddo is a three-week
trek across the desert. But the surrounding region
called Kanaan, now roughly Palestine and Lebanon, is
crucial to the security of Egypt's empire. [ominous music] The principalities
here were neutral or under Egypt's control, until
the Mittani, Egypt's strongest rival stole their loyalty. Thutmose has sworn to
crush the enemy alliance and protect his Nile kingdom
against foreign domination. Meanwhile, in the
capital city of Thebes, the pharaoh subjects eagerly
await news of the campaign. Bustling with more
than 50,000 people, it's one of the biggest
cities in the world. Like all of Egypt,
Thebes' wealth depends on trade and tributes
of subdued territories. Now, that's all at risk. For Egyptians, this city
is the center of the world. Time hasn't diminished
its magnificence. The ruins of colossal
buildings, some still standing in spire awe. Even some of the bright
peat miraculously survives the punishing sun. Reliefs recount
Thutmose's glorious reign. At a time when foreign powers
threatened the country, the proud Egyptians realized
that for better or worse, they weren't alone in the world. PROFESSOR KENT WEEKS: Early
periods of Egyptian history, the Egyptian word
for Egyptian was the same as the Egyptian
word for human being. In the new kingdom, they
began to recognize the greater equality of foreigners-- Syrians, Sudanese,
Cretans, whatever. NARRATOR: Egypt's
neighbors enviously gazed on the country's
enormous prosperity. While adjacent people suffered
from frequent droughts, the Egyptians were
blessed by geography and enjoyed regular
plentiful harvests. Though Egypt is 90%
desert, the Nile has shared wide fertile fields
that grew ample grain to feed some 3 million people. This easy abundance made the
country one of the most stable societies of the ancient world. And through trade, the
people of the Nile magnified their wealth, funding the
world's largest monuments-- the Pyramids. Clearly, the gods must
have loved the Egyptians. PROFESSOR KENT WEEKS: Egyptians
were probably a very arrogant people because they were
convinced that no one had it better than the Egyptians. The gods had given Egypt
the most wonderful country in the world, and most
foreigners who came here said the same thing. You've got this wonderful river
that always provides water, you've got these wonderful
fields that always provide crops, you don't have to work
very hard to grow these things. This is heaven on earth. NARRATOR: Thutmose grows up in a
world that knows neither famine nor war. He comes to the
throne as a child after his father's early death. But the little king is
far too young to rule, so his aunt and stepmother,
Hatshepsut, takes over as regent. Tradition dictates that
pharaohs be men but Hatshepsut aspires divine authority
to rule for life. PROFESSOR DONALD REDFORD: I've
tried to put together myself a list of all those government
officials and high nobility who stood behind her. And that may be the secret. There may have been a kind of-- I was going to say cabal, but
that may be too strong a word-- a coterie of supporters who were
quite influential and more so than we think today. NARRATOR: To affirm her
legitimacy as regent, Hatshepsut alters her appearance
on temple reliefs and official statues. At first, she's portrayed
as a woman with breasts and feminine features. But soon, she dons
the ceremonial beard worn by pharaohs before her. Hatshepsut has
officially transformed into a male pharaoh. [music playing] Although Thutmose is
potentially her rival, Hatshepsut employs the country's
best teachers for the boy. He learns astronomy,
mathematics, religion, and medicine. They teach him about
Egypt's victories, but they also warn him about
the great threat Egypt faces-- foreign domination. YOUNG THUTMOSE:
[non-english speech] NARRATOR: Only two
centuries earlier, a foreign tribe wrested
control of Egypt, much to the shock of the Egyptians. They had always believed Egypt
was invincible, yet in 1648 BC, the Hyksos, a nomadic
people from the Northeast, had moved in. And the settlers
became invaders. First, they conquered
the Nile Delta, then they invaded lower Egypt. They split the empire
into two rival factions. [music playing] For millennia, the
country had been protected by its natural boundaries. Inhospitable deserts flank the
empire to the east and west, making invasion
nearly impossible. [music playing] To the north, the
swamps of the Nile Delta defended against
seaborne invaders. Egypt was safe, or so it seemed. PROFESSOR DONALD REDFORD:
Egypt is naturally protected and if the government of the
day simply keeps up a few border forts with a handful
of garrison troops, that's all that's needed. You can easily keep
anybody out and and they did for the first 15
centuries of their history. They were remarkably successful
in keeping all foreigners that were unwanted out
of the country. NARRATOR: But the
Hyksos were different. With one technological
advancement, they infiltrated the Delta,
and then went on the attack from inside the country. [ominous music] ng] To invade Egypt, the Hyksos
used a new and terrifying invention-- the chariot. [music playing] With this superior
technology, they drove the Egyptian militias
deep into the heartlands of the South. The Egyptians were powerless to
repel their thundering attack. But they fought mightily
to win back their home. [music playing] King Seqenenre Tao, an
ancestor of Thutmose, fought a futile battle
against the Hyksos. He was very likely killed in
close combat by a battle ax. That really had shaken the
ego of the Egyptians, you know, to be invaded by these people
that they were-- they despised, and successfully
invaded for 108 years. That was a blow to their pride,
and a blow to their whole world vision. [music playing] NARRATOR: After King
Seqenenre Tao, King Ahmose, the ruler of Thebes
finally put an end to this foreign domination. Archaeologists pieced together
this relief, the only account of Moses victory
over the Hyksos. Ahmose had learned
from his enemies and beat them at their
own game, building war chariots to expel the
invaders from his country. Ahmose reunited Egypt's
north and south, heralding what's known
as the New Kingdom, when pharaohs swore to
restore Egypt's glory and face down all
foreign threats. But in the Middle
East, a new power gathers strength-- the
Mitanni, a warrior tribe more formidable than the Hyksos,
and bent on expansion. The Mitanni are trying to
weaken Egypt's influence in the Northeast. They forge alliances with the
rulers of the Canaan region, who despise Egypt's taxation. As the Mitanni close in
on the borders of Egypt, their ranks swell with
Egypt's former vassals. In the Egyptian capital of
Thebes, time is running out. But Thutmose, now
grown, and Hatshepsut disagree on what to do. He wants to mobilize
his army immediately to intercept the enemy before
it reaches the borders of Egypt. Hatshepsut prefers to wait. She wants to avoid war at
all costs, especially a war beyond the boundaries
of the empire. And even though Thutmose
is the rightful heir, Hatshepsut has yet to
surrender the throne. Thutmose insists that his
strategy is the only way to save Egypt. But Hatshepsut calls the
shots and he must obey. I think that that
distinction between Hatshepsut as a conservative looking
backward, in a sense, with her roots in the past,
as opposed to Thutmose III, adopts this new
outlook of expansion, and involvement, and a
dynamic approach to life. [music playing] NARRATOR: Thutmose denied
his war against the Mitanni, directs his attention elsewhere,
to the region between Egypt and Nubia, a scene of constant
conflict to the south. His ancestors had already
built a chain of fortresses along the Nile, but the young
King wants to reinforce them, flexing his military muscle
and proving that Egypt is still strong. The Nubians, fearsome warriors,
constantly raided Egypt from the south. Today, most of Egypt's border
fortresses have disappeared, the remains swallowed
up in the 1960s, when the swan dam
created lake Nasser. But thanks to old
archaeological records, we have a sense of what
these forts looked like. Around 500 soldiers lived
in each fort complex, which operated like
a small, walled town. They contained barracks for the
soldiers, storehouses for food, workshops, and temples. Watchtowers on the walls
provided an unobstructed view for miles. But these forts weren't just
for defense against invasion. They also protected
the trade routes. Every pharaoh,
including Thutmose, wanted access to the valuable
raw materials of Nubia, including gold and people. Egypt basically, and
historically, looked south, not only for its
conquest, but also for where it got its products. And one of those products
that we tend to forget today was manpower. They would send caravans down
that we would perhaps, today, call slave-raiding caravans. And they would come back
with thousands of Nubians. NARRATOR: Thutmose's southern
campaign is successful. He returns from Nubia with
large numbers of slaves. His officers turned them into
paid privileged soldiers, because Nubian warriors are
considered superb archers. Equipped with
newly-designed bows, they could inflict
terrible injuries, even from a great distance. Quietly, Thutmose
builds a powerful army. The pharaoh is convinced
he can't avoid war with the Mitanni. And for that, he'll need not
just good soldiers, but more weapons. He fires up the foundries. His military workshops
in Memphis forge axes, and hatchets,
spears, and arrowheads of bronze, the weapons the
Egyptians have long relied on. But Thutmose plays it a
little differently this time, taking a page from Egypt's
old enemy, the Hyksos, he's equipping his
army with war chariots. The Egyptians have taken
the old Hyksos chariot and radically improved it. We know what these chariots
look like from illustrations on Egyptian temple walls. And a perfectly preserved
gilded ceremonial chariot was found in the
tomb of Tutankhamun. It demonstrates in every detail
how the Egyptians constructed their war machines. They built the chassis
from bent wood, extra spokes
strengthened the wheels. The wide axle kept the chariot
stable, even in sharp turns. The fighting platform was made
of leather to absorb blows. And ingeniously, the chariot
was held together only by pins, sockets, and leather straps. Damaged parts
could be exchanged. Soldiers could
dismantle the chariot and carry it over long
distances, something never done before. Those two things, the
chariotry corps and the archers owed-- owed a debt to the
Hyksos, very definitely. But the Egyptians now
developed these two arms into very, very important
aspects of their army. [soldiers cheering] NARRATOR: Though his aunt,
Hatshepsut is still in charge, her health is failing. Meanwhile, Thutmose has
gathered more than 12,000 men under his command, the
biggest army of its time. And now, he can put them to
use, because the pharaoh has received important news. Hatshepsut has died. Thutmose seizes the moment
for himself and for Egypt. The death of the pharaoh
Hatshepsut ends an era. Her memorial is a
huge temple at Thebes. Built in her own lifetime, it
celebrates the peaceful era of her reign. Her ships set out
to distant lands and returned home with exotic
woods, gold, and slaves. The most powerful woman
in Egypt's history is laid to rest in the
Valley of the Kings. She is the first female
pharaoh buried here, and her death
empowers her enemies. The whole world
began to know it. I mean, there was--
there was communication. And so it would appear to those
forces that wanted to get back into Egypt, that
now was the time. NARRATOR: According
to custom, the country mourned the regent's
death for 70 days, giving Egypt's
enemies to the east the opportunity to join forces. A powerful coalition
of enemy princes gathers close to Megiddo,
ready to strike west. For years, Thutmose had
failed to take action against the Asian threat. Now, he has to act swiftly
to forestall the enemy by attacking first. The pharaoh leads his
army toward the Northeast from Memphis, 240 miles through
a barren and hostile landscape, to Gaza in Canaan. The desert has protected
the Egyptians for thousands of years. Now, they have to cross it. They form a gigantic column,
12,000 men and 2,400 animals. An army this size
needs regular supplies, including 13,000 gallons
of fresh water every day. Until recently, no one
knew how they managed it. But new discoveries reveal the
level of foresight and planning the Egyptians spent on
these desert campaigns. Ancient stone route markers and
millions of pottery fragments found strewn, even today, in
remote parts of the Sahara revealed forgotten trade routes. It seems that huge
caravans traveled even further than the 130
miles that Thutmose covered to reach Palestine. The Egyptians, with no
camels to make the journey, had to depend on
oxen and donkeys. And so they developed a
sophisticated water supply system. Huge caravans headed out
in front of the army, loaded with thousands
of gallons of water, creating artificial rest
stops in the desert. Every 40 miles,
these advance units would supply the Egyptian
troops with vitally-needed refreshments. After 10 days, Thutmose and
his army arrive in Palestine. They have defeated the desert. But still, 11 days
of a strenuous quest separate them from
their main target. Megiddo, a fortified town
perched strategically on a hilltop in
modern day Israel. Its lofty position makes
sneak attacks against it virtually impossible. Today, fields carpet the area. Then, it was a vital
part of the trade route. It was here that Thutmose's
enemies gathered. If you're just
here at Megiddo, you can command
the Jezreel valley. And if you command the valley,
you command this whole region. So Megiddo is an
extremely strategic place. Thutmoses III knew it. So did the Canaanite rebels,
that's why they meet here. It's not only a
great place to fight, but whoever wins
controls the entire area. NARRATOR: Thutmose's Moses army
is only 20 miles from Megiddo. But now, the Carmel
mountains stand in their way. The pharaoh faces three choices. He could bypass
the rugged hills, taking the northern
or the southern route and adding two
days to the march. Or, he could attempt
to cross them head on. While the soldiers rest,
Thutmose summons his generals for a war council. The mountains are
treacherous, he is told. Crossing them is
a fool's errand. His generals are
quite clear about it. The soldiers have already
endured a three-week march. Traversing the mountain
would only exhaust them before the coming battle. But Thutmose sees
it differently, more strategically. The pharaoh's plan of action
at this crucial moment is immortalized on the
temple walls of Karnak. So important was his decision,
that the fate of Egypt depended on it. In moments like this,
history is made. As we see in this
hieroglyphic record here, which actually are
excerpts from the King's own diary, pharaoh
said, no, I am going to go through the
narrow pass, so as not to give any impression
to the enemy that I am weak or cowardly. NARRATOR: Thutmose orders
to advance straight over the mountains. He reasons that if his
generals have advised against this treacherous
route, surely the enemy won't
expect him there. A narrow and extended
column of troops snakes its way up the mountains. Dismantled chariots
slow their advance. As they crawl over
the rocks, the troops are vulnerable to attack. But Thutmose knows it's
too late to turn back. No time for second guessing. His men follow without
question, but surely, some believe they are
marching to their deaths. The pharaoh suspects the enemy's
leader, the Canaanite King of Kadesh, positioned his troops
along the northern and southern approaches to Megiddo. And he can only hope the
king left the mountain route vulnerable. The Egyptian troops struggle
as the mountain pass squeezes tighter
after every corner. Any moment now, the coalition
forces could attack. The route seems
almost impassible. The soldiers barely
make any progress. [horses whinnying] [men shouting] Thutmose fears his
generals were right. But miraculously, the Egyptians
reached the end of the pass. Ahead of them spreads
the plane of Megiddo. They made it past this obstacle,
but the hardest work still lies ahead. The crucial battle
is about to begin. After daybreak, the Egyptians
launch a surprise attack on the enemy camp. The King of Kadesh realizes too
late that he's been outwitted. He is allowed Thutmose
and his 12,000 troops to cross the
mountains unimpeded. He has seriously underestimated
the pharaoh's abilities as a war leader, and falsely
positioned his troops elsewhere. A fateful mistake spelling
disaster, as the Egyptians hopelessly outnumber the
remaining enemy units. With no time to
get reinforcements, the Canaanite coalition
is forced to retreat. The King of Kadesh waits
for the moment he can follow his fleeing troops to safety. [thutmose shouting] But then, greed gets the
best of Thutmose's army. Instead of pursuing the
enemy, the Egyptian troops stay to plunder their camp-- something Thutmose
never anticipated. In pharaoh's own words,
Thutmose III's own words taken from his
day book, which we see here in this
hieroglyphic text, he said, "If only my army
had not given its attention to the plundering
of the enemy camp, Megiddo would have been
taken in a single day." NARRATOR: Thutmose has won
his first great battle. But his inexperience and his
troops' lack of discipline have allowed the
enemy to escape. As the Egyptians
collect their loot, the Canaanite coalition
holds up inside Megiddo. Throughout its long
history, Megiddo has been a formidable fortress. Today, and team of
students excavate the city, level-by-level. They dig through the sand
of thousands of years of civilization before
reaching the city foundations from the time of Thutmose III. The archaeologists collect
fragments of pottery found at different layers in
the ground, which they can date to specific historical periods. When they find the foundations
dating 3,000 years ago, they can reconstruct the
shape of the fortress and the buildings within. There was a palace in the
southern part of the city. We know where the gate was. We know where the temple was. So the two most
important components of a city like this, their
location is well-known. And then we know that there
was no major fortifications surrounding the site, but houses
built connected to each other and forming some sort of
a belt of houses, which gave protection to
the people inside. NARRATOR: Megiddo's
fortified houses, perched atop a steep hill,
protect of Kadesh and his men. Thutmose III says they
held out for seven months, so they obviously had enough
water and enough food. NARRATOR: How the city could
hold out for so long has always been a mystery,
until archaeologists discovered remnants of a
sophisticated supply system. A huge tunnel dug deep into
the mountain supplied the city with water. But eventually, Thutmose and
his men capture the city. They must've
breached the walls, they must have knocked
down the city gates, or they paid somebody to open
up the gates, something very common in antiquity,
they must have done. NARRATOR: Whatever happened,
Megiddo finally falls, and the Egyptians, at
last, defeat their enemies. The King of Kadesh
and his allies are brought before the pharaoh. It's time for Thutmose to
show his skills as statesmen, to find a way to rule this
conquered territory so far away from his capital in Thebes. Challenging the pharaoh
is like blasphemy. Violators can expect no mercy. His generals demand the
enemies be put to death. But the King of Kadesh begs
for the lives of his family. Once more, Thutmose
ignores his generals, and follows his own instincts
in dealing with his enemies. At that point,
what happened became standard imperial practice
for four centuries. They were forced to take
an oath, immediately, never again to rebel against
pharaoh and Egypt. At the same time, they were--
it was made plain to them that they had to hand in
taxes, the same kind of taxes that the Egyptian peasants
had to hand in whenever the pharaoh or his
ministers asked for them. And finally, they were
obliged to give up their young children. NARRATOR: Thutmose spares the
lives of the rebel leaders, but he sends their children
to Egypt as hostages. They will guarantee that their
fathers never again disobey the pharaoh's commands. On the Nile, they will
be raised as Egyptians. The girls will stay in Egypt. The boys will one day
return to their own land as vassal kings in the
service of the pharaoh. As an Egyptian, if you're
trying to conquer this region, it makes much more sense
to capture the cities and then turn them into
an Egyptian capital city, an Egyptian
stronghold, and then rule it, which is what they do. They rule this area. They rule Canaan for the
next 300 or 400 years from cities like Jerusalem,
like Megiddo, like others. It makes perfect sense. Why would you destroy it
when it makes much more sense to occupy it? NARRATOR: Thutmose
returns home in triumph, proving himself a worthy
pharaoh and a powerful general. Throughout the land,
Egyptians mark the victory over the king of Kadesh and
the conquest of Megiddo. [cheering] Priests throw open the
doors to the sanctuaries of the imperial gods. The spoils of war,
the enemies gold are offered to the god who
made this victory possible, Amun, supreme god
of the kingdom, and the fledgling empire. In Thebes, the capital, life
feels safer, more secure. But that feeling is deceptive. The main enemy, the
Mitanni, have by no means been vanquished, and are
plotting their revenge. Thutmose has conquered
Megiddo and divided the enemy coalition. But the Mitanni aren't defeated,
and Egypt's victory is fragile. For 10 years after
capturing Megiddo, Thutmose battles the Mitanni and
tightens his hold on the Canaan region. But the Mitanni, unwilling
to accept the loss of Canaan, still trying to forge alliances
against the Egyptians. Thutmose decides to destroy
them once and for all. He prepares to take his army
to the coast of Lebanon. He did it only after the first
four or five campaigns that consolidated his hold on
Palestine, what we would call today Palestine, in the south. Then, he directed
his next campaigns against the Lebanese coast. And to do that, it would be
much more useful and easier, perhaps, to load his
army into transports and send them by water. NARRATOR: Ancient records
show that Thutmose planned a land/sea campaign
against the Mitanni. But archaeologists weren't
convinced he could do it. Despite images and
inscriptions, there was no archaeological proof that
Egyptians could build seagoing ships. But a few years ago,
beside the Red Sea, researchers discovered remnants
of an Egyptian sea port, one of only two ever found. A network of at
least eight galleries dug deep into fossilized coral. The first tangible
evidence that Egyptians could not only navigate the Nile
River, but also the open sea. An international
team of scientists found ceramics, the remains
of cedar ship timbers, and texts as evidence for
state-sponsored trading ventures. But the caves held an
even bigger surprise. Deep inside, scientists
discovered cargo and equipment from Egyptian sailors. Hundreds of meters of
ancient ships' ropes preserved for
thousands of years. Strong evidence that,
despite all doubts, the Egyptians sailed the seas. The Egyptians
built cargo ships that were capable of long
journeys hundreds of years before Thutmose III. NARRATOR: Marine
archaeologist, Cheryl Ward, has excavated sections
of wooden planks. She needs just a few
fragments from the stern to reconstruct the entire ship. The vessels were much
sturdier and bigger than the boats used on the Nile. Each ship required 20 trees. It could carry 40 people
and 17 tons of freight. With 50-foot wide sails, the
ship could travel at six knots, three times faster
than donkeys on land. Another reason this piece
of wood is really special is that it's got great examples
of the way the Egyptians held their ships together. They use big pieces of
wood we call tendons, and they fit inside
holes in each plank. We see the ends of
each tendon here. They're in pairs. And you can imagine another
plank jammed up here next to it with these great pieces of
wood holding it together. There's also, here,
what we call a ligature. They threaded strips of copper
through here like ribbon, and tied the end
of another plank to it, so that the seam
between that plank and the keel was as tight as possible. NARRATOR: This
construction kit approach made it possible to easily
dismantle the ships, just like the Egyptian chariots. Sailors could transport
the pieces over land, and reassemble the ship
at their destination. That destination was the empire
of the Mitanni, Thutmose's arch enemy, 550
miles from Egypt. Thutmose sails north. His 170 ships carry a huge army. When they reached the
last Egyptian port, they disembark carrying a few
disassembled ships with them. The pharaoh knows
they still have to cross the river Euphrates. Gathering on the far
side of the river, the Egyptian soldiers
prepare for war. But the great battle the
Egyptians geared for never happens. The Mitanni have retreated
into the Asian plains. Thutmose destroys their
cities, marking his territory and declaring victory. Thutmose's war diaries end soon
after his Euphrates campaign. A royal steel, or carved
stone, on the Euphrates shore marks the outer
boundary of his empire. Thutmose has reached
the geographical limits of his military power, as far
as Egypt's empire will ever stretch. At last, Thutmose and his
soldiers can return home. No Egyptian wants to live
here, so far from Egypt. For every Egyptian, their
homeland is paradise on earth. The Nile is the
center of their world. Perhaps for that reason,
this ancient superpower kept mainly to
itself, expanding only when it was reasonable to
do so, never overreaching. PROFESSOR DONALD REDFORD:
Thutmose III teams to exemplify that old Egyptian interest
in surrounding territories as a sphere of influence in
which the Egyptian messenger can go and tell the local
chief, I want so-and-so, you have to comply
with pharaoh's wishes, and the chief will say, yes,
sir, yes, sir, and do so. NARRATOR: Once again, Thutmose
returns to Thebes in triumph, expanding the Egyptian
empire as never before. No pharaoh's power
had ever been greater. Thutmose has accomplished
his life's work, and banished the danger
of foreign domination. To thank the gods
for his victories, he extends the temple of
Karnak, and decorates the walls with images of the exotic
animals and plants he discovered on his campaigns. Like all his ancestors, Thutmose
is portrayed as the conquerer of his enemies. But as the kingdom
expanded, the Egyptians started viewing
foreigners differently. If not as equals, then,
at least, as humans. They were looked almost
upon his compatriots. And we can see this
in Egyptian religion, in the changing features
of Egyptian religion. In the new kingdom,
the question of, where did the authority
of the Egyptian gods end? Did the Egyptian gods
have control of Egypt, but nothing outside Egypt? In the new kingdom, they
decided, no, the Egyptian gods had authority far
beyond Egypt as well. NARRATOR: Thutmose is
remembered as the greatest Egyptian general, and
as an astute politician. His 54-year reign over
three million people was unprecedented and brilliant. By understanding the
limits to foreign conquest, he maintained Egypt's power and
stability, assuring its success for centuries. Thutmose defined what
Egypt would become.
