On behalf of our President
and CEO, Greg Case, and our chief marketing
officer, Phil Clement, it's a real honor for Aon to be
the sponsor of this event today. And for many of you,
you might know that Aon is now a UK-based company,
but it's also important for you to know that the Aon Foundation,
for the past 25 years, has made it a priority to support
educational activities and cultural institutions like
the Chicago Humanities Festival and the Charter Humanist Circle,
that does so much to enrich the lives of all of us in this room
and everybody in Chicago. And even though we're now in the UK,
I want everybody in this room to know that we intend to continue
this commitment, and it will remain high on our
priority list for the things we do to support the community of
Chicago for many years to come. [applause] On behalf of my colleagues
at Aon, I want to thank the Charter Humanist Circle
and its members for their very valuable support,
and I also want to thank Northwestern University Law
School for allowing us to use the auditorium today. At Aon, we believe in the mantra
"If we can't measure it, we don't do it." And because of that,
it's a real honor for us to be here supporting and
introducing Dr. Philip Kotler. Dr. Kotler has defined marketing
as "the science and art of exploring, creating, and
delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target
market at a profit." He is recognized around the world
as one of the foremost experts on business, of marketing,
and for his insights on how exemplary marketing has
the creativity and the power to influence global
consumers every day. In that spirit, I hope you'll join
me in welcoming Dr. Philip Kotler. [applause] Now before I turn the
microphone over to Dr. Kotler, in the spirit of marketing, maybe
many of you in this room know that Aon does a great many
things globally, but one of the things that we've done that has created
tremendous brand awareness for our firm is our sponsorship
of Manchester United football team, which by today won 2 to 1
versus Arsenal [applause] We're at--
Right now we're at the top of the
premiere league. So in that spirit,
[laughter] I would like to present Dr. Kotler
with his very own, personalized Manchester United shirt.
[applause] [Kolter]: Thank you. David, thank you very much. And I will wear this,
in a fantasy way. [laughter] May I say, I really appreciate
your introduction. Of all the introductions I've received,
yours is the most recent. [laughter] Nation, nation... Oh, you may know of
Steven Colbert, so I can't pull it off the same way. There will be two groups,
with respect to marketing. There will be a group that
doesn't like marketing, and I'm going to give you
why they don't like marketing and the justifications.
I will also tell you there's another group who loves
marketing, so before we're through, you will be totally confused,
or at least opinionated. So, what I want to do is
tell you that-- These are called
confessions of a marketer. That's, by the way, borrowed
from David Ogilvy, who wrote a wonderful book called
"Confessions of an Advertising Man." And let me move on and say
why is marketing a topic for the humanities? And we would say that
there's a couple of reasons. One: I regard marketing
as a humanistic subject because marketing has
affected our lifestyles; has created, not only affected
a lifestyle, but created lifestyles, and we should be, from a point
of view of popular interest, interested in that. And it really-- I want to say that marketing
is very American, that it's beginnings are
very American. That doesn't mean there weren't
manifestations of marketing earlier, and as a matter of fact, I'd like
to give you a very short history of marketing, so that you understand
what we mean by the word. As a matter of fact, if you took a
dictionary, a Webster's dictionary, in the year 1900, and looked up
the word marketing, you would not find it in the dictionary. Yes, you would find the word market,
but not the word marketing. If you then picked a dictionary...
1910. You would find the word marketing in it, because marketing
is about 100 years old. And it's much more than selling.
So let me show you... Let's start...
Let's start biblically. [laughter]
Let's start biblically. Who is the marketer
in this picture? This is the biblical narrative.
Who was the first marketer in the world? I hear Eve... The snake. I hate to admit it, because snake
sounds like sneaky, and so on and so forth. But the fact is that it was
the snake who sold Eve on getting Adam to eat an apple.
So it goes way back. At least selling goes way back.
Now let's go further. Here is the father of marketing. Wow, what an insult to him!
[laughter] I mean, that's Aristotle. Recently I was at a group,
little party, and we were speculating who we would like to meet most
if we had an hour with such a person, and it boiled down to Plato,
Socrates, or Aristotle. That's a hard one. It turns out that my vote
went for Aristotle. Aristotle was Google, at the time.
He knew more about everything than anyone in the world.
He wrote on science, politics, economics, rhetoric, art,
and everything. Now, why do I say that he had
some marketing impact? Let me read the definition of rhetoric.
He's not the founder of rhetoric, by the way. The founders were
the sophists, around 600 B.C. They were a group who wanted to use
selling and speech and persuasion for their own devious ends.
But Aristotle put the i-- the discipline of rhetoric on its feet. Rhetoric is the art that aims to improve
the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade,
or motivate particular audiences in specific situations.
It is the faculty of the observing, in any given case, the available
means of persuasion. So, in a sense, he could be
the father of selling. The idea of getting someone
to do something that they might not have done otherwise.
So, let's move on, about other early manifestations of marketing.
I know many of you cannot necessarily read this, so I will read it,
but the first department store opened when, and in what country?
Normally if you're in France and you ask the question,
they would say of course we invented the department store.
It was about 1845. The same time we invented
paperweights and some other things. But it turns out that the first
department store was in Japan. Mitsui company, which is still
alive and well. So that's where one of our
retailing forms started. The next one is the first
newspaper that carried an ad. There were newspapers early,
but the first ad appeared in England, in 1652, and it advertised coffee.
And then, the first ad agency started a little later.
Well, much later. N.W. Ayer, which is still a
prosperous advertising agency. First time a brand was put on a
commodity, the commodity being soap, the brand name was Pear's soap. And then the first packaging
appeared a little later, and finally we had a marketing
research department formed. So, now the word markets
has been around all these years. The Middle Ages had markets.
In fact, whenever-- I would even say the agora,
in ancient Greece-- that means the marketplace--
In ancient Greece, people would come on a particular
day to sell things. In the Middle Ages,
there were market days. The word marketing wasn't there.
It was just market. And trade was always there,
because trade, through history, has taken place between people
and regions and countries. So all that is there, and it was
in the decade of the 1900s that marketing books first appeared.
And the interesting thing is who wrote those first marketing books.
Were they sociologists? What was the discipline of the people
who wrote the first marketing books? Any guesses? They weren't physicists or chemists. They were economists. So why would economists start
a subject called marketing? And the answer is: they were
disillusioned economists. [laughter] They couldn't find any mention
of advertising in the discourse of economists. In other words,
never did Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo,
even Alfred Marshall, and so on, they rarely talked about other
forces that shaped demand. The only force that shaped demand
in their mind was price. You know the famous curve.
Raise the price, demand will go down, lower the price, you can sell more.
Price was the only thing that affected demand.
So these economists, or institutional economists, said "Hey,
you've got to factor in advertising." You've got to factor in retail stores,
whole sales, jobbers, agents. And it was the neglect of
the classical economists to not really texture the marketplace
and the way an economy worked that led to marketing.
So marketing is technically a branch of economics. Now who helped developed
this field of marketing? Now, probably you don't
recognize maybe anyone here. There's one person you
might recognize. I don't know if you can see
some of these faces, but someone recognize anyone there? Yeah. Dale Carnegie.
Dale Carnegie is here, and his book was "How to
Win Friends and Influence People," because in doing this,
I wanted to find out who was the exemplar
of the selling method. "How to Win Friends
and Influence People" But let me give you the whole picture. Ernest Dichter. Some of
you may know of. He was a motivational psychologist,
and he could explain why people didn't like to eat prunes, why cigars
were offending some people, and all kinds of things.
And his book called "The Study of Desire."
He apparently studied with Sigmund Freud, and he brought
that kind of mind to marketing. But he had an opponent named
Alfred Pollitz, who was not a head shrinker--We call
him a... a nose counter. The expressions we would use if
you were very psychological, you were a head shrinker, and
otherwise, you were a nose counter. Namely, a surveyor. You surveyed--
You found out what percentage of people were of a certain age and
why did they buy a particular product. Julius Rosenwald was very much
behind the formation of the Sears company, which was
a important episode in the development of our retail chains. Lester Wunderman deserves
credit as exemplifying the use of direct mail and catalogs.
That you can sell more directly. You don't have to be in the store.
You can get people to order goods by mail and phone. David Ogilvy is the exemplar
advertising person, then Stanley Marcus,
of Neiman Marcus, was a fella who could walk into
any retail store and give them 100 suggestions on how to improve
the layout, the size of the aisles, and make a difference in the
voulme of business. Edward Bernays is the father of
public relations in the United States. His name has sort of become
obscure, but he really was a very important person.
The word propaganda was often used in connection with his
work, because people thought it was a model to motivate you to feel
a certain way about anything, regardless of the standards involved.
And then there's Dale Carnegie. In any case, how did
marketing get its start? Marketing got its start
in sales departments. Every company has a sales group.
And the sales people really want to be in the office of a customer,
because that's the only way something happens. So they don't
want to do a lot of homework. For example, three things they
didn't want to do. They didn't want to do consumer
research in a systematic way, because that's taking their time
away from selling to customers. Secondly, they would've liked
someone else to find leads. Now a lead means a prospect.
In fact, we distinguish between a hot lead: "Oh boy, he's ready
to buy. He even called us to buy." a warm lead, a cold lead, so on.
Someone else should do that for the sales people, so they don't
waste their time making calls. And the third thing was
someone had to prepare brochures and ads. And the
salesman is not skilled. The salesperson isn't skilled at
communicating through advertising and brochures. So sales departments
added three people, or hired them from time to time.
Later on, it exploded to the day today, when we have
multinationals running-- with marketing--
In other words, marketing-- Those three people split from sales
and became big enough to become its own department.
And so, some people in the audience here may be
a chief marketing officer. The old name was Vice President
of marketing, but I like the name chief marketing officer because
that person now is part of the chief officers. Chief information
officer, chief financial officer, chief innovation officer,
and the status has moved up. Some of you may be brand managers,
may have been in your past experience. Category managers, market
segment managers, managing distribution channels,
like retail or wholesale things, pricing manager, communication
manager, database manager, direct marketers, internet
people, and so on. So, marketing is well-established. Now, the character of a marketing
department depends very much on what the CEO thinks of marketing. So, the 1P CEO is a person
who took over a company, and he says, "I don't like
marketing, but I know I need it, and all I want from marketing is
some communications. I just want someone to broadcast
and promote us." So, that person is missing
a lot of other things made up by other CEOs,
who are 4P CEOs. Now a 4P CEO says,
"I need a marketing plan." And the plan has to mention
product--that's the first P. What about our product? What's good
about it? What are the features? Price: what should it be priced at?
Place: where should it be made accessible? Online,
offline, in stores? And finally promotion. So that's a more educated view
of the potential of marketing. But there's even a better view,
and that's called the CEO who says, "No! I don't want to start with 4 Ps,
I want to start with the fact the market is complex."
There's a lot of segments. Each segment deserves its own plan.
In fact, one thing we've learned that if you just have one value
proposition for the whole market, it really doesn't trigger anything
in many parts of the market. So that CEO says, "What
segment should we go after? And what position should we
take with each segment? What should we say about ourselves,
in how we can satisfy their needs?" Now there's even a higher type CEO,
which is exemplified by A.G. Lafley, who ran Procter & Gamble,
who recently retired. When you ask A.G. Lafley what's
marketing, what's your picture, he says, "Well, what do you mean?
Marketing is everything." [laughter] Now, marketing is everything.
What he means is everything starts with the customer.
No customers, no business. And I think he's making
that point very much. Now, moving on, there's a lot of things
that a chief marketing officer does, and I won't go into any detail,
but there's a lot of tasks, and the sad fact is that sometimes
the chief marketing officer only lasts on the average of two years.
In other words, does a job, and maybe the CEO is not feeling that
it really brought in enough new business that the cost of the CMO exceeds
what the value of the CMO is. There's a lot to go into about
why CMOs on the average hold on to their job for two years.
By the way, some of them get a better job after two years.
They become something higher than the chief marketing officer.
Some of them actually are pirated away because they're so good, they go
to another company to be the CEO. But in any case, marketing--
commercial marketing, which I've been talking about,
could've stayed only commercial, and then I got involved in--
with Professor Sid Levy at Northwestern We started the idea of
broadening marketing, because the set of tools that we use
to address consumers could be used in other areas.
So we have a thing called place marketing.
I will get a call from a city, let's say, and a city says, "We're not getting
enough tourists. We don't have any attractions for them to come
and see. I would like to get a factory located here. We would like some digital
people to move here, who know digital-- We want to start a Silicon Valley."
So that's place marketing. The marketing of a place. How do you
dress it up and make it attractive? Against all of the other
competitive places. The second--
Person marketing. There's an agency called William Morris,
and a young singer might go to William Morris and say, "look, I want
to get ahead. I want to appear on Jay Leno's show. I want to--
I want to move up to being noticed. I want high visibility."
I wrote a book with the title "High Visibility." How do you
get that visibility. So, William Morris will look
at her and her performance and maybe say,
"You know, in a sense-- Don't be offended, but we can
make you into a better product." That's sort of the language.
You know, do your hair differently, walk a little-- dress differently.
Actually, we're going to use you to reignite the archetype of Joan Baez.
You know, Joan Baez, the folk singer. Well, we need a new Joan Baez.
And so, we can recast you and form you into the kind of
person we all miss, and so on. Now, social marketing is
another branch. Today there are 2,000 social marketers
around the world, trying to help people eat better, exercise more, say no
to drugs, stop smoking cigar-- get off of tobacco, say no to
a number of things. Positive behaviors and
negative behaviors. By the way, my memory is that
Sweden was one of the first countries to want to raise a nation of nonsmokers,
non-drinkers, all the vices. And it starts at the primary school level,
that you could technically raise people to avoid those vices, if that was
thought to be good public policy. So that's social marketing.
Now, political marketing, we're saturated with.
And I think it's degenerated, but that's another thing.
Fundraising is part of marketing. I mean, fundraising is an odd form,
because you're not exchanging. Everything else is sort of an exchange
of values. Fundraising seems to be a one-way transfer.
Here's some money for the museum.
But any fundraiser knows there's something that should come
back to the person who is the donor and supporter of a museum,
and working that way is important. So these are offshoots.
Now all of us do marketing. If you read the list, we all do marketing.
Did you ever compete for a job when you knew there were other applicants?
Didn't you dress up as well as you could and even prepare what you're
going to say, and so on? Did you compete for a desirable
apartment which was scarce? Or a member of the opposite sex,
if you wanted to court someone. So, in a sense, we're human animals
who know how to make an impression and market ourselves, to some extent. What do we dislike about marketing? Well, there's a long list.
It's a rather long list. Intrusion, interruption, exaggeration,
and so on and so forth. And I really made a list that's
a little separate from that. Here are some of the criticisms.
Marketers get consumers to want and spend more than they can afford. And we know that from the financial
disaster that people were buying homes with maybe nothing down.
Marketers are skilled at creating grand differentiation
where it shouldn't exist. Like with commodities, you know, a
chicken is a chicken, cement is cement. So they spend a lot of time trying to
tell you their cement is really better, their salt is really better, and so on.
Marketers want to produce and sell more goods without considering
the resource and environmental costs of producing the goods.
The planet Earth is affected by the amount of production
and the care with which it's done. Marketers had not paid sufficient
attention to product safety. We know that because Ralph Nader
made his career, basically, car-- the unsafety in cars, and then
we got lead poisoning, we got asbestos problems,
and so on. Here's a serious criticism. Marketers--
and this is not all marketers-- these are some particular
companies, and so on. Marketers favor giving the public what it
wants, whether its good or not for them. Sure, I'll sell you cigarettes. I'll sell
you anything that will make money. Therefore marketing promotes
a materialistic mindset, that-- we get turned on to
more of a materialistic world, a world of ever-changing products and
services and keeping up with the Jones and some of that. Marketers rarely talk about
sane consumption. Yeah, some beer companies say,
"Please enjoy our beer, but don't drink too much." That's nice that they--
No one listens to that, and you still have binge-drinking, but they're
trying to do what they can and so on and so forth.
Now, let me just say there's another side.
This is important too, because it's not a simple picture.
The other side of it is Marketing has undoubtedly
raised the standard of living in the United States.
People don't naturally buy new things. In other words,
do you know, people used to keep their refrigerators, which
weren't refrigerators at the time, they were ice boxes and they would
keep going out and getting some ice and putting it in the box, and so on.
And even the washing machines were very slow to take--
In other words, people-- It would be very expensive to
buy a new appliance, but marketers persisted in saying
your life will be better with new appliances, and
that's one of its jobs. I would even go so far as to say
that marketing is so connected to the idea of the middle class.
We're talking about preserving and building the middle class,
and the lifestyle that goes with it, and marketing is an essential
definer of what it is to be--and want-- what it is to want, as a member
of the middle class. Marketing in the form of social
marketing has helped improve a lot of things. You know,
one of the first causes that marketing turned to was
the environment and waste and the ill-effects of some
products, and so on. Preserving the environment
was one of the first things that social marketers got into. Now they're into obesity as a problem,
littering as a problem, and other problems. Marketing is very important
to the cultural world. Museums, performing arts,
and one of the big problems that cultural institutions are facing,
especially in the performing arts, is the aging of audiences.
How do you get people who are in their forties to go to opera,
to go to ballet, and so on. It's called the graying of the audiences,
and maybe that problem has been with us for a long time,
but marketers are at work doing segmentation, targeting,
positioning, in order to make sure that all seats are filled
in the theater, and also the museums are very busy, as marketing institutions,
because they have to get visitors, they have to get donors, they have to
get government grants, so marketing is almost an intrinsic
function today that's going on. But let me-- This is not time to take a vote.
Do you like marketing or you don't like marketing.
But let me show you that the feeling-- the negative feelings about
marketing came up from these people. The attackers. They attacked marketing.
Do you recognize anyone? You see Ralph Nader? I don't...
There he is. Yeah. Who else? Well, it is Ralph Nader.
"Unsafe at Any Speed." Rachel Carson, by the way,
deserves so much more credit than we've given to her for her book
on the Silent Spring, which was about the chemical pollution, the pesticides
that were getting into our spring water, and so on. Vance Packard,
who popularized the idea that we are hidden persuaders.
That when you go into a movie theater, you don't know this but an ad is sort of
flashing to go and get some popcorn before you sit down.
Subliminal advertising, which never did happen,
but the hidden persuaders. And then John Kenneth Galbraith,
who pointed out that while we spend so much money in making enough
deodorants for any type of interest you have in deodorants,
in the public sector-- In the public sector, you've got
streets that are littered, and there's some garbage,
and there's slow traffic, and-- And so we have a good private sector,
but we can't enjoy it because the public sector doesn't have the
public good that would facilitate things. You've got Naomi Klein,
who's probably the prototype person now for attacking branding.
Brands, brands, they're awful. You're paying more than
you need to pay. The book is called "No Logo,"
logo being another name for brand. And Michael Sandel is-- has this
new book out, which is really interesting and worth reading. He's the fella
who ran a course on justice, and would ask groups about this size
at Harvard, "What is the just thing to do in each situation?"
But his new book is called "What Money Can't Buy:
The Moral Limits of Marketing" where he points out that
if you're in jail in California and you don't like the cell,
you can pay for a better cell. You know, maybe one with a computer
if you want a computer, and so on. But he's also-- he thinks today
our culture divides people in social classes more clearly.
We used to go to ball games; I would sit next to someone who was
rich and someone who was poor. We'd all stand in the
same line for hot dogs. Today, the guys who are rich
are up in the sky box, and he calls it the sky box-ification of
the United States. The sky box-ification. They're eating filet mignon and
we peasants are down there having-- standing in line for our hot dog.
So we are not meeting each other as we used to, in the older days.
It's a very interesting treatment. I like to quote Will Rogers with this
remark: "If advertisers spent the same amount of money that they--
on improving the product as they do on advertising, they wouldn't
have to advertise it. And that's-- By the way, that's a very profound
observation, because in the age of the internet, it's so much easier
to talk about a product you like to others and also about
a product you don't like. And in a sense, if this goes far enough,
there will be no bad companies anymore. It would be not possible
for a company to be a bad company, because the word
of mouth will sink it. So he's sort of touching on that point.
Make-- Do a good job, and don't-- and others will advertise
the good job you did. Now, I want to add another group,
and this is a group of visionaries, and I'd like to call them
our best marketers. But they're not necessarily the
chief marketing officer, they're CEOs. But what--
Their contribution has been the kind you want from your
chief marketing officers. So who do you see here?
Do you know any of those people? [audience murmuring] Yeah. You've got to know some of
them. But you probably don't know the first one. Ingvar Kamprad.
It's very even hard to remember his name, but he's that Swedish
person who invented IKEA, who said, "I must bring down the cost
of furniture, and I can do that by taking the air out of it and just
selling knocked down furniture, and now people can afford to have
some nice things in their home. Richard Branson is phenomenal.
He's a-- not only in self-promotion. He's one of the best self-promoters
possible. I don't know if you know that he was in Times Square
some years ago to introduce his new cell phone,
the Virgin cell phone, and he said he was going to drop off
of a building, a 30-story building, and-- not wearing any clothes or
something, so everyone showed up. I don't know why they would want to
show up, but they showed up in Times Square, and sure, he did
jump down, but it was on a rope and he's carrying a huge version
of his new cell phone. And so everyone--not just in
Times Square--the reporters were covering it. All of New York
knew about the new-- there was a new Virgin cell phone.
So he's very good at that. But right now, he told me something
I couldn't believe. I was in Dubai, and he gave a speech, and we
were just chatting, and he said, "Where are you from?" I said Chicago,
and he says, "You know, there will be a time when you can go from
Dubai to Chicago in half an hour." What is it-- Is this a time
machine you're inventing? He says, "No, it's just a rocket ship."
So the rocket ship takes off from Dubai, it just goes right up in the
air and lands in Chicago. So he's working with some people
on the new spaceships, basically. And you want to watch him.
Of course, Walt Disney. Great, great visionary. Herb Kelleher. Thanks to him,
we have Southwest Airlines, which started a whole class
of low-cost airlines. And then we've got Anita Roddick,
who ran The Body Shop, where she said "I'm not selling hope, I'm selling good
skin lotion. All the others sell hope." That was a famous remark by Revlon,
"In the factory we make lipstick, in the store we sell hope."
But she wrestled with that one. Then you've got Bill Gates,
Steve Jobs, and Jeff Bezos. And Jeff-- Let's see, we've gotta
make sure he gets in there. [laughter]
Jeff is extraordinary. If there's anyone who has
consumer thinking in his mind, wanting to facilitate the consumer
to really order or re-order or return or anything like that. And then to buy
more than books, to buy electronics, to buy clothes. He's done a marvelous
job. He's very exemplary in that sense. We're running out of time and I'm going
to want some questions from you, but let me just refer to
a few more things. This is a chart I use in
the book, "Marketing 3.0," basically to say that every company
should define its mission, it's vision for the future, and its values--
what it really cares about, and if you're a 1.0 marketer,
it's a good job you're doing. I mean, of course you're trying
to deliver satisfaction, make a profit, and make a good product. Be better.
If you're a 2.0 marketer, you want to help people realize their aspirations.
You want to deliver things that they might aspire to have.
They will return frequently to buy more, and your product is different than the
others. Not only better, but different. And suddenly, you move
from mind to heart to spirit. What's spirit? It's that small
set of companies that say "We're compassionate. We have
compassion for the state of the world. We want to get involved. We want
the companies to be a machine for improving the lives of people."
You could say-- you could reduce that to just some charity work they're doing.
Or it could be a real, fundamental strain in the way they do their business.
We can name some companies that really have felt that they want
to help reshape the world into being a better world.
So that is-- Here's one of my favorite companies
that illustrate the cells in that picture. The SC Johnson company in
Racine, Wisconsin whose products are shown over here.
You probably have purchased some of their waxes or some of their
insect repellent or other things, but they're just winning awards
for being a very caring company. Incidentally, a book that you
might want to read is called "Firms of Endearment,"
which is a fancy way to say companies we love.
Firms of Endearment. And I love the subtitle,
"How World-Class Companies Profit from Passion and Purpose."
And it's based on asking audiences-- random meeting of people--is there
any company that you like? That you like a lot?
Now, let me ask that question. Name a company that you would
dearly miss if it disappeared, vanished. [audience murmurs]
Apple! See, always Apple. I thought you were going to say
Harley Davidson, but that's another one. Amazon.
I would miss Amazon. I really would. I would even
subsidize it to continue. [laughter]
Which one? Costco. Of course.
I'm with you on Costco. Nike. Okay, well you see
what happens is, these are the names of the companies
that came up again and again. I don't think there's any surprises there.
I've asked other countries to do this too. Because it would be a different mix
of companies that would come up. But the main thing is, these firms of
endearment are so much more profitable than the ones
that have not been dear to us. One of the things is that they--
They're either 9 or 10 times as profitable, but let's see why,
and without going through everything here, look at the last
one. These are the attributes of that set of companies.
And the last attribute is that they spend less on marketing
than rather more. I bet you thought that the companies
that were going to be dear to us are the ones who are just
advertising all the time. They're so familiar.
We see Coca-Cola all the time. All the time.
No! They spend less on advertising, so who's doing the advertising?
The customer. You guys are. So that's where you should
put your money. Create a love affair.
Create fans with others. Now I'm going to end with two slides.
This is on a downer, a little bit. "The End of Work"
This is Jeremy Rifkin's book. It's now about 9 or 10 years old.
And he says because of the slow down in population growth, automation
of factories and computers, robotics, 3D printing, can the nation create
enough jobs? Can the world create enough jobs for the
population, and so on. And it raises a question about
marketing's role. Marketing's role normally is seen
as to sell you some things. The basic role of marketing
is to create jobs. It is the job creator. Namely, it
gets you to want something that someone has to produce.
So there's a basic question: Does marketing really create
new jobs or does it only create shifts in the shares?
Like if I switch from brand X to brand Y, that's not creating--
Brand X loses a job and brand Y gets a job. So, but it is true
that if we're talking a new product, marketing will help accelerate
it's recognition, the awareness of it, and intensify the drive to purchase it.
In other words, we buy our iPads and other things that come along
partly because they're wanted, they are desired objects,
and marketing accelerates the rate at which growth takes place
with those new products. The other book, and I'll end
with this, is another downer. "The Death of Demand" And what is the relationship between
marketing and demand? And is-- he uses a term saturated--
finding growth in a saturated global economy. I've been wrestling with that problem,
and growth is the issue today. Growth is the issue.
Growth means jobs, and so on. And the fact is, there are
8 ways to grow a business. So the title of the book is
"Market Your Way to Grow: 8 Ways to Win."
And you know all of them. You know that we can go to
places where there is growth. We can sell in China,
even if it's a low growth here. Or Brazil. We know we can grow
by acquiring other firms. We know we can grow by innovating.
Inventing something new. We know we can grow by taking
business away from someone else, and so on and so forth.
So one of the things we're wrestling with is how
do you, as a firm, grow? And by coincidence, another
colleague of mine at the Kelogg School of Management,
Tim-- He just wrote a book called "Defending Your Business," and it's
so nice that his book came out with mine, because the first job
is always defend what you've got. Hold on to the customers you have,
then you start worrying about some more growth.
So we both, as members of the department, are wrestling with
how to ignore these books and say they're wrong, and that
there is a bright future ahead. [laughter]
So let me stop here and take any questions you might have. [applause] Thank you. [Moderator]: Okay, we have time for
a few questions for Professor Kotler. Is there anyone on this side of
the auditorium that would like to ask a question? [Kotler]: Yes. I see--
I see you over there. Now a microphone will
magically come down here. [Moderator]: Susan will
bring you a microphone. [Kotler]: And if there's any other
people-- and there's a person over there Would you introduce yourself, please? [Audience member]: My name is
Iris Witkowski and I've been coming to the Humanities Festival
as long as it exists, and I very much appreciate your talk today.
[Kotler]: Thank you. [Audience member]: My--
I'm making a statement. What really drives me nuts,
as far as saturation is concerned, is the placement of products
on television programs. It used to be that in a movie
you'd say "Oh, I saw that brand." It seemed to be accidental.
Now it's all over. Even the anchormen have
L.L. Bean jackets on. [Kotler]: You know, that's the field
called product placement, and we first got conscious of it
with the James Bond films, where each time there was a different
car, he drove an Audi or he drove something else, because it was a
matter of what car company would pay the most for the next film to
feature that car, and now, does the person speaking pick up
a Coke bottle or a Pepsi bottle? And things like that. Most of us don't
notice it. It's not yet that intrusive, but it has been discovered as a way to
get some visibility for certain products. Product placement. [Audience member]: I'm Cody Hagle.
I'm a Charter Humanist. Again, thank you. On the evening
national news, 75 to 80 percent of the ads are for pharmaceuticals.
[Kotler]: And they say awful things about each one!
[laughter] [Audience member]: And I believe
there was a change in legal requirements some years ago.
What are your thoughts about that, because clearly that advertising
is driving demand, which is driving costs, etcetera, etcetera.
[Koterl]: Yeah. It's called over-the-counter
advertising, too. But maybe it's also prescription.
But basically, you can make a case for it by saying consumers should know
what they might think would be the right thing for them, otherwise
the only one who could tell them what's right is the doctor. And the
doctors don't like it, of course. The doctors in some cases
are offended by-- by the patient saying what he
wants as a prescription. But, you know, this has happened
with lawyers who are advertising now. Doctors are advertising themselves,
even if they don't like that. The expert is Prabha Sinha,
who runs a firm called ZS and he's always working with the
doctors and pharmaceutical people, and could help answer that. Any other things that bother
you about advertising? [Audience member]: Hi, my name
is Bob Michaelson. Thank you, Professor Kotler. It is
a pleasure to hear you in person. You've been a big influence to so
many people, myself in particular, for so many years. My question--
[Kotler]: One second. How many of you have read
any of my books? Any hands? Thank you-- I owe thanks to you! [laughter]
Please proceed. [Audience member]: My question
is in regards to social media, and you started off your presentation
talking about so much of marketing was defined at the beginning of the
20th century. We're 100 years into it. As you look at social media, do you see
across a continuum of marketing this thing a short-term phenomena
or radical change in as we do marketing for the next century. That's part 1.
And part 2: Do you see the ability to apply an ROI to social media? [Kotler]: Yeah. Those are
excellent questions. I-- This is not a fad. We are in the
digital age. We've passed analog, and there's no turning back.
That means that-- I see the following happening.
Every company I talk to says "We're gonna go digital too,
but slowly. We're gonna rely on our tradition," which is newspapers--
which are disappearing, by the way-- radio, TV, billboards, and magazines. So, at best, they will say this,
"Let's turn 10% of our next budget over to digital," which means
Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube and so on. And let's see what happens.
Let's hire a 12-year-old [laughter]
--give them a budget, and hope they come back saying,
"Look what I did with Facebook! Look at how many mentions!"
And so on. Now, that goes to your second question.
How do we measure the impact of using Facebook or
something like that? Progress is being made.
But remember, we never measured advertising right either!
I mean, traditional advertising was a-- was-- first of all, the basic notion
of traditional advertising is you know that half the people will never
see the-- what did Wanamaker say? I know that half of the money I
spent on advertising is wasted, it's just that I don't know which half!
[laughter] Basically, we judge things by
how many people were, in principle, exposed--cost per
thousand people exposed-- when we make an advertising budget,
and frankly many of them were in the bathroom or the kitchen
when the ad appeared. So... and increasingly, people
are more on their TVs-- on their computer screens than they
are necessarily watching ads. And I think the advertising industry
is making the mistake of sa-- putting too many ads now.
I mean, there's little content left on some programs, with the
number of ads that flash by. They're all 30-second things. So, now about measuring.
If you read Advertising Age, you'll see a lot of statements
and claims that there is measurement going on.
One thing I would say is this: Don't take your ad budget and take
50% and switch it to digital, which one firm did, and it
was a terrible result. Because until you know
what each social medium does, what you want is 10% of your budget
going that way, and then when there's some proof, you put in
another 5 or 10 percent into that particular use
of the social media. [Moderator]: Okay, we've got time
for just one more question. I know a lot of our attendees are
going to other events, so we have one right here
[Kotler]: Oh, okay. [Audience member]: Mark Ruen
is my name. I've been in direct marketing my entire career,
and so it's interesting that I should follow up a question about
measurement in advertising because I've lived by my metrics.
Now, my question is this: I've always guided my marketing
decisions according to the so-called 4 Ps or 5 Ps, depending on
where you're coming from, and in terms of the P of the
placement, I mean, the internet certainly flattened the world,
and our distribution channels have changed. But how do you
see the other Ps in this digital age? [Kotler]: Okay. First of all, let me say,
I'm so glad you're in direct marketing. Direct marketing people are much
more accountable for the results. They could actually experiment
with trying to release different direct messages and seeing--
and testing, and then going with the one and knowing what it costs to do the
campaign, what the sales were, and it's just a pure P and L
kind of exercise, which we couldn't do with just
the normal commercials on TV. Now, are you asking where the
other three Ps are going, in a sense? Like, what's happening to product
thinking and pricing and place? See, there will be new
distribution channels all the time. I've been asked this question when
I wrote the book "Marketing 3.0," which is really the case that
some companies should be socially responsible as well.
Someone would ask me, "When are you gonna
come up with 4.0?" And I don't really have
an answer, because when you go from the mind to
the heart to the spirit, I don't know how much
farther you could go, but I am thinking that 4.0's
gonna describe companies in the future that are building
ecosystems and platforms where we get involved with
them in such a way that everything is being supplied
that we want, as an individual. Think of iTunes, think of the
iPhone, iTunes, the whole setup of cre-- think of Harley Davidson.
If I buy a Harley Davidson, I'm a member of-- they call them
the Harley... the hogs! I'm a hog. Harley owner... owner groupie.
[laughter] and not only that.
I can take my motorcycle and just go and meet people
I don't know. Some have beards. Others have beads, but they're fake. [laughter] They're wearing leather jackets.
These are business people. They may be chief financial officers,
but they want to be macho, so they supply a whole system to fit into
that more and more companies might sort of begin to think about that.
Now, let's take-- what's the one who's making shoes now?
Is it Tom's shoes or the other one? Zappos? They're creating
a system that's going to go beyond the shoes that you buy.
It's going to go into clothing. So some companies, as one
evolution for certain companies-- by the way, it's not different in
business to business, where a company that supplies--
Boeing supplies 747s and other planes. They have to create a whole system
so you can't even leave it. You know, once you get involved--
Once you get with IBM, you're not gonna leave for
Honeywell or something like that. So this is maybe what
4.0 thinking will do. In other words, it won't be
product-centered, it will be system-centered. A whole system.
I think we're out of time. Thank you very much.
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