Perovskite solar out-benches rivals-2021| perovskite solar cells shines a little brighter

this episode of science scout takes it to the next level on today's episode of science scout we will be looking at something very exciting but before we begin please make sure you subscribe to the channel by clicking the subscribe and like button below and also hit the bell so you can be the first to be notified about our new episodes today we will be discussing the next generation of solar panels when the bell labs trio of daryl chapman calvin fuller and gerald pearson invented the silicone photovoltaic cells in 1954 it marked the beginning of a new era one that would last for a long time following the discovery and manufacture of the silicone photovoltaic cells there has been steady growth and advancement of the renewable energy movement the us alone installed 3.8 gigawatts of solar pv capacity in quarter 3 2020 to reach 88.9 gigawatts of total install capacity enough to power 16.4 million american homes additionally the global market for solar pv systems estimated at us 824.6 billion dollars in the year 2020 is projected to reach a revised size of u.s 2.3 trillion dollars by 2027. growing at a cagr of 15.6 percent over the analysis period 2020 to 2027 the solar pv systems market in the us is estimated at u.s 223 billion dollars in the year 2020. and of course we can't forget china the world's second largest economy china is forecast to reach a projected market size of u.s 496.8 billion dollars by the year 2027 trailing a cagr of 19.5 percent over the analysis period 2020 to 2027. among the other noteworthy geographic markets are japan and canada each forecast to grow 12.3 percent and 14.2 percent respectively over the 2020 to 2027 period within europe germany is forecast to grow at approximately 13.3 percent cagr despite this considerable progress the discovery of the pair of skype material has been a game changer the integration of the pair of skype material in making photovoltaic cells appeared to be a miraculous occurrence and you might be wondering how and why that is the case sit back and let us explain what makes these cells so special firstly what exactly is this material called perovskite and what is its structure periscope is one of the most common crystal structures found on the planet most pair of sky structures are found within the earth's mantle and they are found in abundance perovskites make up 93 percent of the lower mantle's mass and 38 percent of our planet's total mass perovskite was first discovered when some samples were collected from the ural mountains in russia the mineralogist gustav rose found and named the mineral back in 1839 it is quite common to use the terms perovskite and perovskite structure interchangeably however the periscope mineral is comprised of calcium titanium and oxygen and takes the form cari03 on the other hand periscope structure refers to things or materials that take the form abx-3 and possess the same crystal structure that the pair of skype material has now that we have some understanding of what pair of skates are what then is the characteristic structure of perovskite periscope has unique properties that make it ideal for technological applications for example it is the only crystal structure that is ferroelectric not because of an external magnetic field but due to its innate crystal structure peroxide oxides are one of the most versatile classes of materials sharing an abx-3 structure in addition pair of sky can display a wide range of different properties in fact scientists have developed a whole class of materials called perovskite but they share a similar dense crystalline cube and diamond-like structure because the a and b sites in their ab3 structure can accommodate nearly every element of the periodic table periscope has a cation on the a site a larger metal cation such as ca2 plus and a different cation commonly a transition metal on the b site a smaller metal cation such as ti4 plus which is octahedrally coordinated by anions usually oxygen most perovskite doesn't have this cubic structure in its ground states however including the mineral pair of sky because most pair of sky undergoes so-called octahedral rotation distortions in which the b06 octahedra rotate around one or more of the crystallographic axes so how can periscope structures help with solar panel efficiency let's start with a quick overview of what the photovoltaics market looks like today solar technologies beyond silicone are often categorized into generations based on how advanced they are crystalline silicone solar cells fall into the first generation representing more than 85 percent of the world's photovoltaic cell market sales in 2011 and currently achieve efficiencies ranging from 18 to 22 standard test conditions second generation cells are thin film technologies that are often commercially available such as cadmium teleride cdte solar cells are the second most common photovoltaic technology in the world marketplace after crystalline silicon currently representing five percent of the world market with record efficiency for a laboratory cdte solar cell is 22.1 percent by first solar other commercial thin film technologies include hydrogenated amorphous silicone and copper indium gallium diselenide cells occupying approximately two percent market share each today currently sunpower manufactures the most efficient panels on the market the series x which boasts a whopping 22.8 percent efficiency rating ever since breaking into the solar market lg has been expected to deliver high quality products their recent neon 2 series and neon r series which feature modules have surpassed 21 efficiency but what exactly is the efficiency of solar panels solar panel efficiency is a measurement of how much of the sun's energy a certain panel can convert into usable electricity for example if a solar panel has 20 percent efficiency that means it's capable of converting 20 percent of the sunshine hitting it into electricity however within a few hours of operation that efficiency would drop to 18 2018 alta devices high performance flexible solar cells which are claimed to have achieved a solar cell conversion efficiency record of 29.1 percent with its single junction gallium arsenide device as certified by germany's fraunhofer ise cal lab however in 2020 oxford pv periscope cells hit a new world record for solar cells according to dr chris case chief technology officer at oxford pv this pair of sky-dwn silicone solar has at 29.52 percent certified by the national renewable energy laboratory in golden colorado usa not only breaking our company record but breaking the performance record of 29.2 percent for any solar cell material so many of you might be curious about how pair of sky solar panels work a pair of skype solar cell belongs to a group called organic photovoltaics or opvs this type of solar cell has an absorbing layer based on organic semiconductors osc typically either polymers or small molecules but before we move to perioskite solar panels i want to briefly explain the concept of the organic photovoltaic system the organic photovoltaic system has five main functioning steps number one absorption of photons followed by free charge generation light with high enough energy levels will be absorbed by the osc and excite electrons from the highest occupied molecular orbital or homo to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lumo to form an exciton if the energy of light being absorbed is greater than the band gap the electron will move to a higher energy level than the lumo and decay down this process is known as thermalization number two charge transport or diffusion of the exciton to a donor acceptor interface once formed the exciton diffuses through the osc component to the donor acceptor interface where the offset between lumo levels will drive exciton dissociation and number three charge extraction at the interface the electron will move to the acceptor material and the hole will remain on the donor these charge carriers will still be attracted and so it will form a charge transfer state when the distance between the pair increases the attraction decreases number four charge carrier transport the charge carriers will then diffuse to the appropriate electrodes for example the holes to the anode and electrons to the cathode number five charge carrier collection at the electrodes the charge carriers are collected and used to do work in the external circuit of the cell producing a current pair of sky solar cells function efficiently in several somewhat different architectures depending either on the role of the periscope material in the device or the nature of the top and bottom electrode there are four typical types of periscope solar cells a nip n mesoscopic p planar c p i n planar and d p i n mesoscopic however the conventional nip mesoscopic structure was the first arrangement of periscope photovoltaics to be tested the structure of the standard mesoscopic periscope solar cell consists of a glass coated with a transparent conducting oxide tco like fto as anode a compact layer of tio2 as whole blocking layer a layer of mesoporous tio2 as electron transporting layer or etl and scaffold a pair of sky light absorbing layer a whole transporting layer htl and a back electrode cathode like gold or silver the interface between tio2 and pair of skype material is a crucial factor in determining the crystal growth of perovskite and the effectiveness of charge separation in devices the absorbing layer of this type of solar cell contains a compound with a pair of skype structure most commonly a lead metal organic hybrid methyl ammonium lead iodide perovskite mapbl3 methyl ammonium lead iodide is an ambipolar semiconductor compound that can transmit both electrons and holes to the corresponding collecting electrodes when sunlight falls on a psc the pair of sky absorbs it and active layer excitons are generated charge carriers electrons and holes are then produced upon exciton dissociation exciton dissociation occurs at the interface between the periscope layer and the charge transporting layer charge separation in pair of skype can occur through two possible primary reactions number one injection of photogenerated electrons into an n-type semiconductor such as tio2 and number 2 injection of holes into a p-type hole transporting material such as spyro ome-tid when the electron is separated from the hole and injected into the electron transporting layer etl it migrates to the anode which is in most cases fluorine dope tin oxide fto glass simultaneously the hole is injected into the htl hole transporting layer the most commonly used material for the whole transporting layer htl is spiro ome tad polymer composition the properties of this compound including the appropriate glass transition temperature solubility ionization potential and transparency in the range of visible spectra have made this a convenient option for these applications and subsequently migrates to the cathode usually metal most of the silver layer as a cathode in pair of sky solar cells are prepared in a vacuum environment which is an expensive process the electrons and holes are collected by working and counter electrodes respectively and transported to the external circuit to produce current however in thin film pair of sky solar cells this architecture is just a flat layer of periscope sandwiched between two selective contacts after light absorption both charge generation as well as charge extraction occur in the perioskite layer so how have scientists achieved 46 efficiency and what is the technology behind it on december 1st 2014 a new world record was hit for multi-junction solar cell efficiency at 46 percent developed by soy tech and cea ledy france together with the fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise germany the world record cell is a four-junction cell and each of its sub-cells convert precisely one-quarter of the incoming photons in the wavelength range between 300 and 1750 nanometers into electricity when applied in concentrator pv a very small cell is used with a fresno lens which concentrates the sunlight onto the cell multi-junction mj solar cells are solar cells with multiple pn junctions and are based on a selection of three v5 compound semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide aluminum indium phosphide etc this group is recognized for its special characteristics that when campaigned produce a wide range of energy band gap that can be used on a variety of electronic devices a multi-junction solar cell structure is composed of multi layers of single junction solar cells on top of each other band gap of various materials form the top to the bottom decreasing in size the lower energy light does not have enough energy to excite the electron hole pairs of the top layers but can still produce current in the lower layers when a photon does not have enough energy to overcome the band gap on a pn junction it simply passes through and multi-junction solar cells take advantage of each material it then absorbs and converts the photons that have energy greater than the band gap of that layer and less than the band gap of the higher layer because these different bands can absorb its own range of wavelengths of light by the time the full spectrum of light has passed through the composite material a high percentage of the energy has been absorbed for a standard crystalline silicone solar cell the efficiency is around 25 for single crystal cells under laboratory test conditions multi-junction solar cells on the other hand have been shown to have an efficiency of 46 percent and an infinite number of junctions could in theory increase this number all the way to 86 percent now that we have a clear picture of multi-junction cell structure then how much do solar panels cost in 2020 the easiest way to calculate the average cost of solar panels is to look at its price and dollars per watt which is relatively consistent across the united states solar panel costs for an average sized installation in the us usually range from eleven thousand one hundred forty four dollars to fourteen thousand six hundred ninety six dollars after solar tax credits and the average price per watt for solar panels ranges from 2.51 to 3.31 in other words the cost of installing solar for your house or business depends on how much electricity you want to generate a bigger system will cost more because you'll need to buy more equipment and more labor will be required to install it in 2020 tesla even updated its solar offering with a new more efficient solar panel and reduced pricing with the new prices in mind tesla's small system cost 2.44 cents per watt medium is a dollar ninety five per watt and large and extra large are a dollar ninety three per watt and a dollar eighty four per watt respectively all those prices are before the federal tax credit which is currently at twenty six percent and will drop to 22 percent in 2021 that's down from a high of 30 percent for the past few years it's been an interesting journey today learning about how solar panels work and their efficiency i hope you enjoyed it as much as we did let us know your thoughts in the comments section concerning this unique type of solar panels are you interested in learning about the aviation engine of the future stay tuned for our next video don't forget to subscribe and tap the notification bell so that you are the first notified of our new episodes thanks for watching and until next time never stop learning

Channel: Science Scout

Views: 11,518

Keywords: Science Scout, the most solar panels efficiency in the world, highest solar panel efficiency, perovskite solar cells, solar panel efficiency explained, solar panel efficiency calculation 2021, solar panels efficiency, solar panel efficiency, solar panel efficiency improvements, best solar panels efficiency, solar panel 2021, multijunction solar cell, perovskite structures, perovskite solar cell working principle, opv, perovskites, perovskite solar, photovoltaic, organic solar cells

Id: 7BHhI7ptU-4

Length: 16min 15sec (975 seconds)

Published: Fri Mar 26 2021