On the origin of time – with Thomas Hertog

foreign [Applause] okay well thanks for coming out um about 25 years ago Stephen Hawking invited me to his office to discuss the Big Bang that was his way of doing a job interview so um I go there I I slowly push open the door and there is I find him staying quietly in his chair smiling gently as always and complete silence there's a screensaver scrolling is one of these old-fashioned screensavers scrolling across the screen saying something like to boldly go where Star Trek fears to tread um so Stephen had already lost his voice by then but he could speak through a computer voice and this is what he said [Music] [Music] so good luck with your next job interview in fact this first conversation was a revelation for me I had never previously encountered the physicist who was asking these questions um who was guided Stephen was one of these rare scientists who was Guided by these big questions that humans have fast all the time where do we come from uh what's our place in the grand scheme and so even though Hawking famously declared philosophy debt and even though he was most of the time thinking about black holes and the Big Bang in my mind in his heart he was really a humanist a modern humanist and so one way or another I survived this job interview and what ensued was not only a great PhD but 20 years of a very intense collaboration which is what my book is about and I'm gonna give you a teaser tonight because you haven't read it because it isn't out yet right um so what did Stephen mean when cosmologists ask such a question they're thinking of the the thinking of well was there a grand plan behind the universe a grand design if you wish that makes it fit for life and it really starts from an observation we have had um the um two years ago on Christmas Day the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope uh folded like an origami into that spacecraft and then since then it has spread its wings it has composed its mirrors and it is now a million miles away from here in a dark spot looking at our universe and what it finds for instance are these giant Cosmic Cliffs these Cliffs these giant clouds of cars in the costumes Cosmos is where new stars and planets are born in these clouds you find already the basic building blocks of life the atoms the organic molecules that would later sustain life so somehow at some level this biophilic nature of our universe is all around us and previously in the old days people would say well there was some designer the universe was destined to be like this the famous final cause of Aristotle nowadays we Trace that cradle of life back 13 billion years to the Big Bang the universe wasn't born with these clouds No they arose from 13 billion years of cosmic evolution and it is 13 billion years ago that we find the deeper roots of the conditions that would ultimately make our universe a habitable place we have a lot of dark matter in the universe which makes which makes it possible for Galaxies to form we have the right particle forces which makes it possible for atoms and complex molecules to exist and we don't often think about it but we also have three dimensions of space which is really very handy when it comes to having solar systems and stable atoms and so forth so today we trace the habitability of our universe to the form to the nature of the fundamental laws of physics it is a little bit the laws of nature are a little bit like a cosmic barcode say like a birth certificate and this one turned out to be a pretty good one so the question that was in Hawking's mind during our first meeting was really why are the laws of nature the way they are why is the form the mathematical form of the laws of nature is what it is now what are the laws of nature in fact the idea that there is such a thing like a law of nature also goes back a long long way it goes back to many people say Alexander an ancient Greek philosopher um who came up with the idea that not only Society but also nature is governed by some sort of laws and gradually scientists discovered the mathematical Roots behind those laws famously Newton and you know the laws of Newton wrote down that mathematical form and with that the laws began to have their own sort of life in a way famously Newton would uh promote these laws to some kind of transcendental truths and that was born out of from born from expert art from experience really in the 19th century one of the most famous moments in science was really when a Frenchman leverier was using Newton's Laws calculating with Newton's Laws and he found he could predict a new planet that way and that planet turned out to be Neptune so whatever you guys think of the French they they did discover a new planet just by calculating right and so this idea that the laws of nature are written down in the language of mathematics and they act as some sort of barcode as some sort of cosmic truth persisted and famously also Einstein held on to this View the idea that there should be a law of nature that dictates How the Universe should be and therefore that was in its kernel an answer to the question that Hawking was posing during your first encounter but you see Einstein is looking a little puzzled and indeed things were not working out as he uh hoped it would here's Einstein's famous formula with the the alumni with the dark energy term he added the the lamb that you see there and that's a that's a truly beautiful formula it's a dialogue between on the left space and time their shape their form and on the right matter and in the and the quality sign in the middle is where the magic happens it says that the shape of space is related to the matter in the universe the trouble was that there was this Belgian guy Giorgio Le Metro a who was working with Einstein's theory and who was trying to apply it to the entire universe to all of space and he discovered that if he were to do it that he if he did so that space should be expanding and we have here a live demonstration uh I believe with Michael who is going to uh vividly who is going to make a lot of noise so space expands and there's a consequence the major says galaxies star this should really be used to think of it as galaxies galaxies move away from each other even though these galaxies don't quite move there's there there remain on the same spot because space itself expands well I think it's shrinking now but if space itself expands um galaxies are moving away now but here comes the key point the sort of Act of Genius of the major he said okay if that is the picture let's turn around the arrow of time let's run the history of the universe backwards of course if space expands towards the future when we go back in time the space and time get strongly curved and ultimately the fabric of space-time destroys itself and that's what became known as The Big Bang and the reason this was bad news for Einstein is that with that destruction also Einstein's formula destroyed itself and so he was in bad shape with his theory um what do you do when you discover the Big Bang the major was a priest so he couldn't tell his wife so he wrote a poem about it here it is a poem about the first instant uh when there was the now which has no yesterday because yesterday there was no space so the major sort of drives home this idea that the Big Bang is not just an explosion but that the Big Bang is also the origin of space and time itself showing you the man himself in an interview he gave shortly before he died in 64. an interview by the way which only recently resurfaced after being buried for 50 years in the archives of the Belgian Broadcasting Company in it the major didn't talk about the Big Bang the Big Bang the name Big Bang was invented probably here in London um the major talked about the origin of of time as a prey or the origin of the world as a Primeval Atom a sort of abstract State out of which time and space would emerge and two years ago when I was when I was organizing when I was creating an exhibition in Levin about time and all that um my co-creator Hannah where is she came up with a brilliant idea to evoke this idea of La major by uh getting us one of Constantine brancusi's famous acts a work of art which incidentally was made around the same time 1927 and it's called a sort of undifferentiated very abstract State about which you cannot say anything and of course decades later Hawking in his early work in which in uh which which we could all read about in Brief History of Time came up with sort of the first scientific description of a kind of cosmic egg which we which he would call a creation from nothing um which is very much in the spirit of I think how the major uh taught about it no back to this design question maybe the Big Bang isn't too bad Maybe there is just one Universe coming out of it and then we'll be done so let me try it out unfortunately many many universes came out of his calculations each curve that you see here is the history of a possible Universe on the horizontal axis you have time on the vertical axis you have the size of the universe so some of these universes expand and then contract and others keep on expanding so the Matrix found a whole Zoom of possible universes and all the way um in the left corner it's difficult to read I guess but trust me he writes T equals zero that is the very first instance it's the very first time that in a scientific document there was a reference um to the Big Bang and the problem of the habitability of the universe it's mysterious biophilic nature is in fact already there all these universes are sterile there is only one which he found which potentially Harbors stars and galaxies gas clouds and the great Cradles of life that is the one which cause almost horizontally it's the one which lemator referred to as a hesitating Universe neither expanding too fast nor expand nor nor recontracting so in the sense this question that Hawking was posing in the late 90s was already the roots of it were already there in the 1930s enjoy this document in my opinion it's one of the most important scientific documents of the 20th century the great ideas of modern relativistic cosmology are all encoded in it and in fact There's Something Magic about it the major drove but he didn't draw these curves he was calculating this is his sort of millimeter paper right which we used before uh Mathematica or so all right um he made these graphs in 1929 or 1930 when he was the only person in the world who was sort of perceived yeah conscious that he was living in an expanding universe um so there was something there's something very special about this about these graphs you might have wondered well okay wait why didn't he talk about it with Einstein well he did talk about it with Einstein here is to chap stalking about the origin of the of the universe but Einstein didn't believe him and so he forgot about it until how could it be otherwise until the Royal Astronomical Society came along in the early in early 1931 there was a meeting here at the Royal Astronomical Society where the matter was discussed because by that time astronomers had realized galaxies are moving away from each other and um the major was not present at that meeting at the Royal Astronomical Society but he read about it in the proceedings and at that point he writes to Sir Arthur Addington to tell him uh look I think I've solved the problem the galaxies are moving away because the universe is expanding and at that moment a very interesting series of letters is written the major rights to Eddington Eddington writes to his colleague the city in Laden he writes back to the major and the city rights to lemaitre and finally the major writes to the Royal Astronomical Society saying look I shall translate My article in English and then you can all read about it and this famous letter the letter which made the Big Bang Theory known worldwide we have the great pleasure to have it here you can look at it later it comes from the archives at the Royal Astronomical Society and it's sort of his D key letter that made the whole idea of a big bang known to the worldwide scientific community of course by now it took many more decades to Anchor this idea to test it to have observational support people of course realized the expansion is okay but driving the expansion back to so that the entire universe is like a hot Fireball that was regarded for decades as what people would say speculation run mad until the in the mid-1960s with the construction of new radio telescopes people heard noise people heard a faint noise which we interpreted as the background radiation as the Afterglow of the hot big bang the hot big bang radiation that reaches us today is very cold because the universe has been expanding for 13 billion years and it shows up as radio waves because radio waves are very cold long wavelength radiation modes by now of course we have mapped out the entire Sky [Music] um this is in a way a baby picture of the universe in which we are Imaging not the Stars not the galaxies but the big bang radiation coming from behind the stars and you see and we we look at the temperature of that radiation here and you see that the Big Bang was not exactly equally hot everywhere depending on where you look in the sky there are slight slight temperature differences the Big Bang flickered and these flickerings are crucially important because it is in the slightly hotter regions at very early times that the Dark Matter Act and that matter clumped and aggregated and where ultimately Stars would be born if it weren't for these flickerings once again nothing would have happened and you see yeah the universe slowly comes in a quieter stage with more and larger structures galaxies new generations of stars planets planets like the Earth at least one habitable planet and ultimately the satellite which we map out that entire history so there you go 13 billion years in one minute uh and um once again nothing of this would have played out so nicely if the conditions if the physical conditions at very early times hadn't been in a sense fit to bring forth this very interesting evolution and so in a sense I sometimes say that the Big Bang is obviously a Cornerstone of modern cosmology the whole picture hangs together but it's also an initialist heal it's a nationalist heel because the deeper reason for why this big bang why the universe is Fit for Life how come the whole why did how come the Big Bang just did get it just right so that billions of years later the whole thing was happening so that sounds crazy and in fact it is crazy right um so that's this that that's this uh tension there and so it uh it came and now I come and now I return to the late 90s to my discussion with hauging there there was a time the late 90s when cosmologists uh out of ideas frustrated completely switched gears on this Grand Design question and when they said okay maybe lemaitre was wrong maybe the Big Bang was not really the origin maybe our big bang is just one of many big Banks maybe there's an even bigger space in Mill harboring a Multiverse with all sorts of different universes different universes which can differ in their composition but even in in their in their laws of physics some universes would be empty others would be full of life some would have one Royal Institution others would have two Royal institutions I don't know what some gigantic variation and of course this completely turns around the design question then you could say or maybe there was no design maybe it's just random and once in a while you find a suitable universe and of course we must find ourselves uh in one of those and of course it's it's it's a it's a picture which pleases some and it's a picture which does not please others because uh you all know the famous Carl Sagan quote that we seem to be just chemical scum on a medium-sized Planet orbiting an average star in an ordinary Galaxy well cosmologists added another line to this quote in the 90s in one of many universes but very quickly I sensed that how King wasn't happy with this whole Multiverse business um I think he was one of the first to realize that there were profound problems scientific problems associated with a Multiverse hypothesis of course and it's not just the fact that you of you you obviously can't go to another Universe to check it out and let alone come back um no the problem lies deeper once you contemplate the idea of many universes um the predictions for anything we might observe the predictions for our experiments become ambiguous and therefore your theory is no longer testable your cosmological theory is not testable not just because you it's a problem in practice no it's a problem it's a it's a problem in principle you can't derive your predictions and Hawking was really bothered by this although in the first few years it's quite clear we couldn't see a way out of this problem but it was the kind of question that would follow us for for many years um and in the end it took us years to sort of untangle that knot and it had and the reason it took it took so long is that well maybe we think slow but um the problem lies the problem will light light deep deep in deep in the in the fabric deep in the way we conceive of physics and cosmology and so this is a little bit sort of the the key point on our journey and so I'm going to uh give you if this works his words there we go [Music] [Music] so there we go one afternoon I think it must have been 2002 or 2002 2002 or 2003 he puts up this sentence somewhere out of the blue now what is it well it was a typical how King Union leap right he had no mathematical theory behind it this was a typical sort of leap of intuition which he enjoyed uh displaying and what does it mean here well he means he is referring to something to something which goes back frankly to the Scientific Revolution it's a brilliant idea of the Scientific Revolution here you see Copernicus manuscript Copernicus who famously put the sun in the middle and the Earth around it what does Copernicus do Copernicus has the brilliant idea of looking at the solar system as if he's outside and since then we have in science in physics developed that idea we have we have developed an extremely powerful way of looking at a world of understanding the world of describing the world in a so-called objective manner and that manner has been uh embedded by now in the mathematical framework of what we call the laws of nature Newton was very was very good at that so embedding that objective external perspective and it's a great perspective it has given us so many insights so many discoveries it has changed the world but this question this question he was interested in about our place in the universe about the design of the universe is a question which connects the nature of the cosmos the nature of the laws with our existence for that kind of question this scientific method reaches its limit and you have to rethink it that's essentially what Stephen was saying there his early work is within the scientific method of looking at the universe from outside he realized we've reached the limits of that if we want to understand a deeper level how it all fits together and so we came to think about hey what if we just gave up on this Archimedean view of the cosmos from outside what if we try to reconstruct reconsider cosmology from the inside from within because after all that's where we are how do you do that well in fact there's a there's a clear there's a clear uh guidance there's guidance was provided by another branch of physics a branch that has a priority nothing to do with cosmology and a large-scale universe but a branch that founds its origin also in the 1920s but to describe the Micro World the world of particles and atoms and so forth quantum theory here you see two of the founding fathers of quantum theory Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein he seems to be in a better mood here and quantum theory it doesn't take that archimedian Viewpoint from outside no an act of observation in quantum theory is an interactive process it's an interaction the The Observer influences through his actions how reality manifests itself in fact it was that was the main reason why Einstein didn't like quantum theory so he famously said that physics is an attempt to grasp reality as it is independently of its being observed whereas bore would counter no way no phenomenon is a real phenomenon until it is an observed phenomenon so Bohr embraced this new uh Quantum way of looking at the world and so in quantum theory if you have a particle or an electron and it's described by a probability wave a wave function as we say that particle doesn't really have a location or a position until you ask what is its position so you can think of quantum theory a little bit as describing reality at some sort of pre-existence level until you're asking questions about it so bore you could say is sort of the Rene magritt from uh physics here you see Rene magritt a Belgian surrealist painter uh well you see him painting himself painting a bird while looking at the neck um so Margaret makes the statement that reality comes about by observing as the act of observation shapes reality um well we have a cosmic variant of Margaret this is our favorite picture in Quantum cosmology you see a big U here for the universe and the Big Bang is top right and the universe expand you go down the universe expands and then all of a sudden buff you have the eye there you have the act of observation carving out so to speak a history among all possible histories in a retrospective manner true interactions through observations so here in London I'm sure you can understand this it's a little bit like Harry Potter right it's a little bit like the the blank Diary of Tom Riddle in Harry Potter uh which contains the answers to all sorts of questions but it only tells you something if you're asking it similarly in a Quantum outlook on the cosmos so Stephen and I essentially run with this idea and apply that to the universe to the earliest stages where Quantum thinking about the earlier stages of the universe somehow carves out from a zoo of possible histories those histories and those laws which um are ours so what happens when we unlock when we try to unlock the Chamber of Secrets of the Big Bang what happens if we look back onto our Origins when we trace the clock backwards and look at these earliest stages of the universe well one thing you find is that the laws of physics as we know them Gravity the particle forces the electromagnetic and the nuclear forces the dark Forces by which I mean not the Harry Potter stuff but by which I mean the forces governing the dark matter we don't know what they are but probably there are the whole zoo of those forces as well when you look at the very earliest stages of our of the evolution of the universe you see a simplification these forces these distinct forces we have today merge and we've always thought that this merging and this drive towards simplification either ends in one key transcendental formula a Theory of Everything or whether this is just one process which happened and there are many universes there that's that's the scenario of the Multiverse well the theory that I developed with Stephen is different it's different from these two Alternatives it sort of sits in between I would say according according to us when you drive backwards this process this simplification this lack of diversification continues and continues all the way it continues to such an extent that all the way at the bottom also the dimension of time the difference between time and space disappears so it is a little bit like what I sketch here if you go further backwards and backwards it's the dimension of time which kind of evaporates in our model and while Stephen would say time becomes imaginary but really you should not take this lightly if time becomes imaginary any notion of causality or real time is just gone right um even brexit happened in real time right uh but so imaginary time is more like space Dimension and so a space Dimension you could combine with the other space Dimension and you could close off the past that is essentially a different picture than either the multivore or a unique formula it is a picture in which the very laws of physics disappear into the um big bang so I'm sure this um well possibly I don't know possibly how King was was inspired by uh Wagner in this I really don't know um but why not came first right um so I'm sure this flow these three of physical laws that I sketched and this genuine origin that I described I'm sure it made you think of Darwin another great um hero um and in details or the the title of my book is on the origin of time it's a variation of On the Origin of Species of course because in the end I feel that sort of our picture of that very earlier stages of our universe is darwinian in nature that tree of laws that has arisen could have turned out differently because there's Quantum randomness involved the source of variation and there's Quantum selection observed the ACT involved the act of observation and so it's an interplay at the level of the laws of physics playing out in the earliest stages which is somewhat reminiscent of the darwinian evolution that we all know so we have these two amazing sketches left we have Darwin's Tree of Life the first sketch he made in which the seeds of his giant idea is already there a branching tree of species he made that sketch shortly after he returned from the Galapagos Islands right we have a sketch out of La Matrix notebook 1936 one century after Darwin this is the particular habitable habitable or biophilic universe that lemaitre selected and Drew here for 90 years we have always tried to understand these two sketches in an ontologically different way Darwin is about change and evolution wins cosmology physics was always about evolution of course but down at the bottom we held up or we maintained the idea there would be transcendental Eternal laws or meta laws governing the Multiverse as a kind of foundation we've always thought about the laws of physics as just like a tadbore fundamental than the emergent laws of biology the crooks of our Theory is to combine these two in a way is to eliminate that I would say epistemic distinction between these two and to regard this as two very very different levels of one giant evolutionary process with a genuine origin just like the origin just like the origin of life at that point the laws of biology disappear I'm saying that at the origin of the universe in a controlled way also the laws of physics so that's a bit the Crux of or mobile it's an interesting Evolution certainly for Stephen also because Stephen in the early days and the way he wrote Brief History of Time he was very much um following Einstein's philosophical position I would say he was uh uh looking for I would say the ultimate theory in fact he claimed we almost had it right um various uh the latest Stephen I would say there is much more um in line with how I interpreted Le Matra sort of much more putting the evolutionary character ultimately of the laws of physics uh Central but of course the work was not done at that point this was basically it what what Jim Harter once told us an idea for an idea and um had to be worked out this is this is this is Hawkins mission statement uh for the center of theoretical cosmology in Cambridge and it's very clear right it exists to develop theories of the universe that are mathematically consistent and observationally testable um and so we searched for we searched for an implementation of those ideas rooted in firm a firmer mathematical framework and in fact even like to think about it in terms of circles and disks right so this is the very first picture he once asked me to draw on this Blackboard so I thought this was the beginning of a great picture but by the afternoon the picture was still this the circle but the circle by the end of the afternoon represented the history of the universe in imaginary time where Us in the mid us on the boundary and the Big Bang in the middle so discs where Steven's tools and it's obvious because he had to kind of reinvent visualizable methods in physics because of course he couldn't manipulate equations and one of part of his genius was really to sort of invent the language with which he could continue to do research it was a very visual language to unlock um that that early Quantum Realm so you have a disk and a circle here is another disk and a circle and here you can sort of begin to see what time looks like this is a giant section of a sequoia and we go back in time by going to the interior to the middle in fact Douglas there is doing precisely that he's dating several historical events which he detects or finds signatures of in three rings um going further into the past towards the middle in the end the model we ended up constructing is very similar it's a disk like model of that earliest phase of the universe in which uh we are at the boundary the Big Bang is in the middle the radial Direction here of that disc is representing the history of the universe and the true sort of the true Quantum nature of that entire Revolution came about um when people realized that in fact there is a representation of this entire history projected on the disk in terms of what we call a holographic quantum theory residing purely on the boundary on the outside holography the idea that the world has fundamentally holographic properties is the talk of town in theoretical physics since two decades really and in this concert you know a holography you know a hologram right and hologram is a screen out of which an extra Dimension an extra space Dimension emerges and the Holograms that we end up constructing in theoretical physics are similar but the one that applies here to that early to that evolution of the universe here you have the time Direction which is the emergent direction that is the key novel feature of holographic ideas applied to expanding universes and so lots of things become emerging because if time is emergent gravity is emergent and if you go to the interior if you go deep into the interior of the disc from a holographic Viewpoint ultimately you run out of bits you reach a limit not just the Practical limit but the very fundamental limit it's almost like if your theory is saying you can't go further time evaporates and that is sort of the novel interpretation of Steven's old idea that [Music] um time becomes imaginary it's okay to make a long story short a holography is a is a field of its own in theoretical physics these days it goes back to pioneering work of Juan molassena in Princeton in the late 90s and so it continues to be developed but then what about the observational side well of course the Deep Big Bang is in the Mist we can't see with photons back to the Big Bang so we have to find a different way to unlock that earliest face in which we hope to find signatures of these uh theories of our Origins and I think ultimately we're gonna have to use gravitational waves you know that gravitational waves have been discovered they've been predicted by Einstein they've been discovered from colliding black holes but a big bang too that earliest phase of our universe generated gravitational waves those gravitational waves I believe hold the key to really unlocking that era deep into the Big Bang where we can hope to find fossils if you wish from that earliest phase because that is the point right we have this model of the Big Bang we have this hypothesis it's a Grand hypothesis But ultimately we're a little bit in the same situation as Darwin in the 19th century with not many fossils available to really test that hypothesis so what we're looking for is not just gravitational waves from black holes or colliding galaxies or even gravitational waves associated with the earliest collisions this is the Hubble Deep Field right the earliest collisions of galaxies no we're looking for gravitational waves signatures of gravitational waves as far back as we can perhaps as we as we see here this is the background radiation again the Afterglow of the Big Bang perhaps the polarization of that radiation can tell us something about the precise nature the precise way in which back into the big bang that time Dimension disappeared so this is very briefly um a teaser of uh you can read the details there uh 20 years of work um it started out in Cambridge there well there we are there we are drinking drinking Belgian beers um and it ended with Steven's passing five years and two weeks ago um now today Steven's ashes as you know or buried in Westminster Abbey and they're right in between Darwin and Newton it is very appropriate because to me one of his biggest legacies is to bridge these two pictures of the world to show that mathematics need not be in contradiction with Darwin's profound insight that we are one and that Evolution uh rules and so we started out wondering about the mysterious biophilic nature of the universe the universe seems Fit for Life down at the level of the laws of physics and we've tried to understand this is an age-old mystery and we've tried to understand this by for ages and ages by looking at it from a distance by zooming out first from the solar system then from the Galaxy ultimately from behind the universe and finally in the 90s by looking at the entire multi-cosmos the mild diverse but I think what we've realized in the last 20 years is that we're missing something that we have to understand the cosmos from an observer's perspective that we have to somehow very down in the fabric of physics take into account The Human Condition that we are inside and of course there's a certain infinitude that comes with this new viewpoint those who were hoping well and and Stephen formulated Stephen formulated that finitude very clearly in fact and their emotions that go together with these hypothesis namely because it is kind of giving up on the idea that there should be an ultimate final answer and so he says it's there right I used to believe in that he said but now I'm glad that our search for understanding will never come to an end and that we will always have the pleasure the challenge of new discovery without it he says we would sign it and so this was I thought this was I think the The Genius of Hawking right he was able to change his mind come to some sort of new understanding he never went back you know for a second to that old Viewpoint and was just then driving forward in fact the very last words that he uh told me touch on this [Music] [Music] this thing this inside which sort of comes up just from trying to get to a better cosmological Theory it's uh it touches on on a philosophical point it it's a point which is which has been made by uh celebrated philosopher Hana aren't complained in the 60s enormously that Science and Technology were escaping us that Science and Technology where coming where giving us a world view which was completely deconnected or disconnected from our Human Condition that's that's what she writes and she complains about it because she says that vision is ultimately doomed to fail it's ultimately doomed to it's ultimately dehumanizing as that was what how she how she called it well there's this message of the final hoking in my view to Hana aren't to put humankind back in the center it's a message from the deep depths of physics which one can hope provides the seats for a different worldview a world view in which science and our Humanity need not be in conflict with each other it's a very nice Legacy I think that the later Hawking gave us thank you foreign [Applause]

Channel: The Royal Institution

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Keywords: Ri, Royal Institution, royal institute, thomas hertog on the origin of time, thomas hertog hawking, thomas hertog on the orgin of time, thomas hertog on the origin of tiem, thomas hertog on teh orgin of tiem, thomas hertog on teh origin of time, thomas hertog on the organ of time, thomas hertog new book, thomas hertog new boook, stephen hawking, quantum theory of big bang

Id: fY3MbKNNG8o

Length: 52min 17sec (3137 seconds)

Published: Thu Apr 20 2023