Nobel Minds 2019

welcome to the old Stock Exchange Building in Stockholm which now houses the Swedish Academy the Nobel Prize museum and library and this is where we have brought together this year's Nobel Prize laureates for the first time in discussion on TV we'll be hearing about their groundbreaking contributions to economics and science work that has been judged to advance greatly benefits for humankind and we're also joined here in the audience by some of their family and friends as well as students from Sweden [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] so Nobel laureates welcome to you all and congratulations now you've been awarded what is arguably the most prestigious prize in your fields you've been thrust center stage in the world the eyes are on you are you enjoying all of this attention or are you wanting to retreat back into your labs and how are you going to use this public platform professor Kelly well I I feel like a rock star unbelievable the level of expectations it's just just massively I mean it's just unbelievable it's just like a flow I guess there are responsibilities that comes with that and and I what I really would like to do here I think I would like to show to everyone that sounds is fun and it's beautiful and I think this is a way to say I see my work I'm convinced already which I studied science so professor Esther Duflo you've got a bit of a burden on your shoulders and if you see it that way because you're only the second ever woman to have won the economics prize and you are the youngest recipient also and do you see your role now as perhaps inspiring women and Adam the only woman besides you on this table yes I've not won a prize which say late a little bit bored a problem is that there are very relatively few women in sciences in economics even fewer and represented minorities my hope of course is that we can save us a little bit of a role model for other woman and people to come into the field of economics and in science generally well I'm sure you are in girls and women wherever you're watching listen to what Professor T flow is just said so professor Banerjee you aren't married to professor to flow you've been awarded the Nobel economics prize along with Michael Cremo who's sitting next to me but do you mind your wife perhaps getting more attention than you because [Laughter] this has been true all our lives the variety of reasons for that including gender but I think gender is only a small part of which is also just fun more fun to watch and okay well the other economist professor cream how you're going to use your platform the the spread of mobile phones has just created tremendous opportunities to provide information to people who need it around the world and with big data and machine learning we can tailor those messages to people and I'm hoping to work with governments and I'm working with governments and private firms to try to help them find ways to deliver information for example a state you're going to do even more than all right let's go to Greg Sam Enzo how are you going to use your medicine or physiology prize platform well I you know of course will continue our work but I guess on a broader public stage we need to try to emphasize the importance of science for making decisions in society and there's you know more recently a sense that facts don't matter and and I think we have to emphasize that they do matter and that that the science and scientists have a should play an important role in important decision making for society so wide a message in a sense from you that's gone down well hasn't it Stanley Whittingham you are flying the flag for the three chemistry laureates because John Goodenough and professor Yoshino can't be with us so what about you are you are you enjoying being in the public spotlight night are you happy being sitting here next I think no with the lithium battery that we can now address the issues of energy sustainability and particularly global warming when all the politicians are saying it doesn't matter so I think we have to use this price now to know transmit to everybody this is a very important day and we have to address it all right we'll be hearing more about that shortly and professor William Kalin one of the medicine and physiology winners yes well I think we're seeing now already some themes emerging because I never thought I'd see the day where truth and knowledge and expertise would come under assault and this is very dangerous unless we want to return to the dark ages so like many of my other fellow laureates I want to use the prize to be an advocate for the importance of science and the importance of generating new knowledge and the importance for making decisions based on that knowledge so just procreate do you think that now in sort of public discourse we are going more into the realm of fantasy and fiction and not giving enough respect paying enough respect to facts well we see the authority the example of climate change has been brought up where you know people think they can just pick and choose facts and and pseudo facts and just you know based on what's expedient decide how they're gonna proceed and I think we have to get back to making decisions based on data and truth and knowledge James people's what about you I based my career on curiosity where are we what is our situation in the world curiosity drives all of us I think and I urge all of you to keep curious you of course have the drive I have must put food on the table but if you want that try to be curious about what's around you pay attention to what you observe that's your message so Peter Ratcliffe sure is a transformation and all sorts of people answer my emails that didn't yes to all sorts of people agree with me professor Michel may or another of the physicists yes our society is looking for important challenge and I'm very sad to see that in many many Parliament we are very huge scientists being part of the decisions political decision okay let's sit there a little bit more than about what your various prizes were awarded for and we're going to kick off with economics and before we come to each category we're going to just show a very short little film which sets out what the prize was actually awarded for so let's just see the economics one please why do some children learn so little in school why aren't they all vaccinated Michael Kremer objet Banerjee and Esther Duflo have found a way to answer questions like that and in doing so have considerably improved our ability to fight global poverty using randomized controlled trials their method unpacks problems one by one helping for example to promote remedial tutoring in schools in India and subsidies for preventative health care so professor Michael creamer you were awarded the prize jointly with Professor to flow and banishing their work was in a way separate but related to yours and you're all interested in working in poverty and I just wonder what motivated you into wanting to work in this field well these are some of the most important problems in the world and you know one thing that I think discourages many people from working on them is the view that there intractable but one thing that we found in our work is that while there are indeed some things that some ways of addressing poverty that don't work there are also many that have a tremendous impact and so I think this is an area where we can make a difference and I think we have a moral obligation to make a difference if you've got a sort of personal reason why you wanted to go into this field of economics you know I think you know my family my mother taught me that these were our responsibilities and I think that's partly why I went into it a big reason why I went into it I am fortunate enough that the field that I work in is is very exciting intellectually as well so it's it's fun at the same time which is great for positive flow what made you want to work in this kind of area so I'm completing my mother as well I like this so I grew up in a very sort of ordinary household and in a suburb of Paris I was a mathematician or father and a pediatrician for a mother and she in addition to a regular work she was also spending time with an NGO helping kids victim of was going to the South I saw her first and then to an alpha dog repeatedly and every time she was going she was telling us you know this is your part this is what you're doing to help kids in the world professor Banerjee you were born in Mumbai but raised in Kolkata and you were from a middle-class family but you say that your home was on the edge of basically slums in Kolkata I mean did that perhaps influenced your decision to work in alleviating poverty well in a sense I feel like looking back I don't know how one can work in economics and not work on alleviating poverty that that to me is more baffling the desert around in some ways it's the most artistic ironic problem you'll ever encounter but having said that again outline my mother my mother has very strong opinions about everything including all the things that are wrong in society so being growing up in a place where there were just many for problems very visible very visible meaning we were we lived on the lane that was the one exit from the slum so we saw all the children with no clothes and and all the parents who were upset with their lives and and my mother would be running a commentary on all of that and I don't think I had any escape eventually I think it's wonderful that we've got these and very strong role models amongst the mothers so and just turning to the work that you've done Professor creamer I mean we know that millions of children die all over the world every year from preventable diseases now your work in particular looked at deworming of children in Kenya particularly rural Kenya and also the provision of clean water and in the case of deworming your studies showed that there was a greater take-up of the pills by the parents if these were made available free of charge I have to say - is that not stating the blindingly obvious it should be completely obvious but I think there were first there were many organizations including multilateral organizations such as the World Bank but also NGOs that thought it was very important to charge people something and what we found was even a very small fee leads to a tremendous reduction in the percentage of people who are take up these preventive health whether that's clean water or whether that's deworming medicine so since that time there's been a huge change many policymakers again from the World Bank's and national governments are now making preventive health care available for free and that's led to huge reductions in malaria as mosquito nets have become free many governments of instituted national school-based deworming programs government of Kenya did that Government of India did that 150 million children are now being dewormed as a result of those two governments decisions every year and that's that's you know that's wonderful profusely TPO kind of comment on something you said isn't it obvious I think every time we think something is obvious we should put it to the test most of our intuitions are wrong that's true for economist nutrition that's good for policy makers nutrition that's probably even too far your intuitions and I think one of our contribution if n is to say whenever you think something is obvious to the test and put it to the test as rigorously as possible if possible is an experiment which is often possible and you will often discover that you whatever you thought was obvious happens to be incorrect it's a completely artless that's interesting because that's some of your pioneering work has been using our C T's randomized controlled trials to try to understand the behavior of poorer communities and that's precisely what you did in your your work which is quite groundbreaking well me to take take us back to where we started Michael did an experiment where I think he started with the presumption that giving textbooks to kids who don't have it was obvious like you said and would certainly make them better at school and it didn't and then we did an experiment together we said we could have the crafts class size we're going to take two teachers one teacher school intended to teach at schools and again it was blindingly obvious to us that this was going to do wonderful things and was very precisely rejected because zero effect of doubling the teachers and that was the most educated experience I had in this whole field and it sort of made me realize a what as I said which is that you know the obvious is not the obvious go back to thinking what could be going wrong right and professor to flow I mean in the realm of Education you discovered a very novel approach saying that free textbooks don't work as we've just heard and so on so just in essence what was it you discovered that really had a profound impact running living levels of education at the primary level so it's not something I discovered individually because another characteristic of our work is that it's very little pieces by little pieces and little experiment by little experiments so we often say that this despises the price of a movement so think of each experiment as a little dot that progressively helps you emerge the picture very much probably like in medicine I suppose that the war of cancer is not like let's find like the one magic medicine that is going to cure everything it's many many many things so same thing with Parvati so the answer again blindingly obvious experts is what we call with the organization kratom in India teach at the right level which is go back to what the kids need don't know yet and teach them at that level so for a few hours a day of a few days in a year break disturb the students not by their age but by their current level of achievement and then teach them if they don't know let us teach them later frequently we jiggle them so that they can learn at their progress some people make extremely fast progress with the system and what we've seen is tremendous improvement in experiment when kids were subjected when kids were benefiting from that you've actually put this apply this in practice do any of the other laureates want to comment on the economics prize and poverty alleviation professor Kelly yeah I was fascinating by the by the discussion because you I mean you you upper weight with with facts and are you telling us that I published facts and then I draw conclusion from this facts like having relation between of them and then I build another standing on this basis and then I address a new test and new facts which is all what we're doing as a scientist and I'm fascinating to hear that it seems to be so new because I mean it looks to me like going five hundred years back in time at the time in Italy when we had this trial against church against Galileo Galilei and can you say look my facts in my telescope and the church said no we don't want to look at the facts because we know what it is so I'll just just absolutely fascinating by this I guess I would give me a slightly that's slightly unfair to economics because I think people have always been dealing with facts I think the question of what we are trying to do which is different is look at the granularity of the facts I think what people don't often know is that you know when you talk of education its education is good and that there is a correlation between higher higher education and higher GDP this is a fact it's not a fact but it's hard to interpret that fact because education doesn't mean one thing it means a million things this means the pedagogy it means the classroom it means the teacher training it means number of teachers so when you put each of those pieces together you get this massive thing called education education is good but that doesn't necessarily tell us very much about what to do and what we're trying to do is take that kind of very general fact and break it into smaller facts and the smaller facts are much more informative about a plan to action and that's the case we're trying to make thank you well if there are clear benefits to the work being done by the economists the same can be said of the medicine or physiology laureates so before we turn to them let's just see a brief highlight of what the prize was awarded for oxygen is essential for all animal life because it allows food to be converted into energy but how cells adapt to changes in levels of oxygen has been little understood until the research of William Kalyan Peter Ratcliffe and Greg Samantha they identified the molecular machinery which regulates the activity of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen manipulating those levels paves the way for new strategies to fight anemia cancer and many other diseases so medicine laureates your doc working as clinicians you've worked conditions to what extent did that inspire you to go into the lab because perhaps you dealt with patients on a regular basis professor bill Kaelin so imagine you had an internal combustion engine and you were asked to fix it and you didn't have the parts list and you didn't understand the principles of an internal combustion engine and then someone handed you a hammer and said start fixing it and that's what it felt like to me is a cancer physician in the 80s it was very frustrating it was clear we just needed to understand the disease better so that's what motivated me to get scientific training and then it turned out it was my clinical knowledge of a rare hereditary form of cancer called von hippel-lindau disease that indicated to me that the responsible gene had to play an important role in Occident sensing and then you will cease to be practicing doctors didn't you in your just stayed in the laboratory but that experience with patients stayed with you and worked as an inspiration so your work to what extent will your work pave the way for new strategies to have new drugs in tackling diseases like cancer anemia as one of the other ones being mentioned there's already you know drugs being tested now for the treatment of anemia have been improved in several countries and will probably be approved in the US and Europe in the near future we studied originally erythropoietin which is produced by the kidney patients who have kidney failure no longer make erythropoietin and she's the kind of it's a hormone that consumes red blood cell production so the kidney secretes it into the bloodstream and then it goes through the bone marrow and stimulates the production of red cells which of course carried the oxygen to every cell in the body and at the moment patients with kidney failure require injections of this Ipoh protein that's been made in the lab these new drugs will simply be pills that can be taken by mouth and will turn on the system that that's already there to allow the body to make its own epub before scanning just maybe explain it very simply terms how your work operates in the body yes so basically the three of us help to define a molecular pathway or a molecular circuit that tells the cells and tissues in your body whether they're getting enough oxygen or not and once we understood the circuit there were opportunities to intervene with drugs to either make the circuit more active or less active depending on what the disease was and so for example as Greg said there's a pill you can take by mouth that tricks your body into thinking it's at high altitude activates the system and you start making more about blood cells converses conversely certain cancers need oxygen and so they use the system in a different way and now we have drugs that can help block the cancer from hijacking the system use the Peter have talked about scientists being very competitive but you yourself specifically being quite competitive actually I said the three of us would I mean we tend to think of scientists as complimenting one another's work and sharing research and so on is that not right we you three sort of like no this is my research competitors but the the organization of human behavior civilization and trained human competitiveness to the cooperative advantage it will be really interesting to have the economist view on this I never understand economics but you are really trying to find rules of society of gnarnia finance of behavior the the get what we want out of this competitiveness is it is not so professor punishing economists tend to love though using the word competition but in in the way we work we tend to actually be very collaborative and it's not not particularly that I personally I hate being in a very competitive environment and I would not flourish there so I think that there's a sense in which economists use the word competition with more that's about other people said I feel very connected to your fellow laureate professor Maya's brain well when you work with someone so intensively for so long of course you get connected so and and and the ne ne physic experimental set up since long time is not a single men endeavor right now it's it's big teams and if you look at the size of the experimental setup I know you talk about 1000 people working together so by by design it's an absolute collaborative network that makes sounds possible otherwise it would not work okay well we're going to move from medicine the chemistry prize provides an opportunity to address us using global warming and so return to that but let's just see a short film about what the prize was awarded for its carried and used by most of us every day in mobile phones computers and tablets as well as electric cars it is the lithium-ion battery Stanley and whittingham developed the first prototype having discovered that some superconducting materials hold a very high energy density John Goodenough in our kira yoshinaka battery making it commercially viable this provided stable lightweight renewable energy storage helping to create the right conditions for a wireless world free of fossil fuels the world's most powerful battery so professor Stanley Whittingham you're representing all three chemistry laureates your two fellow laureates couldn't be with us so the world's most powerful battery but frankly it's not powerful enough to really do everything we want it to at the moment you know the batteries we've left a really a first step though they'll get us the next step they will help us reduce some of the co2 we generate we can easily convert vehicles over to electric transportation we can clean up the cities for example by only allowing electric vehicles in the scent of cities like stock London New York and eventually it will help us also get solar energy wind energy really into the mainstream some countries are doing it but if we have the sunshine declare notes in Stockholm this week we need to store the energy so we can use it when we want it you actually worked in the 70s during the oil crisis with the Exxon oil company trying to find alternatives then because people were very concerned about you know oil supplies and so on why has it taken so long to get to where you are I mean the lithium-ion battery wasn't really commercially viable until perhaps the early 90s 91 yeah in the end we have private industry it's all economic incentives that drive it and oil prices went up in the 70s by the end of the seventies they dropped back down again so there's no economic driver to do alternative energies until last maybe 10 years where sollars come into place wind is coming into place and there's huge push on electric transportation and in the end it's partly people are gonna push it too so desire of people so we scientists have to educate the population that's what the issues really are right and so when people in the developing world are listening to what you have to say and you know you hear a lot about how they can leapfrog technology and not get rich and dirty as the industrialized world did I mean how viable is that well you can look at the smartphone as an example of that it is the developing world do not have hard lines for telephones anymore they leapfrog that whole step and I think in some ways in the ng air they can leapfrog the coal and the oil and go directly to something renewables if you look at know some of the African countries there's plenty of Sun day this is one of the more hopeful things I've heard I mean frankly having worked on you know studying the human disease for 30 years of their in my darker days I worry that trying to alleviate diseases is like you know deck chairs on the Titanic given the problems that will face us if we don't get this right so I'm heartened to hear some of your views on the future as we saw from the chemistry prize how science can make a difference in in climate change but I think we need two things we need the institution's and funding to support the science but we also need as you said economic incentives to adopt that technology and those are both things that human institutions can help provide and you're part of the challenge we face as society's mystic both keep keep that science moving and make sure we use it [Music] really think that the message is so stark and so clear that the fact that there is ambiguity out there I feel like in a sense media hasn't been as emphatic about how clear the evidence is as it might have been I I think that has a warming climate change yes I mean the evidence is on both sides on both the side that it's happening it's critical and that it's not impossible to fix the problem I have is 20 50 or something people are planning for something which is likely to be intrinsically unstable so you either believe it or you don't if you believe it as we all do then it's a matter of immediacy I don't think it's not believed its facts versus lies [Applause] just expand on that professor Simmons oh it's people lying for their own self-interest and against humanity and frankly to me it's it's kind of hard to believe but this is what we're faced with people with vested interests and who do you mean many many people with many different vested interests let's bear in mind that this problems of climate is so difficult remember that the prime greenhouse gas is water vapor with a water vapor this would be a snowball planet water vapor depends on how the clouds form that depends on how centers of nucleation set out by salt spray so many uncertainties we should be cautious about overstating the direction we're going other than that it sounds dangerous so what you mean there might be a big freeze around the corner well I'm no climatologist but you can see how complicated the problem is Sweden depends on the Gulf Stream the Gulf Stream could start flowing another direction and you would have a local deep freeze so what you don't think that these climate scientists who do all their projections about this is how things always a dangerous thing it was something a bit skeptical well I am because I see the problem is so complex I feel nervous about saying we are headed toward an overheated planet we're doing a dangerous experiment but I don't think we know which direction is going to go the problem is by the time we find out it'll be too late well certainly nonetheless you can't be too sure about predict remember you bury predictions are difficult particularly about the future okay you want to say something - James people's directly so I think it's important for people to understand that it's almost impossible to get scientists to agree on anything including things that are clearly true you know it's like herding cats I think we had a demonstration of that when we were doing our sound checks pre-recording and so they're always going to be heretics and heretics played really important roles it's not what you're accusing well maybe the direction is going but that would be fine with me because heretics are really important in science because they challenge our ideas they challenge our assumptions and they force us to do better experiments but what heretics should never be used for is to make policy decisions and what's happening now in some corners is people are saying well let's just hope that the heretics are right because wouldn't that all be can convenient and and so if you think back to for example to South Africa where the government was convinced that a virus didn't cause AIDS that led to hundreds of thousands of preventable deaths professor if you do my usual job of bringing it to the here and now any warming of the planet is going to start a hot scene particularly people in the probe world more than people in the rich world both because it is hotter there and because there are fewer means to adjust so the problem do we have to face is not 2050 is like yesterday all right so your Nobel laureates are going to be in great demand you're going to be asked to fly to this place and that to speak of this conference and that so are you going to be mindful about where you go or in the style of the Swedish environmental activist Greta humbug get out your boats and your sails and go by train but what are you going to do professor being from an immense emission of carbon dioxide so we are I believe as cynical as the rest of the world in that respect we find it difficult to make the sacrifices actually yes we do have to stop flying and a lot of other things so you're going to be quite picky about which invitations you accept as well I've had 200 it comes to half a million miles it's completely well we can't call it my mouth well that okay well we're going to move from the chemistry prize and look at an extremely big picture the whole universe the cosmos and we'll turn to the physics laureates then let's see what your prize was awarded for first 95% of the universe consists of something we know very little about dark energy and dark matter those terms were defined by James Peebles and that gave us the science of cosmology a new understanding of the universe's structure and history michel mayor and didier Kelo started an astronomy revolution by discovering a planet outside our solar system the first exoplanet 51 pegasi B more than 4,000 exoplanets have since been found in the Milky Way perhaps making the thought of extraterrestrial life a little bit less fiction like okay physics Luria's straight to the point professor my or is there life somewhere out there we don't know oh I mean [Applause] but this is a very important domain for the next generation because what we are sure that we have plenty of hockey planet at some good distance from the Stars to have the paucity to have the complex chemistry needed for life development so the problem is not to find new planet that's a good place the problem is to know what happened when you have the good condition and this is no more a problem of of astrophysics it's a problem basically the biology chemistry professor Kellogg what about you is there life possibly somewhere out there in the universe and it's so what what kind of life might it be well it's a way to difficult questions certainly and to address it's too big the questions but I think I think we follow a bit the same path I know fellow economists that's saying well we're going to break this apart in different bits and then let me try to understand first can we say something about the origin of life on Earth I mean we have a lot of element that you to play with on earth we have an amazing knowledge all our life is working on Earth and we still not know exactly how this would story started and then you can explore life in the solar systems on Mars and Venus and other satellites of giant of giant Jupiter and then we can push further to maybe all these other planets what can we say about life on it so it's a very very long process but we're starting but is it possible there's some kind of micro organisms inhabiting a planet out there Mars perhaps Venus well I think that would be the topic for another Nobel laureates a different question for in the solar system we have planned a several place where maybe life could emerge but not on the surface maybe in the ocean and there's a field ice field of a hapa satellite that so so this is a huge topic and it will be much more fascinating maybe to do some experiment to find if you have some very simple organism in the ocean and to maybe to have the possibility to compare what kind of DNA they have compared to the earth professor Peebles your work the evolution of the mostly universe and Earth's place in the cosmos but before I move on to that just says do you believe that there might be extraterrestrial life in whatever format that I think what is charming is the fact that we are can be quite sure that there are thousands of millions of planets on in our galaxy there are thousands of millions of galaxies there will be that many planets on which all sorts of marvelous things are happening that we the human race will never see so it's possible my lesson is we have a very limited reach don't disappoint all those science fiction fans watching this and so on you hear people talk quite seriously about you know perhaps in time the human race can colonize another planet Mars for instance you know we often hear is there life on Mars and so on just what is the viability of these kind of ideas well I mean my my position on this usually is always the same I mean we are really designed as a species to stay on earth we're not really there's no plan for us to go in space it's extremely dangerous place to go and and going to Mars it's really an amazingly dangerous situations because you're not protected anymore like we are on earth by the atmosphere by the magnetic field so I think being there is really not the place it is not all place in a way there's nothing is it for us is designed there no there is just a practicality I think I think just just try to take a plane already on to cross the Atlantic and it takes some time well drawing try to go to the moon well will tell you a bit longer try to go to Mars it's quite there's quite a trip then here in years you know in physics it all depends on your speed so talking about is there life possibly out there elsewhere in the universe what do the rest of you think we'd like to dream about what's up there right well they should all dream don't be constrained by what our peers may think we need to dream and maybe there's something up there let's keep looking well I think you know if you look at life on planet Earth it's changed dramatically so for example the first forms of life existed on a planet where there was no oxygen and and so they required completely different strategies to make energy and to survive and then somehow an organism learned how to trap the sun's light in carbon bonds to make sugar by photosynthesis and one of the the byproducts so that was to generate oxygen and oxygen accumulated within within the atmosphere and probably killed most of the organisms that were living at the time because oxygen is very toxic unless you have ways to protect yourself against it so there's been I think a tremendous range of life on Earth and different strategies of life and so there's no reason to believe that there wouldn't be other strategies on other planets that would allow life to exist anybody only is there life out there but yes okay yes I kind of want to this has been fascinating but I'm going to jump on that and go back to us what I take from this conversation is if there is life out there it's not for us it's too far anyway and we honor that adapted to it so and the second thing I took from this conversation is that that could the condition could change in a way that are pretty dramatic and we are as a human species making sure that to accelerate this process or I think it is pretty essential that we also think about the here and now about getting in human welfare here now getting food water and energy to people now and we protect the climate now and it's we should by all mean dream about these things but many people should also by only think about how we are gonna adjust our behavior as a human species to make sure that they continue to be live on this planet right well I think we've got to the end of our time I don't you just very quickly go around the table very very quickly brief answers please so professor whittingham one of your fellow laureates for chemistry professor John Goodenough is 97 years of age he's from America and he still goes into the office every day laureates does that idea appeal to you or would you like to go into retirement or does the idea of working as a near centenarian appeal to you let's go around the table Michael Prima I don't know whether I'll be able to do that but I certainly would aspire to I mean the problems that were addressing all of us around here are very important and you know it's a it's both fun and very exciting to help try to address these challenges and very excited to continue to do so what else have good at so I was so inspired by promise all good enough and I you know exercising all the time to try to keep myself at that level for as long as possible icky enough to be in a so exciting domain so I will be very frustrated to stop right now well I think we're very fortunate to do something with so much patience passions and why would you stop so I've been retired from 19 years but I keep my office I walk in most every day and enjoy what I'm doing I plan to do that until I can no longer do it well I like to think I've gotten more knowledgeable and over the years and maybe a slightly wiser but I don't think I'm actually as smart as I was as a young man I think that's the trade-off that comes with aging and perhaps for that reason science is often dominated by the young people so I hope I'm engaged in science at that age but I'm not sure it'll be specifically running a laboratory we'll see oh I'm trying to do so we're so fortunate you know people refer to it as basic science or curiosity driven science or investigative it in science none of those are very good words for what we do you're harnessing our passion passion for discovery and that's I think the reason we all want to go most of us want to go on it's it's it's a person with dementia I agree it's too much fun to start too much fun and standing waiting I'm excited about what I'm doing and my wife and I have this discussion every February when we're tired of the snow we say time to retire ten minutes later we say but we like doing what we're doing keep Dave and my doctor tells me don't retire well thank you may you all have wonderful flourishing futures you clearly will go from strength strength to strength thank you all very much indeed Nobel laureates and also here to the audience that the old stock exchange in Stockholm for me Zainab Badar we and the rest of the noble minds team until the next year goodbye [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] you you

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Published: Tue Dec 17 2019