Neurology | Cerebral Cortex Anatomy & Function: Overview

all right ninja nerds in this video today we're gonna talk about the cerebral cortex and all those beautiful lobes of the brain so if we take a look here we got a big old brain right and there's a bunch of different lobes now it may seem a little kind of like intimidating right now but give it a second we'll clear everything up all right first thing i want us to know is the different lobes of the brain there's four main lobes there's a fifth mini lobe called the insular we're not going to talk about in this video but i want you to know the main lobes so if you imagine right here this lobe right here is called your frontal lobe this lobe right here is called your temporal lobe this lobe right here is called your parietal lobe and this lobe back here is called your occipital lobe now we got to take it a step forward further right because all we have is just where maybe in some space where the frontal lobe is we have these beautiful demarcations or sulci if you will that separate these lobes from one another what are these demarcations are sulci this first one is beautifully placed right here you can kind of see it in a combination of red and purple it's this one right here this this little sulci here is called your central sulcus it's called your central sulcus now your central sulcus is beautifully placed that it separates what two lobes your frontal lobe which is anterior to it and your parietal lobe which is posterior to it right there's another sulcus another sulcus is running here right this color here so this red and green one here this one here i'm going to have a line coming out from it this here is called your lateral sulcus it's called your lateral sulcus sometimes also referred to as your sylvian fissure okay now the beautiful position of the lateral sulcus is that it separates this lobe the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe okay that covers that demarcation there's another demarcation here right here this kind of blue and red one here this guy is called your parietal occipital sulcus now the beauty about the parietal occipital sulcus is that it's positioned in such a way that it separates anterior to it the parietal lobe from posterior to it the occipital lobe okay now this last one here is not a actual complete sulcus or demarcation it's an imaginary type of line right here you see how we come from this occipital lobe just above this cerebellum there's a little notch right here right here i'm going to kind of draw it here in this dark black here right you see that little notch that little kind of elevation point that elevation point right there is actually referred to as the pre occipital notch and if you draw an imaginary line from this little notch or this pre-occipital notch towards your parietal occipital sulcus guess what that does it separates your occipital lobe which is posterior to it from your temporal lobe which is anterior to it so that is going to give us our demarcations now what i want us to do is start here with the frontal lobe talk about some of the the names of these areas and then come over and talk about their basic function all right so now what i want us to do is talk about the particular areas i just want you guys to know where they would be in kind of a general sense there's no complete clear-cut demarcation like we have with the central sulcus between each one of these kind of general areas on the frontal lobe so this first area here this is very important this kind of red one here this area here is very important it's called your primary motor cortex but we're just going to abbreviate it for right now is p m c we'll write it down later now just anterior attack because i just want you know the general position in anatomy just anterior to the primary motor cortex you have this blue one here this blue one here is very important as well it is called your motor association cortex it's made up of two particular areas called the pre-motor cortex and your supplementary motor cortex okay go just a little bit anterior to that more in the superior aspect of the frontal lobe you have another area in this green color this is called your frontal eye fields then just go a little bit anterior and inferior to the frontal eye fields in the frontal lobe and you got this big blue structure here this is called your pre frontal cortex sometimes also refer to a textbook as the prefrontal association area then come at the most inferior point of the frontal lobe usually on the left side of debris you have another area here called and this is in orange this is called your broca's area okay so this is the general anatomy in the frontal lobe of these particular areas now let's come over here into this chart and talk about the general functions of the each of these areas all right so we talked about each one of those areas in the frontal lobe right so we said the first one is called our primary motor cortex right we call that the pmc right now the basic function i want you to remember for the primary motor cortex literally kind of a one kind of liner is that it's involved in voluntary movement that's all i want you guys to remember the big thing that i want you to remember though as an aside to keep in your brain is that the primary motor cortex we're looking at a lateral side of the brain right if we look at the imagine that this is the left side of the lateral surface of the brain the left primary motor cortex controls movement of your right side so when i say voluntary movement i want you to remember that it's contralateral sides that's all i want you to remember for right now for the primary motor cortex we said just anterior to that was your motor association cortex right now your motor association cortex i want you to remember that it's made up of two areas right we're going to write them as your pre-motor cortex and supplementary supplementary motor cortex but again the combination of these two is called your motor association cortex now the pre-motor and supplementary motor cortex they also are involved in voluntary movement but more specifically they're involved in the planning of movement they're involved in the sequencing of movement they're involved in the execution of movement that's right so when we talk about how they're involved in movement more specifically they're involved in the planning the sequencing and the execution of movement right but they do also give some axons from them that do go into the descending motor pathways that are involved in movement as well okay the next area just anterior to the motor association cortex is called your frontal eye fields what is it called your frontal eye field your frontal eye fields are also very interesting they're involved in a kind of a specialized motor movement and these more specifically are involved in voluntary eye movement okay if we were to kind of add on to that it's more involved what's called sakad's which is rapid eye movement so helping your eyes to move conjugately to the left conjugately to the right up and down okay so that's your frontal eye fields the next one is if we move just a little bit anterior to the frontal eye fields we have that prefrontal cortex so it's called the prefrontal cortex now the prefrontal cortex has so many functions right it's involved in our memory it's also involved in learning so kind of in the cognition process as well it's involved in our personality right and even our behavior and it is also involved in our judgment our reasoning or kind of we can say decision making right so it's also involved in our decision making and last but not least it even has some type of input that it can send to your motor association cortex that is involved in motor planning all right in the last area that orange area that we said is usually at the bottom of the frontal lobe usually the most inferior portion more commonly on the dominant side of individuals cerebral hemisphere which is usually their left because they're most likely right-handed dominant is your broca's area okay so broca's area now broca's area is important because it's involved with our speech production so it's involved in stimulating the muscles that are involved in speech production all right beautiful so that covers our broca's area now let's talk about the areas of the temporal lobe and their function all right great so we talked about the frontal lobe we went over the areas their functions now let's talk about the temporal lobe their areas basic anatomy and then functions all right remember we had that lateral sulcus right so that's separating our temporal from our frontal and parietal just underneath the lateral sulcus you have this kind of like red area here right this red area here is very important and it's involved in sound this is called our primary auditory cortex okay just below that okay surrounding it is another area in this baby blue color and again it's inferior to it this is called your auditory association cortex okay the other area is if we follow the lateral sulcus backwards you have this purple area here and if you look it's in the temporal lobe mainly but a little bit of it dips over into the parietal lobe okay this area is called wernicke's area and just like broca's area it's primarily only found in the dominant cerebral hemisphere so usually the left side of the brain for more commonly right-handed people now this other area this is a lateral surface of the brain so you're looking at the brain your eyes are here you're looking at the lateral surface of the brain okay there's an area in the temporal lobe but it's deep it's medial it's in the most medial aspect of the nepalese i'll show you a picture a little bit later but it is right here called the primary olfactory cortex and there is an association cortex along with that okay so these are the areas of the temporal lobe now let's talk about their functions all right so temporal lobe again we said that we had that first area there just underneath that lateral sulcus there was called our primary auditory cortex now this primary auditory cortex is very cool it's involved with the perception of sound right so basically being aware that we're hearing something so awareness consciously conscious awareness of sound but here's the cool thing whenever sound waves basically are carried from you know in the air and then into our ear and then sent to our brain the actual sound waves our primary auditory cortex really only responds to a couple aspects of sound the pitch of sound right it also responds not just to the pitch of sound but also to the frequency of sound and it even can determine the location of sound so it can even localize sound so when we're referring to sound the primary auditory cortex is involved with conscious awareness of the pitch of sound frequency of sound and location of sound now the other area which we said is just below it is called the auditory association cortex it's called the auditory association cortex now the auditory association cortex analyzes the sound right so one of the functions here is that it analyzes the sound right so it analyzes the pitch the frequency the location the amplitude the tone of it and then after it analyzes it it helps us to recognize the sound what that sound is is it someone's voice is it a voice that we've actually heard before is it even a voice at all is it maybe the sound of thunder lightning right all of those aspects it's involved in okay so it analyzes the sound and it helps us to recognize the sound and stored in our memory so if we experience that sound again we'll remember it the other area which we said is kind of dipping into the temporal lobe and a little bit into the parietal lobe is called the wernicke's area now the wernicke's area is a very cool area that's involved with what's called comprehension and understanding of written and spoken language so it's involved in we're just going to say here language comprehension but again remember that language can be both spoken so auditory we hear it that language english language what i'm speaking to you guys right now and you're hearing through the computer and the written language me just writing down language comprehension you guys were able to read that all right the last area is called that primary olfactory cortex now again i want you to remember that this is not just the primary olfactory cortex but it also just around that primary olfactory cortex it'll also have an association cortex every primary cortex should have an association cortex to analyze and recognize whatever that thing that it's involved in in this case smell so to give you guys a little bit more perspective on kind of where because again primary factory cortex is not on the lateral surface and it's not the most inferior i just wanted to fit it in there but if we take again a slice of the brain and we look at the medial surface you'd kind of see it like this so here's the medial surface and the best way i like to i you know identify that is you have your corpus callosum here right so here would be your corpus callosum and again here would be your frontal lobe you would still have a part of that central sulcus coming down here parietal occipital sulcus right but right here is that lateral sulcus and the the actual primary olfactory cortex sits just kind of underneath that right and particularly on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe so that is where the olfactory cortex is actually located now the primary olfactory cortex and it's an association cortex is responsible for what awareness of smell and again that would be the primaries function so awareness of smell but again if you dug in a little bit deeper the association cortex would be responsible for what analyzing the smell and recognizing the smell so is this the smell of a you know someone cracking a rat or passing gas or cutting the cheese or farting right you'd be able to tell that because your association cortex is comparing that smell with past memories of smell all right beautiful that covers the temporal lobe all right so now let's talk about the parietal lobe and again we have that central sulcus beautifully separating parietal from frontal as a reminder and the lateral separating the parietal from the temporal and then the parietal occipital separating the parietal from the occipital lobe beautiful again just posterior to that central sulcus you have another gyrus this is actually called your postcentral gyrus but what i want you to remember is that the functional area on that postcentral gyrus is called your primary cortex okay just posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex what do you think it's going to be you guys have already noticed that whenever there's a primary there has to be a an association cortex so this is actually going to be called the somatosensory association cortex beautiful then just posterior to that is a very weird area that i felt like we're going to talk about and really more particularly discuss it within the parietal lobe this is actually called the posterior association area it's a multimodal association here and i'll explain what that means in a little bit but these are the areas that we're going to focus on okay within the parietal lobe now let's talk about their function all right so we talked about the parietal lobe again just posterior to that central soil because we had what's that first kind of area we called it the primary somatosensory cortex right and again i just want you guys to have kind of like a one-liner of what it does the primary somatosensory cortex is involved in awareness of somatic sensations now to expand on that what does that mean that means fine touch discriminative touch it means proprioceptive sensations which is where your body your arm your body parts are in a three-dimensional space and even vibration sense and pressure all of that stuff comes to this area of the cerebral cortex and so you're aware of those sensations now just posterior to that is an even cooler function and again what we say was just posterior to the somatosensory cortex the primary one it was the somato sensory association cortex and i think you guys should at this point start to be seeing a trend here that anywhere there's a primary cortex it's just kind of a highway system that funnels into their association cortex and this somatosensory association cortex will then do what it'll analyze the somatic sensations and not only that but it'll also do what it'll help with the recognition of those semantic sensations so to give you guys a very simple example here is that if i close my eyes so i'm not depending upon visual stimulus right and someone puts a marker in my hand i can feel that the marker is in my hand so that's the sensory pathways i can also tell that it's in my right hand because of my proprioceptive sensations and if i'm pretty good i can also tell that this is a marker without actually knowing that i'm the one who put it in my hand so that is what this somatosensory association cortex does is pattern recognition okay the one just posterior to it is the really interesting and weird area it's called the posterior association area now this area is actually kind of what we already kind of just explained what it is i'm going to write it down it's called a multi-modal association area and i'm going to very briefly explain what the heck that means all right any time you guys have noticed a trend here you have a sensation let's and take for the example the somatosensory cortex the somatic sensations go to this area then they go to an association cortex to be analyzed and recognized well guess what what happens is the association cortex is from your visual pathway your auditory pathway and your sensory pathways all kind of coalesce into one area so your visual association cortex auditory association cortex and somatosensory association cortex then funnel their influence to the posterior association area now i can determine a sense of spatial coordination of visual stimuli auditory stimuli and sensory stimuli that is the function of this beautiful area and it can communicate with a bunch of other areas in the brain all right beautiful that covers our parietal lobe all right so now we got our last lobe here that we got to talk about the occipital lobe right and again what did we say was the demarcation points we had the parietal occipital sulcus which separates it from the pride lobe and that imaginary line coming from the preoccipital notch that comes and meets the parietal occipital sulcus separates the occipital from the temporal all right we got two cortex in a in this area or two areas particularly one we're going to start with this one most posteriorly okay this one right here is actually referred to as let's do it in red so we can really differentiate it this one is called your primary visual cortex now if you go just anterior to the primary visual cortex you have another area and this area again you guys should already get the point of this wherever there's a primary there is an association so this is called your visual association cortex all right that covers the areas now let's go ahead and talk about the function all right beautiful sock simple to lobe now let's talk about the functions of those areas what were the first area that we talked about the primary visual cortex right and the primary visual cortex what did we say it's responsible for awareness so conscious awareness of vision right so a visual stimulus if you will now when the visual stimuli comes from your eyeballs right and then goes to your occipital lobe and your primary visual cortex then it has to go to what other structure what's the highway system for the other structure that it moves into it then goes into the association cortex so the next one which was just anterior to it is called the visual association cortex and again what does this do it analyzes the visual stimulus right so how does it how does it do that well it takes the visual stimulus and it looks at the color maybe again this is orange i'm telling that because of my visual association cortex it also tells me the angles right of how i wrote v how i kind of wrote i it tells me if something's moving right or if it's staying still all of that stuff that visual stimulus of all these things are coming to your primary visual then to your visual association cortex where it analyzes the color the movement the angles so it helps us to recognize our visual stimulus right now that's really important if you think about um the overall concept of that so if you think about it i have a marker here right how do i how am i able to tell that that's a marker well i'm able to tell because i see kind of the shape of it i see kind of the angles involved in it i see the color that it's an orange marker i can tell that basically what i can do with it because the visual association cortex is responsible for that so that's the beauty of this cortex all right that covers our occipital lobe all right so i said i wasn't going to cover the ancilla in this video but i feel bad i want to make sure that you guys know kind of the basic idea of where it is so imagine i had two hooks right i'm going to take a hook and i'm going to stick it into the lateral slope because i'm going to yank down i'm going to take another hook i'm going to stick it under the lateral sulcus and i'm going to pull up if i pull down and pull up there's going to be a little lobe of brain tissue sitting right here and that's called the insula now what i want you guys to know about the insula is just the basic functions of the insula all right so again the insula is that structure that we talked about if we were to kind of pull on that lateral sulcus right i want you to know just the three basic functions of the insula one is that it is responsible for receiving taste sensations so it's involved in gestation so this might be where your gustation cortex is actually located so gestation is also known as taste let's just write that down it's known as taste so this is where taste is taken to so we're aware of taste and then the association gustation cortex would be involved in what telling us what kind of taste it is if it's sweet if it's sour if it's bitter if it's salty or if it's umami you know and the other function of the insula is it's involved with visceral being aware of our visceral sensations so sensations coming from the gi tract the heart the lungs things of that nature if you guys have ever had gastroenteritis the pain from that right so just a gi bug the pain from that gi tract will go to your insulin and make you aware of that so you remember in the future not to eat that potato salad that's been sitting out in the sun all day the last function of the insula is that it's believed that this may be where the vestibular cortex is actually located and your vestibular cortex would be involved with your vestibular sensations which is basically your sense of movement right so your sense of like uh what's called dynamic equilibrium which is kind of involved with rotational acceleration and then your static equilibrium which is kind of linear motions right so kind of like head nodding that is where those sensations may go too so that'll give you so that gives you the basic function of the insula all right ninja so in this video we talk about the basic overview of the cerebral cortex all the lobes the particular kind of functional areas and what those areas do i hope this made sense i hope you guys enjoyed it if you guys did hit that like button comment down in the comment section please subscribe also down in the description box we'll have links to our facebook instagram go check that out follow also links to our patreon you guys want to go there donate we truly would appreciate it as always thank you love you appreciate you and as always engineers until next [Music] time [Music] you

Channel: Ninja Nerd

Views: 88,881

Rating: 4.9837747 out of 5

Keywords: Ninja Nerd Lectures, Ninja Nerd, Ninja Nerd Science, anatomy, brain, neuroanatomy, cerebral cortex, cortex, frontal lobe, cerebrum, neuroscience, lobes, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, overview lecture, Broca's area, physiology, neurology, nervous system, sulcus, gyrus, parietal lobe, lecture, occipital lobes

Id: 2LzZMWGQe1k

Length: 26min 33sec (1593 seconds)

Published: Thu Nov 26 2020