Nephrology - Kidney and Nephron Overview

Armondo historian biology and medicine videos please make sure to subscribe join the forming group for the latest videos please visit Facebook at Amon Master Dogen and here you can like please ask questions answer some questions and post some interesting things such as artworks you'll be greatly appreciated and you can also change the quality settings to the highest one for better graphics and in this video we're going to talk about nephrology about the kidneys the nephrons etc and so we have this person with an open abdominal cavity and this is where the kidneys are situated as well as other functional organs now if we zoom into the abdominal here the open abdominal we can see two kidneys we have each two kidneys the left one makes La slightly higher than the right and above the kidneys we have adrenal glands and these are drilled and secrete hormones now the kid the kidneys normal function is to produce urine which then travels true through the ureter into the urethra where it can then be expelled by our body either through the penis or the vagina now also we have the arteries the big a or toe which supplies our kidneys and other organs around it and then we have the inferior vena cava which brings them brings the blood back to the heart now let's zoom into one of these kidneys and look at its anatomy briefly so we're looking at the left kidney here with a cross-sectional view so we know that the kidney produces Euron but why does it produce your own well the it does is because the kidneys regulate the pH the volume and composition of the blood and so it also eliminates nitrogenous waste via urine and it also has another function in that it secretes a particular hormone erythropoietin which I will not discuss in this video now the main structures of the kidneys we have the renal cortex the outer part section of the kidney and then we have the renal medulla the inner part of the kidney and then we have the renal pyramids of this this of the medulla and pyramids are only situated in the medulla usually and then we have the renal pelvis which are connects to your each so again the kidney's has a superficial cortex and a deeper medulla consisting mainly of medulla pyramids and now the kidneys have a very rich blood supply because this is how the kidneys regulate the blood pH volume and Composition now the artery which brings blood into the kidneys is called the renal artery the most important thing about the kidney is that they contain what's called nephrons which are situated in the renal cortex and in the renal medulla and these nephrons are the functional unit of kidneys and we have many many many many nephrons about one and a one and a half million per kidney and B and the nephrons are the ones that actually filtrate reabsorb and secrete substances to to make urine to be expelled by the body and so they are the ones that help regulate blood pH composition and volume so nephrons are the big deal now here you can see this is the head of the nephron and it continues down to form a loop and it forms a loop within the medulla arena Madonna and as you can see here's a renal cortex and we have blood supply coming in to the head all the Niko's blood begins getting filtered in the head of the nephron where which then all the substances which have been filtered and travels through the nephron through here following this route and then out through this long vertical tube known as a collecting duct now let's just concentrate on the blood supply again to the kidneys remember that the aorta is the big artery which then will form the renal artery which supplies the kidneys the blood will then travel to essentially the afferent arterioles at the very end and the afferent arterioles is what goes into this head of the nephron known as the renal corpuscle which consists of the glomerular capsule the outer part of the and most importantly the glomerulus that is a really difficult word to say and the glomerulus is formed from the afferent arterioles and this is where filtration occurs and then after this the glomerulus will form the effort arterioles which leaves the nephron essentially this blue thing now the function of the nephron as I mentioned is for filtration to blue tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion which occurs all along the nephron except filtration which occurs at the glomerulus so let's just say when the afferent arterioles brings blood to the renal corpuscle the glomerular root the glomerulus will then do filtration and then all the substances and water will then travel down through the nephron the first part of travels down through is called the proximal convoluted tubule which then travels to the loop of Henle this big loop and the loop of Henle consists of two parts the descending loop and the ascending loop of Henle the ascending and loop of Henle will then form the distal convoluted tubules where the blood will still be traveling the district cultural actually has to loop back to where the glomerulus was the renal corpuscle and we'll see the reason for this later on and essentially then the district on virtual will then connect to this vertical long tube known as the collecting duct which will then essentially connect to the ureter which will then expel the urine out of them out of the kidneys and of the body now back to this diagram where the effort arterials brings blood back out of the the head of the nephron it then can form the Vasa recta or it can form the renal vein essentially and then we'll form the inferior vena cava now this varies erecta only occurs only is present in certain types of nephrons and we'll get back to this soon but another important thing to remember is that each part of nephron contains different types of cells and so let's just draw another diagram of these nephrons now here I will draw two types of nephrons because there are two main types of nephrons one which had which consists of the basal rector the vein is special made now this long looking there from which dips down into the medulla is known as the juxta medullary nephron and it has a long loop of Henle and it consists and it contains the basal rectum vessels which I mentioned previously and this other one this short looking one which just dips to the medulla but is more prominent in the cortex is known as a cortical nephron and it has a short loop of Henle and doesn't go deep into the medulla remember the blood travels towards the real corpuscle which will then where will then get filtrated in the glomerulus and all these substances and water will then travel through the nephron and be and reabsorption and secretion will occur which will then form you Rhine and this urine will then travel down through the to the collecting duct into the ureter which will then be expelled by the body okay now I mentioned this earlier but kidneys have very rich blood supply and this is important in order to regulate the blood composition pH volume and to eliminate waste as well as for reabsorption and secretion all along the nephron and so basically the kidneys has a rich blood supply and this is because once the effort arteriole leaves the renal corpuscle from the glomerulus it will then begin wrapping around and basically travelling all through the nephron all along the nephron and this is in order to enable the nephron to perform reabsorption and secretion all along the nephron and once the nephron has been reabsorbing and secreting all its substances into this capillary the capillary will then form the vein which will then form this bigger vein and essentially will form the renal vein and then will yeah continue on now the juxtaglomerular a nephron is different to the cortical nephrons in that it has a base erector and the basal vector is also the capillary capillary like structure which is formed after the effort arterioles after the efferent arteriole leaves the renal corpuscle and what's important about vice-director is that it's sort of like a straight-on vessel and this enables some serious secretion and reabsorption of water down this a big loop of Henle and so actually the Vasa recta in juxta medullary nephron are important in establishing the medulla osmotic gradient and so helps in essentially in water balance and to either make the urine concentrated or not as concentrated you can say finally we can look at the different types of cells all along the nephron let's begin with the collecting duct here and they consist of two types of cells mainly the cuboidal cells the principal cells and the intercalating cells and then let's look at the loop of Henle the liberal family has these thin segmented cells which are which which sort of ethereal like cells so it's very good for reabsorption and secretion and then let's go to the distal convoluted tubules which consists of just your regular cuboidal cells and this can also perform reabsorption and secretion and then we have the proximal convoluted tubule cells which are also keyboard cuboidal cells but what's unique about them is that they have micro villi on the surface and micro villi are like finger like projections which help in reabsorption and that's what they're important for and then we have the renal corpuscle which can consists of the two main things the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus itself now the glimmery capsule contains epithelial egg cells very thin prior parietal cells and the glomerulus contains these special cells known as podocytes and they are attached on to basically the basement membrane of the glomerulus okay now let's zoom into the renal corpuscle here to put some of these cells into context the podocytes the parietal cells for example so here we have the blood vessel coming into the renal corpuscle the effort of the afferent arterioles brings in blood and other substances into to form the glomerulus and then surrounding it we have the glomerular capsule made up of parietal cells here and then these substances in the glomerulus will then get helped get filtered by these special cells called parasites which are on the basement membranes and this area here is known as a real corpuscle this occurs and then the glomerulus and the renal corpuscle will then filtrate all these substances and bring it towards the proximal convoluted tubules which are made up of these cuboidal like cells with micro villi on the top and once filtration has occurred within the glomerulus and this sort of capsule like a structure the Bowman's capsule but we'll talk about that later on the glomerulus will then form the efferent arterioles which will then bring blood out and so the goal of the glomerulus or which forms over Bowman's capsule which I'll talk about in the next video is for filtration in the next video we're going to talk about the physiology of the nephrons and all other interesting stuff that occurs there hope you enjoyed it please like comment and please provide feedback if possible thank you very much

Channel: Armando Hasudungan

Views: 724,295

Rating: 4.9394011 out of 5

Keywords: urinary system, urinology, nephronology, nephrons, kidney's, kidneys, overview, tutorial, kidney anatomy and physiology, proximal tubule, distal convulated tubule, loop of henle function, filtration, blood, capillaries, glomelular apparatus, cell of the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureter, human urinary system, function of the kidneys, hormones, juxtamedullary nephron, types of nephrons, regulation of blood pressure, armando hasudungan

Id: Ioir82UA9x4

Length: 12min 56sec (776 seconds)

Published: Thu Nov 29 2012