Welcome to this class on the past perfect
continuous tense, which is also called the past perfect progressive tense. Now, this
class is part of a series created by www.engvid.com to help you use the different English verb
tenses and to communicate more effectively in English, okay? Now, this tense is an advanced
tense, and we use it to talk about the past in a lot of interesting ways, and you'll see
what they are. But most of all, you can learn it easily and naturally, and I think you will
be using it that way by the end of this class. So, are you ready? Let's get started. So, the past perfect continuous tense, which
is what I'm going to call it. Every time, I'm not going to say both names, okay? I'll
just say one name. So, the past perfect continuous tense is used to talk about something that
started in the past and continued in the past, but everything is in the past. You also know
that because it has the word "past" in it, so it's about the past, and it has the word
"continuous" in it, which mean something continued, right? So, that's a big clue. But let's understand
it a little bit better by looking at some examples. So, we can use this tense to talk about something
that had been happening in the past. For example, let's look at the timeline. This is now, and
this is the past. So, if I talk about this period, from the first X to the second X,
I could say, "I had been" - during, sorry, during that period, "I had been living in
Florida", right? During this period, from this time to this time, everything in the
past, I had been living in Florida. Or, I can also use it to describe something
that had been happening and then something else happened. For example, I could say, "I
had been living in Florida before I moved to California". So, let's say that at this
point, I moved to California, right? But before that, I had been living in Florida. Okay?
And there is a reason, which you will understand as we go forward, why we're using that continuous
form, alright? So, that's some basic idea of how it's being used. Now, let's look at the structure a little
bit. So basically, we take the subject, I, You, We, They, He, She, or It, we add "had
been" and then we take the verb and add -ing. We use the continuous form. For example, "I
had been living Florida." "I had been working hard in Florida." "I had been saving a lot
of money." Why? Because I was planning to move to California, okay? So, you could use
all of these. I had been living, I had been working hard, I had been saving, okay? So,
this is the past perfect continuous tense. Now, let's look at when we use the past perfect
continuous tense. So, we can use it to talk about a past activity that had been happening,
okay? Just that, that's one way. For example, we could say: It had been snowing all week.
We're just saying that this activity that started in the past continued in the past,
and which part is the past perfect continuous? Here, "It had been snowing" all week, alright?
We can use it like that. Now, another way. We can use it to describe
an activity in the past that had been happening before another activity happened. So, another
activity happened and our past perfect continuous activity had been happening, okay? It had
been happening before another activity happened. So, let's look at the example: We had been
playing golf before it started to rain. So, this part, "had been playing", is our past
perfect continuous tense. So, we had been playing, and then it started to rain. "Started"
is not past perfect continuous, that's just past simple. But this part show us that this
activity had been happening until this one happened. Alright. We can also use this tense to talk about a
past activity or action that had been happening and we want to say the duration, or how long
it had been happening. For example: They had been working on that project for six months.
Or: They had been working on that project since January. Okay? So, "had been working",
this is our past perfect continuous, and how do we know the duration or how long? With
these key words, which are often used with this tense. They had been working on that
project for six months, or the other word. They had been working on that project since
January. These are very common words that you will see being used with this tense. Alright. Next, we can use it to describe activities
that had been happening in the past, and they had some kind of pattern or routine. For example:
We had been going to the gym regularly. Okay? So here, "had been going". Maybe people are
telling you that because they want to tell you we had been going to the gym regularly
before it closed. Now, we have to find a new gym. Okay? So, that's one way to describe
some sort of a regular pattern that had been going on in the past. Okay? Are you with me?
You've got it. Next, we can also use it to describe an activity
that had been happening, plus the reason or cause for that. For example, we can connect
it to a cause. We could say: She was tired - why? - because she had been studying all
night. So, this "had been studying", right, this is our tense. But we say - we're connecting
it to cause. She was tired because she had been studying. She was exhausted because she
had been studying. She was sleepy because she had been studying. Okay? So sometimes,
this tense is used to give us a cause or sometimes it can be a result. Alright? And what's really important is not just when
to use it, which is what we looked at so far, but also when not to use it. So, as in many
of our continuous verbs, we cannot use some stative verbs with this tense. With some continuous
tenses, you cannot use any of the stative verbs, or only in a particular way. In this
case, we can't use some of them or most of them with this tense. Now, what is a stative
verb? Remember in English, there are two kinds of verbs. There are the action verbs like
run, eat, jump. And there are the stative verbs, which describe a state or a condition.
For example, they could be mental states. I believe, I know, I understand. Or emotional
states, like I love, I hate, I like, I dislike. These are examples of stative verbs, and you
will see a long list in any grammar book or if you check online, and with these stative
verbs, we should not be using these verbs in the past perfect continuous tense, alright?
So, this is when to use the tense and also when not to use it. Now, let's look at the structure of the past
perfect continuous tense. So, I've divided the board into three parts for a positive
sentence, a negative sentence, and a question. So, let's start with the first one. In a positive
sentence, what we basically do is we take the subject + "had been" + the verb + -ing.
Let's look at an example. So, we take the subject, subject could be one of these: I,
You, We, They, He, She, or It. Then we add "had been", then we add the verb, in this
case, "work", + -ing. Okay? So, say it after me: I had been working. You had been working.
We had been working. They had been working. He had been working. She had been working,
and It had been working. Okay? Good. So, you've just used this tense, good for you! Next, let's look at what happens when we want
to make a negative sentence, then basically we're adding the word "not", okay? This is
the only change here, so we could say, "I had not been working", that's completely correct,
but it's a little more formal, alright? So, in regular conversation, we would probably
say, "I hadn't been working". "Hadn't" is the contraction or the short form of the two
words "had" + "not". So basically, we cancelled this o, we added an apostrophe and we shortened
it, okay? We'll be looking more at contractions in a few minutes. So: I hadn't been working.
You hadn't been working. We hadn't been working. The same thing, okay? They hadn't been working.
He hadn't been working. She hadn't been working. It hadn't been working. It meaning maybe the
computer or the phone or something else, okay? Next, how do we form a question? Well, we
have to change the order around a little bit. So, we start with "had" and then the subject,
and then "been" + the verb + -ing. So, we could say, "Had you been working at that time?"
Had they been working? Had she been working? Okay? So, just change the order, alright,
instead of "had been", we have to say "had", plus the subject, and then "been", okay? So
also remember, you can add question words, right? Who, what, when, where, why, how, these
are our question words, generally. So, if you need to add a question word before
that, then keep this same structure and just put this first. So, for example, you could
say: Where - sorry, where had you been working? Alright? Why had you been working? How long
had you been working? Alright? So, if you're going to use one of those question words,
put it just before, and then continue with the same structure. And that's basically how
you form sentences and questions in the past perfect continuous tense. Now, let's look at how we form contractions
using the past perfect continuous tense. So basically, contractions, which are those shortened
forms like, instead of "I had not", we say "I hadn't", and so on. We use these more in
conversation and informal writing. We do not use them so much in formal business writing
or academic writing, okay? So, keep that in mind as we learn these. So, let's take an example, first, of the positive
sentence. That can also be shortened or contracted. Let's look at how. So, "I had been calling",
this is the full form. The short part of that, the contraction would be, "I'd been". So,
how did we get this "I'd"? We basically took "I had" and we cancelled the part of it and
added an apostrophe in place of where we removed or took out some letters. So, "I had been"
becomes "I'd been". Now, when you contract it like that, it's also very important to
pronounce it correctly, because if you don't and if we don't hear that "d" sound at the
end, then somebody else might think that your grammar is incorrect, okay? So that's why
we're going to also practice the pronunciation after we look at the form and spelling of
the contraction. So, for the positive form, "I had been" becomes
"I'd been". For the negative form, "I had not been calling", that becomes "I hadn't
been", as we saw earlier. So, "I hadn't", right? So, what happened? We took "had not",
we got rid of the o here, we added an apostrophe and we joined these two words. So, "I had
not been" becomes "I hadn't been". Again, it's important to say the endings of these
words. So now, let's practice pronouncing this tense
with lots of different variations and different verbs, okay? So, you will feel so much more
comfortable actually saying it and using it once we reach the end of it here. So, repeat
after me, and try to pay attention to each sound: I'd been calling. You'd been writing.
We'd been cooking. They'd been watching. He'd been studying. And, she'd been reading. So,
we want to hear that "d" sound at the end, she'd, okay? Now, I didn't put "It". Sometimes, you will
hear people saying that, "It'd been a long time", but it's a little bit tricky to say,
and so if it's not clear, sometimes it's better to kind of avoid it and just say "It had been"
from your side, but you can understand and you should know that people might use that
form. It's actually used a lot more in the negative form, but let's look at some basic
negative forms first. So, repeat after me again: I hadn't been checking.
You hadn't been playing. We hadn't been talking. They hadn't been going. He hadn't been attending.
And the last one: She hadn't been listening. Not like you, you were listening, okay? So,
this is how we contract and pronounce these contractions in the past perfect continuous
tense. Now, let's look at some spelling changes we
need to make when using this tense. So, these changes are made in the base form of the verb,
when we add the -ing, sometimes we need to change the spelling. So, let's look at what
those changes are. So, for most verbs, we just need to add -ing.
For example, "help" becomes "helping". Dream - dreaming. Right? All we did is we added
-ing, and that will be the case for most verbs, but not all verbs, okay? So, sometimes, for
verbs ending in e, there what we do is we have to drop the e, right, cancel the e and
then add the -ing. For example, the verb "hire", so what do we do? We cancel the e and make
it "hiring". What does it mean to hire someone? To give someone a job, alright? Or the verb
"make" becomes "making". Again, we got rid of this e and we added -ing. Good. Now, for verbs that end in ie, what we need
to do is to change the ie to a y. Let me show you why. So, "die" becomes "dying". So, we
need to cancel this, right? Cancel the ie and change it to a y and then add -ing. Alright?
So, "die" becomes "dying". "Tie" becomes "tying". Good. And then, in some cases, for verbs ending
in c-v-c, what do I mean by that? Consonant, vowel, consonant. So then, we need to double
the last letter. Let me show you what I mean. You look at the verb, let's take this verb
"swim". You look at the verb from the end. So, we see consonant, vowel, consonant. Remember,
a vowel is A, E, I, O, or U, and all the other letters in English are consonants. So, if
you see this pattern, not all the time but most of the time, if you look at the verb
from the end and you see consonant, vowel, consonant, then we need to, very often, double
that last letter. So, "swim" becomes "swimming". "Control", see here? C-v-c, right, looking
this way? "Control" becomes "controlling", alright? So, these are the basic changes that you need
to keep in mind. Of course, English as a lot of variations in spelling and sometimes, you're
going to have several exceptions, which you will pick up as you go along. Now, let's look at how to give a short, easy
answer when someone asks you a question using this tense. So, suppose someone says, "Had
he been waiting for a long time?" So, this is the past perfect continuous tense, right?
But instead of repeating everything again, we can just say, "Yes, he had", or "No, he
hadn't". Let's go over that again. Someone asks, "Had he been waiting for a long time?"
So, you say, "Yes, he had". You take that from here, from the question itself, the question
begins with "had", and your answer will include some form of "had". So, "Had he been waiting?"
"Yes, he had", or "No, he hadn't". Alright? Now, what's important here, we do use the
contraction, but in this one, in the short answer, in the positive short answer, we do
not use a contraction. You cannot use a contraction. So, in other words, you can't say "Yes, he'd."
That's not possible, okay? You have to say, "Yes, he had" or "No, he hadn't." Good. Let's look at another one: Had you been considering
that offer? Let's say this was a job offer or something else, okay? Had you been considering
that offer? What does "considering" mean? Thinking about it, okay? Alright. So, again,
it starts with "had", so your answer will include some form of "had". So, "Had you been
considering it?" "Yes, I had", or "No, I hadn't". Again, no contraction possible in the positive
answer. Next: Had they been planning a trip? What
can you say? "Yes, they had", or "No, they hadn't". Okay? Again, no contraction possible
in that positive response. Okay? And this is usually in conversational English. We use
a lot of these short answers because it saves time and you don't need to repeat the entire
information that was in the question, okay? So, if I asked you, for example, "Had you
been planning to study this tense today?" You could say either one of these. Yes, I
had, or No, I hadn't, but I'm so glad I did! Okay. Now, let's do some practice together using
the past perfect continuous tense. So, we'll make some positive sentences, some negative
sentences, and some questions, okay? So, let's start with number one: I __________
(think) of ordering pizza. So, I've given you the verb. Now, we're going to change that
into the past perfect continuous. So, I, what? The verb is "think", then we have to say "I
had been thinking", right? I had been thinking of ordering pizza. Okay? Good. Now here, I
wrote the full form. We might not always use the full form. We could also use the contraction.
Alright. Number two: He ___________ (hope) to get a
promotion. What is a promotion? It means a higher position at work, okay, in your job.
So, how would we change that into the past perfect continuous? He - yes, "had been hoping".
Now, let's contract it. So then, we would say, "He'd been hoping", right? He had been
hoping, or he'd, he'd been hoping to get a promotion, alright? You can say that too,
and definitely in more informal conversation. Alright. Number three: They __________ (look) for the
key. This time, let's say the full form, not the contraction. "They had been" - what? "Look"
becomes "looking", right? They had been looking for the key, good. There is a g here, okay?
Remember that. Good. Number four: She ___________ (miss) her family.
This time, let's shorten it. So, what would it be? "She'd been missing her family." Okay?
Very good. Number five: Jose ___________ (prepare) for
his exam. Let's use the full form. "Jose had been preparing for his exam." Okay? You've
got it, very good! Alright. Now, let's make them negative. He __________
(exercise) regularly. So, we want to say he didn't do that. So, how can we say that? "He
hadn't been exercising regularly", okay? He had not been exercising regularly, or he hadn't
been exercising regularly. Good. That's the basic format. Let's apply it now. Number seven: We _________ (check) our voicemail.
Make it negative. "We hadn't been checking our voicemail." We hadn't been checking our
voicemail. Alright? Number eight: I __________ (sleep) well. Make
it negative and past perfect continuous. "I hadn't been sleeping well." I hadn't been
sleeping well. Okay? Excellent. Now, for the last two, we're going to make
them into questions. Are you ready? Had _________ (he, feel) unwell? So, what
would we say, in what order? "Had he been feeling unwell? Had he been feeling unwell?
Okay? Good. And the last one: Had __________ (you, text)
each other? "Text" today is very much used as a verb, so how would we change that? "Had
you been texting each other?" Okay? Had you been texting each other? Okay? That's it, now you've practiced some positive
sentences, some negative sentences, some questions, and I hope you're feeling a lot more confident
about using this tense correctly and easily. Now, let's look at some common mistakes that
are sometimes made when using the past perfect continuous tense, and let's see how we can
fix them. So, the first mistake that's sometimes made
is that the wrong tense is actually used or chosen. So, let me give you a situation. Suppose
John was looking for a job and then he found one, okay? So, how would we convey that information
in English? Which tense would we use? I'll read two of the possibilities to you. "John
has been looking for a job", or "John had been looking for a job". Think about it for
a second. So, in this case, the correct answer is the second one, which is in fact, our tense,
the past perfect continuous. "Had been looking". Why? Because this describes a situation where
John was doing something, it continued for some time and then it stopped, because he
found a job. So, we can use correctly the past perfect continuous. John had been looking
for a job in the past. He started looking, he was looking and looking and looking, and
then he stopped because he found a job, right? So, that is the perfect use of our tense that
we've been learning. But sometimes, by mistake, students mix that up with another tense, which
is this one: John has been looking for a job. Do you remember which tense that is? That's
the present perfect continuous tense. So, "John has been looking for a job" means what?
It means that he started looking and he's still looking. But that's not the situation
here, right? John found one, so he finished looking. So, this was the correct choice here,
but sometimes, students confuse the present perfect continuous with the past perfect continuous.
So, make sure that you understand these two tenses clearly, understand the differences,
and that you choose the past perfect continuous at the right time, okay. The next mistake with this tense is the use
of the stative verb. As I mentioned, very often and most of the time, we do not use
stative verbs with this tense. For example, these are all wrong, by the way, okay? Most
of these things here are wrong, so let's look at what's wrong with them. "They had been
knowing each other for many years." What's wrong with that? It's the fact that a stative
verb is being used. Which stative verb? The verb "know". Okay? We cannot use that in the
continuous form. So, we would have to not use this tense. There is no way we can continue
to use the past perfect continuous with this verb. You just can't use it, because there
is no way to correctly say "knowing each other" as a verb. So here, we would have to say,
"They had", for example, "known", they had known each other for many years, which is
just the past perfect and not the past perfect continuous, alright? So, if you have a stative
verb to use in this kind of context of a past action, you're probably going to have to switch
back to the past perfect tense and not the continuous one. Alright? Next, spelling mistakes. These are quite common.
Let's look at the first one: She had'nt been attending classes." So, look carefully at
the board and tell me, where's the spelling mistake? I'll give you a clue: it's in the
contraction. Here, right? So, the apostrophe is in the wrong place. It should be, "She
hadn't" "hadn't been attending", and the apostrophe should be where the o was removed and not
here, okay? Alright. The next one, also a spelling mistake: The
traffic hadn't been moveing. What's wrong there? This time, the contraction is okay,
but the verb itself is wrong when we add -ing. Why? Do you remember the rule? We had some
of these examples in our practice, in fact. So, how do we fix it? We cancel this e, alright?
So, when the base form of the verb ends with an e, like the verb "move", we cancel the
e and we add -ing. So, the correct spelling would be "moving", okay? Without the e. The
traffic hadn't been moving, it was stuck. Alright. The next one, also a spelling mistake: They
had been chating. That's what the person wanted to say. They had been chatting for a long
time, or they had been chatting for an hour, but the spelling says "chating" right now,
and that's incorrect, because let's look at our base verb, okay, "chat". So, we have consonant,
vowel, consonant, and that means that, in this case, we double the last letter. And
did the student do that? No, okay? So, let's fix it. "They had been chatting." Okay? They
had been chatting for a long time, or chatting. That's another way to pronounce it, okay? Next, sometimes a lot of mistakes are made
with these words, "since" and "for". Let's look at a mistake right now: The police had
been looking for him since two months. So, that is completely wrong. You don't want to
make that mistake, not in an exam, not while speaking, not while writing a business letter,
in all situations, okay? Because this not a good mistake to make, it's pretty basic
mistake. So, we should say, in this case, "The police had been looking for him for two
months." Why? Because we use "for" + the period of time. And we use "since" + a point in time.
Okay? So, we could say, "since January 15th" or "since January", but "for two months",
"for six months", like that, okay? So, these are some of the common mistakes
to avoid when using this tense. So, to review now. You know the past perfect
continuous tense when you know when to use it, when not to use it, and how to use it,
all of which we have covered in this class. And of course, you can go back, you can watch
any particular area that you want to review, and that's always a good idea, okay? But what
does it mean to actually know how to use it? It means to be able to make a positive sentence,
a negative sentence, and a question, right? For example: They had been learning English.
The negative: They hadn't been learning English. The question: Had they been learning English?
Alright? And also, you should be able to add those
question words when necessary, before the question. For example: Where had they been
learning English? How long had they been learning English? Why had they been learning English?
Okay? So, when you can do that comfortably and move between positive, negative, questions,
then you've got it. And if you have reached this stage and you
are learning the past perfect continuous tense and you watched this class all the way through,
I know that you are a serious learner and you are someone who achieves your goals in
life. I have been teaching for thirty years, and I know that people who make it to this
stage are winners, and you are one of them! Congratulations, really! Now, when you're ready, remember this is a
series, so go on to watch the next video in the series so that you can continue to improve.
And if you'd like to do some more practice, then you can do a quiz on www.engvid.com . Thanks
very much for watching, and all the best with your English.
