Krakatoa: Devastating Explosion | How the Earth Was Made (S1, E3) | Full Episode | History

earth a 4.5 billion year old planet still evolving  as continents shift and clash volcanoes erupt and   glaciers grow and recede the earth's crust  is carved in numerous and fascinating ways   leaving a trail of geological mysteries behind in this episode krakatoa one of the  deadliest volcanoes in the world more than 100 years ago it erupted with  such devastating fury that it wiped itself   off the face of the earth in the process it  sent out the loudest sound in recorded history and killed more than 36 000 people and  now this deadly volcanic beast is back   geologists investigate one of the world's fastest  growing volcanoes to hunt for clues that will   tell them if and when krakatoa will explode  once again with the same cataclysmic force as they prise apart the  rocks the answers they find   will be another piece of the  puzzle of how the earth was made krakatoa is one of the most dangerous  volcanoes the world has ever seen   when it exploded apart in 1883 the blast was heard  over nearly 10 percent of the earth's surface it was a worldwide clarion call  announcing the awesome power   of volcanoes the site of this monstrous  eruption lies between the indonesian   islands of java and sumatra in a  channel known as the sunda straits today a new volcano has staked its claim in  exactly the same spot it's called anak krakatau   meaning the child of krakatoa right now it's in  the middle of a new and extremely dangerous phase dr charles mandeville traveled here  to see if the child will one day   be as deadly as its parent to see  if history is about to repeat itself the stakes are high at risk now are  the one million people of java and   sumatra who live within 50 miles of the volcano oh wow look at that we got  a little explosion going on   i've kind of been following this from the internet  from my office but it's actually good to kind of   see the thing live again i've noticed in coming  here that the volcano itself has grown possibly   as much as 250 to 300 feet since the last time  i've actually stood on its crater back in 1990. growing at a rate of 12 feet  a year the 1033-foot volcano   is both one of the fastest growing  and youngest volcanoes on the planet this remarkable footage shows  its explosive birth in june 1927   when it first broke through the sea  floor and erupted out of the water its rapid growth is clear evidence  that this new volcano is extremely   active but will it be as deadly as its parent these eruptions are always accompanied by a  series of ground-shaking tremors for geologists   these small earthquakes are evidence that this  volcano is entering a more destructive phase   seismographs have been buried deep on anac  slopes to record this underground activity   but these small quakes are not the only  sign of a dangerously active volcano   a more subtle clue is right  beneath mandeville's feet   black sand beaches are very common in volcanic  areas the minerals and the glass fragments   that comprise the ash that the volcano erupts is  typically dark charcoal gray colored and usually   these materials don't stand up to weathering  over long protracted periods of geologic time   but you find them in relatively fresh pristine  form when you're near an active volcano anna krakatau is rarely completely quiet but the level of activity in 2008 shows that  the volcano has become unusually violent to discover just how much of a threat it could  pose in the near future volcano detectives must   turn to their history books to learn what made  its parent krakatoa so destructive this is a story   that has fascinated geologists for over a century  what got me switched on to volcanology was the   1883 eruption i learned about this at school and  i remember thinking how incredible that an island   could just blow itself into oblivion and what  was going on what was that all about what was   special you know how does that happen and could it  happen again elsewhere on earth before it exploded   in 1883 krakatoa was an uninhabited island with  three jagged peaks covered in lush vegetation   it was part of the dutch east indies a  thriving bustling hub of international trade   indonesia's wealth of minerals and  spices attracted many western traders   journalists and geologists their reports provide  first-hand accounts of what happened before   and during krakatoa's deadly and shocking eruption there had been no hint of volcanic  activity in anyone's memory no one had a clue that krakatoa was about to blow beneath its green and placid  surface krakatoa was a time bomb   waiting to explode so the first thing i did the  locals sort of got that anything was anything   strange was happening on their island would  have been in may 1883 earthquakes earth tremors these tremors reached as far as the  capital batavia more than 100 miles away few suspected that the island of  krakatoa seen on the distant horizon   was to blame and that these earthquakes  were the first clue to its deadly potential then on may 20th 1883 krakatoa  announced that it was no mere island one of krakatoa's three peaks  exploded with extreme force   shooting a plume of ash  hundreds of feet into the air but after these initial fireworks  the activity appeared to cease   the local population breathed a sigh of relief thinking it's safe the governor of the dutch   east indies sent a research party of  geologists to the island in late may   where they observed the scorched landscape and  smoking crater with amazement their meticulous   report gives modern day geologists the first clue  as to what lay behind krakatoa's immense power a key discovery was a layer of pumice one  foot deep that covered the island's shores this pumice is the solidified lava that comes  from the heart of a volcano and it's riddled with   bubbles these bubbles suggest a geologist that  krakatoa is a strata volcano and those volcanoes   that tend to be the classic volcanoes that you see  in textbooks they're very steep-sided like sort of   sharp almost triangular type mountains these are  the most dangerous types of volcanoes on earth   they are fueled by molten rock called lava known  as magma when it's underground the magma that   flows through these volcanoes is like liquid  dynamite strata volcanoes are dangerous because   of the source of lava that they erupt and the lava  that comes out of strata volcanoes is very sticky   viscous lava and the danger there is that the  sticky lava often contains large amounts of gas the bubbles inside the pumice  discovered on krakatoa in 1883   show that the magma was once  packed with explosive gases   because the magma was so sticky a term  describing its thickness and resistance to flow   the gas could not easily escape and the formation  of gas bubbles in the sticky lava can be powerful   enough to actually rip the lava apart and in  this in in the process you actually tear away the   volcano the whole thing becomes becomes explosive  and you produce very dangerous volcanic activity   magma had another deadly property in some  situations the lava can become so sticky that   it sort of freezes up and congests or chokes up  the volcano it forms a kind of a plug or a seal   but what will happen is over time more magma is  coming up and being trapped beneath that plug   some sometime in the future the pressure would be  so great that there'd be so much magma wanted to   get up that you just rip the plug apart and that  can produce again a catastrophic volcanic eruption this is exactly what happened  at krakatoa on may 20th 1883 then onwards over the summer  it quietened down a bit but this   is really the kind of calm before the storm the investigation into krakatoa's deadly  potential has produced important evidence the frequent earthquakes on a knack krakatau  today indicate the volcano is still dangerous the pumice from 1883 reveals  that krakatoa was a stratovolcano   its sticky gas-rich lava  making it dangerously explosive prakatoa's eruption in may 1883 was spectacular  but beneath the surface krakatoa was refueling   an even greater eruption was gathering force out  of sight and out of mind anakrakatau is one of the   fastest growing volcanoes in the world geologists  are investigating its threat to the region   they have turned to the past to  uncover what made its parents so deadly in 1883 exactly 100 days after krakatoa  first blew the volcano showed its true power   this final phase of eruptions began at six  minutes past one on the afternoon of august 26th   all three volcanic peaks erupted simultaneously   hurling dense clouds of ash and smoke  an astonishing 17 miles into the sky   the eruption of krakatoa was one of the biggest  volcanic events of the last few hundred years   and it would have been to people observing it  it would have been like the the beginning of   the end of the world if you like the power of this  eruption was immense like a giant jet engine aimed   skywards the air quickly became choked with  tons of thick black ash blotting out the sun   it's a temperature because of all the ash in the  atmosphere would be stifling and if you were very   near on the for example the west coast of java  you you'd be getting the ash in your throat and   your eyes it would have been a real vision of hell  and a nightmare that showed no signs of ending   by the next morning of august 27 1883 krakatoa's  three craters had been raging for more than 14 hours then sometime between 5 30 and 10 02 am   the land was deafened by a  series of four huge explosions the noise was so loud it could be heard over 2000  miles away in the australian desert near perth the third was the loudest recorded noise in  history the equivalent to 200 megatons of tnt   13 000 times the size of the  bomb that destroyed hiroshima what created this awesome explosion   the hunt for answers takes geologist charles  mandeville to the jagged island of rakata this tiny island is in fact a  part of the once mighty krakatoa   the record of what the volcano did from may 20th  to august 26 to 27th is here represented on the   islands by the layered deposits that we see  preserved in the jungle this is a gold mine   for a volcanologist trying to reconstruct  the events that took place here because   each one of these deposits tells us something  particular about what the volcano was doing this pumice was thrown out of  the heart of the volcano in 1883   mandeville believes that it holds the key to  understanding the forces that destroyed krakatoa   what i have in my hand is a mixed pumice  or streak pumice and what it represents   is that we had two magmas mingling in the  conduit of the 1883 eruption of krakatoa   the stripes are proof of the two types of magma  inside krakatoa the lighter band represents the   cooler gas-rich magma that was present during  the earlier eruption in may this eruption   only partially emptied the magma chamber by  august this void was filled from deep below   by searingly hot dark colored magma when these  two magmas mixed together it was a lethal cocktail   the intense heat of the dark magma caused  the huge amounts of gas within the light   magma to expand the magma chamber that was  holding this mixed bag became over pressurized   to the point where it exceeded the rock strength  of the roof rocks above it and when that happens   you can get really rapid ascent of magma to the  surface when this magma exploded from the surface   it ripped apart tons of rocks  with an ear splitting blast this mega explosion caused the  loudest noise in recorded history   the striped pumice on ricotta proves  that magma mixing was the trigger   but krakatoa wasn't just the loudest  volcano in history it was a killer because krakatoa itself was uninhabited  some of the volcano's first victims   were at ketembang a village on the  southern coast of sumatra but ketembang   is on the mainland 20 miles from krakatoa and  separated by the waters of the sunda straits how these people fell victim to  the deadly ashes was a mystery to uncover the answers we have to  return to the scene of the crime   rakata and to these imposing white cliffs they may seem part of an ancient landscape but   these 200-foot white cliffs were  laid down in a matter of hours they are what's left of a raging  torrent of hot gas and rocks   a terrifying force of nature  known as a pyroclastic flow pyroclastic flows travel extremely  quickly so you can't outrun them   they're also extremely hot several  hundred degrees centigrade so they will   if you're caught in the middle of one  they will incinerate you instantly perhaps the most famous victims of a pyroclastic  flow lie at pompeii the roman settlement that was   utterly destroyed during the eruption  of vesuvius in italy in the year 79. the perfectly preserved remains of the people  here are testament to the power of these fiery   avalanches and most people die not because of  100 burns but because they inhale the gases   which are so hot that they just destroy the the   air passage and the lungs instantly  and so after two breaths you're dead the sheer size of the cliffs at ricotta have led  geologists to estimate that the pyroclastic flows   thrown out by krakatoa were an amazing  2 800 feet high but the victims of this   deadly torrent were on the other side of the  sunda straits what happened next was truly   astonishing pyroclastic flows are ground hugging  in other words they follow the ground surface as   they go down but they also have a an upper part  which is very rich in gas so it's low density   now when a pyroclastic flow hits the sea the dense  bit carries on down onto the ocean bed but the gas   rich but still very hot it goes hurtling across  scooting across the top of the water there's   virtually no friction between the gas and the  water so you can travel a very long distance over 2 000 people at ketembang perished  from the burning debris that could not just   walk on water but run at amazing speeds of up to  200 miles per hour across 20 miles of open sea the investigation into the krakatoa volcano   has pinpointed the extraordinary  force that ripped the island apart striped pumice is proof that magma  mixing created the vast explosion 200-foot cliffs on the island of ricotta are  evidence of vast pyroclastic flows big enough   to cross the ocean and claim the volcano's first  victims but contemporary reports show that most of   krakatoa's victims were not killed by these deadly  avalanches but by a very different force of nature august 1883 krakatoa's second  and most deadly eruption   more than 2 000 people were killed  by searingly hot pyroclastic flows but there was worse to come   these gigantic boulders are on the shore of  an year in java 22 miles away from krakatoa   they are a crucial clue to what the volcano  did here and a stark reminder of what could   one day happen again they are made of  coral which can only grow underwater   so some immense force unleashed by  krakatoa must have put them here these shattered bricks are another piece  of the same puzzle they are all that remain   of a lighthouse that once was one of the  sturdiest buildings on the java coastline   but no match for krakatoa i'm standing at  the top of the new lighthouse in on year   120 feet above sea level built two years after the  eruption of krakatoa in 1883. the old lighthouse   down there is nothing but a trace of bricks  because it was wiped out by a large tsunami   eyewitness accounts detail the  exact height of this terrifying wave   difficult though it might be to comprehend the  momentum of that wave would have taken the water   up to the level that i'm now standing krakatoa's  death throes had triggered a massive wall of water   that now raced towards the shore at any year i  don't think anyone living along the shores of   western java or southern sumatra would have known  about the tsunami that they were about to face   and certainly nobody would have been able  to survive those sorts of wave heights   the power of the wave can be seen in this 600 ton  block of coral that was ripped from the seabed   and smashed the lighthouse to pieces still here  today it provides some of the clearest evidence   of the immense power of krakatoa's 1883 eruption  the same wave that shifted this boulder also   destroyed houses villages and transport  leaving nothing but twisted wreckage behind   the mighty wave even picked up and stranded  a dutch steamer the beru two miles inland   this immense tsunami claimed the lives of more  than 34 000 people it's quite possible that those   people who lived in the villages in in western  java and southern sumatra thought well the volcano   is out there somewhere it's an island so it can't  possibly affect us here but of course the eruption   itself triggered the tsunami which meant that the  water adjacent to the volcano was being displaced   right across to where they lived so you know that  that feeling of safety was was sadly misplaced   for modern day investigators the puzzle  was how fire and water had combined   to wipe out an entire region the evidence came  from the shattered remains of the volcano itself   ricotta island part of one of  krakatoa's three original peaks its sheer vertical cliff face tells volcano  detectives about krakatoa's final moments when you have a very large volcanic  eruption you evacuate a lot of magma   it leaves behind effectively a hole so  quite often the crust just collapses down   into that hole and that leaves  behind what we call a caldera   krakatoa had ejected such vast amounts of burning  magma in rock it could no longer support itself drain away the water and we can see how  it collapsed creating an immense caldera   so this cliff behind me marks  the edge of the 1883 caldera   under the boat this water depth is about 40  times as deep as most of the area around us   the scale of this collapse is pretty  big it formed a caldera that's about   three miles in the north-south direction by  about five miles in the east-west direction this immense collapse has only  occurred once in recorded human history the combined weight and power of  krakatoa's awesome pyroclastic flows   and this huge collapse was more  than enough to trigger the tsunami   the riddle of just what had caused krakatoa's  tremendous tsunamis had finally been solved   when the smoke had cleared and the waters  receded from the most devastating eruption   in recorded history the island  of krakatoa had vanished in total krakatoa had killed  36 417 men women and children it was without doubt one of the  most dangerous volcanoes in history but while investigating the 1883 eruption  scientists discovered ancient lava flows   hidden in the jungle and on the seabed  this deadly volcano had struck before but when scientists dated the lava flows  they hit a problem radiocarbon dating was   only able to place the eruption to between the  1st and 13th centuries a spread of 1200 years scientists needed more information in  order to try and shed light on a new   krakatoa threat and helped the hundreds  of thousands of people living in the area the trail of evidence at  krakatoa had gone cold literally because thousands of miles away from the  sweltering heat of indonesia in the frozen wastes   of the antarctic scientists recently discovered  a critical clue to krakatoa's explosive past high scores are cylinders of ice that we drill  from the ice caps in greenland and antarctica you   can look at things like volcanoes any material  coming from surrounding oceans make its way to   antarctica where we can detect it in the ice you  might imagine that we see the dust and the ash   from a volcano in fact very little of that from  the big indonesian-type volcanoes ever makes it   to antarctica so what we do see is sulfuric acid  a big volcanoes that spew out a lot of sulfur   dioxide into the atmosphere which is oxidized into  the sulfuric acid which we then measure in the ice   the sulfuric acid cannot be seen  in the ice cores with the naked eye   but can only be detected back at  the british antarctic surveys lab   where the cores are kept at a  continuous minus 13 degrees fahrenheit so this is a piece of coffee antarctica this  is a piece from james ross island it's about   10 000 years old this ice what we're doing now is  measuring the volcanic signals and what we see is   very very distinct clear electrical pulses that  come from the sulfuric acid from the volcanoes   so very quickly we can see all the volcano  signals throughout throughout the whole core   one of the strongest signals found in the ice  cores is from the 1883 eruption of krakatoa what   we can see from the 1883 eruption we can't see the  ash we can see a very large peak in sulfuric acid   in fact it's one of the biggest peaks we've got  in the last thousand years it's such a big peak in   fact that we use it to date the ice cores because  it's like a reference horizon we can see there each ice core is like a diary of the earth's  climate each layer of ice represents one year   in the same way that we can count tree rings  scientists can count back each layer of ice   to determine the exact date of any eruption  counting back from the 1883 signal there is   a huge spike in the sulfuric acid levels in the  year 535 this is clear evidence of an enormous   eruption during the dying days of the roman empire  an eruption far greater than krakatoa's in 1883 we are now beginning to come to the conclusion  that yes there was a large volcanic eruption in   535 in fact it looks one of the biggest ones on  the record in terms of how much sulfuric acid   it put into the atmosphere the ice cores  tell us a lot about this mystery volcano   its eruption was so enormous that its impact was  global its date falls exactly in the middle of the   time span of the lava flows around ricotta  could it be krakatoa the clues seem to fit   if they are the same eruption this is evidence  that krakatoa has a far more deadly past and potentially a far more deadly future can we  tell whether it's come from krakatoa not that's   more difficult we can see it in antarctica  and we can see it in greenland so that tells   us it was probably somewhere mid-latitude  so somewhere around about the equator maybe   so it's possibility but we cannot  really pin it down at the moment   despite this uncertainty there is no doubt  of krakatoa's capacity for destruction the steep cliffs at ricotta  show that krakatoa collapsed   to form an enormous caldera triggering  a deadly tsunami and yet ice cores from   antarctica suggest that krakatoa may have  exploded before with even more force than 1883   to discover what originally created not only  1883 krakatoa but also the current anakrakatau   scientists will have to travel even  further back in time some 2 million years the source of krakatoa's awesome power  remained a mystery to scientists for centuries one clue is its location indonesia contains more  volcanoes than anywhere else on earth indonesia   is a jackpot for volcanologists simply because the  evidence of volcanic centers that may have lasted   several million years are available and ready  for observation and study incredibly there are   21 of these fire mountains on the island of java  alone an area the same size as new york state   the national park of tangabromo in east java is  one of indonesia's most active volcanic zones to view a landscape like this  is actually humbling because   it tells us that there are forces at work that  far exceed anything that mankind can construct   but why there should be so many volcanoes  in such a small area no one could explain   a key discovery was that indonesia lies  adjacent to the notorious ring of fire   a chain of volcanoes stretching  around the entire pacific ocean   in the 1950s american geologist harry hess began  research into the groundbreaking hypothesis   known as seafloor spreading this laid  the foundation for plate tectonics plate tectonics is based on the idea that our  planet is not a perfect and unbroken sphere   it's composed of eight major tectonic plates  that jostle and jar against one another   these plates are driven by  heat from the planet's core here in indonesia the plates collide  faster than almost anywhere else on earth the volcanoes here are created when the heavier   oceanic plate is pushed under  the lighter continental rock this is subduction when the rock is  pushed deeper it melts to produce magma   over thousands of years it builds up into a vast  magma chamber many miles beneath the surface of   the earth eventually the pressure of the extra  magma becomes too great for the earth's crust the   magma forces its way up to the surface in a storm  of hot ash and boiling lava a volcano is born in the case of indonesia this is a nation  constructed almost entirely from volcanoes most of indonesia is in fact composed of volcanoes  that initiated from somewhere down below sea level   rose up to sea level and then grew as islands and  amalgamated to form bigger land masses that now   comprise the indonesian nation using the theory  of plate tectonics scientists can rewind the clock 45 million years ago the australian plate  started to move north rapidly the island chain   of indonesia began to emerge from the ocean  at the point where the two plates collided   vast numbers of volcanoes exploded as the  australian plate was pushed deep into the   bowels of the earth krakatoa was a product of  these same forces and it was two million years   ago as our early human ancestors were taking their  first tentative steps that the volcano was created so the fact that under the sunda straits of  indonesia you have all these processes taking   place 70 and 80 miles down below the surface  made it inevitable that a volcano like krakatoa   came into existence but also had a catastrophic  eruption what made krakatoa so much more dangerous   than hundreds of other volcanoes in indonesia  only became clear in 1988 scientists discovered   that large clusters of earthquakes were  taking place beneath the sunda straits earthquakes are common along plate boundaries  but this amount was off the charts this major   clue would enable scientists to finally  identify the killer factor in krakatoa beneath krakatoa in the middle of the sunda  straits the subduction zone contains a kink   this twists and rips the earth's  crust and provides even more   material to fuel krakatoa's hungry magma chamber where you have those kinks two things can  happen firstly there might be a greater   chance of earthquakes because the kink itself  actually starts to tear or rip and secondly   where the kink is might generate more melting and  it's the melting that takes place in the mantle   that ultimately leads to the lavas that  erupted from the volcanoes at the surface finally the origins of krakatoa had been revealed hundreds of volcanoes in indonesia show that  the country lies on a volatile plate boundary unusually high numbers of quakes show that  krakatoa lies on a deadly kink within this zone but can scientists now use this knowledge  to predict krakatoa's future a prediction   that is today more important than ever because the  volcano is back and it's getting bigger every day today these shattered islands are all that  remain of the cataclysmic 1883 krakatoa eruption but a deeper understanding of this  event is now more important than ever   because out in the straits a new threat is growing krakatoa is back in the form of anak krakatau   indonesian for child of krakatoa and  that child is now an angry teenager like a phoenix from the ashes anak krakatau  is growing directly over the site of the   original krakatoa volcano leading scientists to  conclude it's being fed by the same magma chamber   deep beneath the sunda straits this deadly  heritage means that anak could potentially be   one of the most dangerous volcanoes on  earth but just how immediate is this threat since its explosive beginnings in 1927  anak has erupted frequently and violently   as one of the fastest growing volcanoes on the  planet this 1033-foot high mountain bears watching predicting exactly when another major eruption  will happen is difficult but there are clues underground tremors are a sure sign that the  magma deep within the volcano is starting to move   we have seismometers stationed on the volcano that  tell us when rocks are breaking not just at the   vent but in the subsurface heralding the arrival  of new fresh magma into the edifice into the cone   these details are transmitted via radio signals  to the monitoring station on the mainland which is   operated 24 hours a day they have a simple scale  to measure the threat running from one to five   anything above a three and they go on red alert at the moment it's hovering around the danger  zone a level three the type of magma within   the volcano is another way geologists can  judge the potential of a major eruption   but the magma itself is impossible to test as  it lies several miles deep within the earth   the next best clue is to look at what has  been literally thrown out of the volcano lava bombs i've got my hand on a basaltic andesite  scoria bomb that was probably blown out of a vent   about three-quarters of a mile from  here and you can imagine to be hit by   one of these would not be a good situation  these can actually range up to things that   are the size of refrigerators and  television sets and they're thereby   making them even more lethal particularly  when they're traveling at 120 miles an hour mandeville analyzes these rocks  made up of basaltic andesite   which will give him a clue to the  makeup of the magma deep underground part of what this composition tells me is the  composition of magmas being erupted at anak   are unlike what was typically erupted  at the 1883 eruption of krakatoa   which was much more silica rich and much lighter  in color typically light beige to almost white the more silica in the magma the more viscous   or sticky it is and that's what contributed  to krakatoa's explosive eruption in 1883. the explosive gases were trapped in the magma  and pressure had been building up over time   fortunately the dark color of the lava bombs from  anak krakatau are evidence that the magma is low   in silica and the explosive gases  have yet to reach critical 1883 levels but this is not a permanent state   over the years a magma like this can in fact  evolve into something that was that explosive as anac krakatau grows the magma will certainly  become thicker and stickier as in its parent   once the magma gets too sticky the vent could  become blocked the silence could signal disaster   it means that pressure could be building up inside   too much pressure and indonesia could  suffer another cataclysmic explosion more than 100 years of investigation into  krakatoa has helped unlock the secrets of its past   and provided scientists with strong evidence  that anak krakatau is following in its footsteps the pumice from 1883 suggests that  krakatoa was a deadly strata volcano the stripes in the pumice show  that the massive 1883 eruption   was triggered by an injection of super hot magma  it was this that blew the volcano to pieces   the remains of vast pyroclastic flows that were  over twice the height of the empire state building   plus the immense caldera show the massive scale of  krakatoa's 1883 eruption but most ominously of all   the position of anak krakatau near  the deadly ring of fire directly above   a kink in the subduction zone means that  a future massive eruption is inevitable   a lot of the krakatoa activity  that we now witness today   is actually almost a continuation of the  volcanic activity that took place back in 1883   we could have another eruption here on  the scale of the 1883 eruption of krakatoa   the 1883 eruption of krakatoa may be the most  famous but it is a geological certainty that it   won't be the last krakatoa is on the rise again  dynamic proof that the earth is never at rest you

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Id: 2Hee_Mm9X-k

Length: 44min 42sec (2682 seconds)

Published: Sat Jan 16 2021