ketone body metabolism-MADE EASY

hello everyone welcome to easy med today we will be learning about ketone bodies metabolism which includes basic things about ketone bodies ketogenesis which is the formation of ketone bodies and ketolysis which is their breakdown and utilization along with some clinical correlation ketone bodies are simply three chemicals that are produced in the body during fasting or starvation to meet the body's energy needs the three ketone bodies are acetone ac2 acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate which is the most abundant one that brings me to the question what really happens during fasting that leads to ketogenesis in the first place so what happens is firstly insulin in the body goes down and glucagon level increases during fasting glucagon then acts on adipose tissues to cause lipolysis which releases plenty of free fatty acid into the blood these free fatty acids are clarity to the liver where they undergo beta oxidation producing large amounts of acetyl-coa now when the concentration of acetyl-coa produced from beta oxidation exceeds the oxidative capacity of gca cycle acetyl coa is directed towards ketogenesis apart from fee fatty acids acetyl coa can also be generated from ketosgenic amino acids moving forward let's move to the process of ketogenesis ketogenesis is the formation of ketone bodies which occurs in liver as liver has the enzyme hmg covalence which is the most important enzyme required in ketogenesis firstly two acetyl-coa molecules combine to form ac to acetyl-coa in which another acetyl-coa is added and through the enzyme hmz coe synthese hmg-coa is produced hmc coa is then acted upon by hmg coe lyes into acetoacetate and acetyl coa while some of the ac2 acetate is converted spontaneously into acetone rest of them or let's say a larger amount of them is converted into three hydroxybutyrate through the enzyme three hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase this reaction is reversible moving forward to ketolysis it is the breakdown of ac2 acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in peripheral tissues such as muscle brain etc to convert them back into two molecules of acetyl-coa firstly ac2 acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are brought to the peripheral tissues 3-hydroxybutyrate is oxidized to acetoacetate by the same enzyme 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase which also produces nadh ac2 acetate now acquires coenzyme a from succinyl coenzyme a of the dca cycle and through the enzyme thiophores it converts into acetoacetyl coa now note that thyophores enzyme is not present in the liver so liver is not capable of conducting ketolysis ac2-acetyl coa is actively removed by its conversion into two molecules of acetyl-coa and thus ketolysis is completed now let's be familiar with some terminologies when the rate of ketone body production is greater than their use their levels begin to rise in the blood which is termed as ketonemia and in the urine termed as ketonuria when there is keto anemia ketonuria and smell of acetone in breath such condition is termed as ketosis which is diagnosed by a special test called rhothiras test in patients with type 1 diabetes ketonemia and ketonuria is often seen in these patients increased level of glucagon leads to lipolysis which increases free fatty acids in plasma and ultimately increases hepatic output of ketone bodies which leads to diabetic ketoacidosis which is basically the rise of ketone bodies in the blood to a toxic level ketoacidosis is also seen in prolonged fasting and excessive ethanol consumption so that was it guys if you found this video useful then please like comment share and subscribe to our channel so that we get encouraged to create more such videos in the future thank you

Channel: Easy Med

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Length: 4min 54sec (294 seconds)

Published: Wed Jul 15 2020