Jeremy W. asks: Is it true that drinking tea
made from twice boiled water is bad for you? There’s a rather persistent idea that “reboiling”
water (i.e. boiling water two or more times and allowing it to cool in-between) while
making a cup of tea is potentially harmful to your health, with some going so far as
stating that regularly doing this even drastically increases your chances of getting cancer. The general reasoning behind why this is purportedly
the case goes something like this: “When we boil water, the chemistry of it
changes, which is usually a good thing as it boils out volatile compounds and dissolves
gases. This is why boiling water mostly ensures that
it’s safe to drink. If water is left boiled too long or is reboiled,
the chemical compounds change for the worst. By leaving your water to boil down, you’re
actually concentrating many harmful chemicals instead of getting rid of them. The same thing happens when you reboil water,
as the compounds concentrate and increase the risk of ingesting certain chemicals.” The website we gleaned this particular quote
from goes on to suggest that reboiling water will expose you to toxic amounts of things
like arsenic, fluoride and nitrates, and even includes the words “reboiled water causes
cancer” right there in its URL. Countless others concur, positing that consuming
reboiled water is akin to drinking filthy bilge water filtered through a hobo's socks
that had been previously stored at ground zero at Chernobyl. So is it true that drinking reboiled water
is bad for you? In short- nope, at least not so long as your
water is reasonably safe to drink in the first place and you aren't the victim of some wildly
unrealistic scenario. Don't believe us? Watch on! To begin with, as we’ve already talked about
in our video on why some ice cubes are cloudy and others are clear, the kind of water that
pours freely from all of our faucets contains innumerable impurities, some of which are,
at least from a practical standpoint for most home consumers, impossible to filter out entirely,
such as nitrates. However, the concentration of these impurities
is not generally particularly harmful in the normally negligible quantities you’d find
in common tap water. So unless you currently happen to live in
one of those places where the tap water catches fire or contains approximately the same concentration
of lead as pure lead, for the most part your drinking water is probably pretty safe as
is. This brings us to the chief argument generally
leveled against twice boiled water- concentration of impurities. When some of the water evaporates as the water
boils, while some impurities are removed, others remain (called non-volatile substances)
and are now more concentrated than when the volume of liquid was greater. This is absolutely true. So, case closed right? Twice boiled water is definitely bad for you... Except, this water is actually still not bad
for you, unless it was already bad for you to begin with (i.e. you have pre-existing
problems with your drinking water supply). Why? Aside from the fact that you aren't likely
letting the water boil down significantly before brewing your cuppa (in fact, many don't
even bring the water to full boil before turning off the heat and pouring), even if you did,
it wouldn't matter except for in outlandishly unrealistic scenarios. You see, if you drank the entire teapot worth
of water straight- say five mugs worth- rather than boiling it at all, it would not have
hurt you and would have contained more impurities than the same full teapot boiled down to one
mug worth of water, as the impurities that would have been otherwise boiled off would
still be present in the original five mugs of water. The key point here is that boiling the water
does not add any impurities, it actually subtracts some. So whether five mugs worth of unboiled water
or one mug from five boiled down, you still have mostly the same amount of impurities. The only real difference here is you'll be
more hydrated if you'd drank the five mugs. Now, potentially if you were always doing
this, and using tea as your primary hydration source, continually getting five times the
impurities for one mug of water may be an issue, depending on the purity of your water
source... except even the biggest of tea drinkers aren't boiling off anywhere close to this
amount of water when making tea, and the more tea you drink, the less will be evaporated
off in between. Again, beyond that this is more an issue of
time boiling and potential evaporation time, rather than number of boils, no one actually
does this, not the least of which because, in the most extreme case, it would end up
making your tea taste awful, and at a certain point you'd even likely get noticeable sediment
at the bottom of the kettle. In more realistic boiling scenarios, the extremely
minuscule amount of extra impurities per mug isn't going to hurt you and isn't likely to
be something you'll taste the difference on. (More on this latter point in a bit.) But what about the state of the water the
second time you boil it? Couldn't there be impurities being added in
between? While it is possible a kettle without a lid
left sitting on the stove or counter might get a bit of dust or the like in the previously
boiled water, the composition of it isn't likely to change much in the interim between
boiling, outside of scenarios like a construction site or something. In most office buildings or your home, this
isn't going to be an issue, and even less so if your kettle has a lid. Any microbes that find their way in there
would also be killed off during the subsequent boiling process, so no health issue there
either. The only potential problem area left then
would be the water picking up something from the kettle itself. But studies have shown that, while things
like iron and nickel and the like do leach into foods in exceptionally small quantities
while you heat them in something like a stainless steel container, this is not so much the case
when discussing leaching into tap water alone, particularly if you've used the container
several times before (i.e. it's not new). Unsurprisingly most kettles are made from
extremely non-reactive substances (at least to tap water). Because of this, whether you boil the water
once or several times, any impurities picked up from your kettle should be negligible in
the vast majority of cases. If they're not, that's an issue with a faulty
kettle and is likely an issue with once boiling as well. Easy solution- get a better kettle. That said, if you brewed the tea in, for instance,
the stainless steel kettle itself rather than your mug, then boil and let it sit, there
will be some leaching similar to when cooking certain food items (with your mileage varying
depending on what exactly the kettle is made from and what you're putting into the tea)
. But when discussing using that brewed water later for re-boiling and brewing again, this
once again gets into the realm of "nobody does that", and certainly isn't the scenario
people are talking about when discussing that it is "bad" to use twice boiled water. This is not to mention that impurities picked
up from the kettle aren't necessarily inherently bad for you at the quantities they may be
leaching in this unlikely scenario (whether double concentration from twice boiling or
single from once), and some might be good for you, such as if you're low on iron and
getting leached iron from the kettle. In the end, there's a reason not a single
public health agency in the world advises against drinking twice boiled water. Outside of elaborate scenarios that nobody
actually does, kettles that are dangerous to boil water in even once, or water that
already has unsafe levels of some compound, twice or thrice boiled water isn't going to
cause you any harm. Another argument often leveled against the
idea of using twice boiled water in tea is that it supposedly affects the taste. Now as a Brit, I can tell you that some people
take making tea very seriously and feel there is a genuine art to making a good cup. However, the idea of what exactly constitutes
a “good” cup of tea, like your favourite Power Ranger, varies dramatically from person
to person. For reference, the co-author of this piece,
Karl Smallwood of FactFiend fame, personally is quite partial to “builders tea” (and
the Green Ranger). Builders tea is a colloquial term used to
refer to tea that is strong, milky and loaded with sugar- all things “real” tea drinkers
would consider an affront to their very sense of being, preferring nothing less than the
finest Lapsang souchong filtered through the silken robes of a well-toned Shaolin monk. As for the other author, Daven, if you’ve
ever watched one of our BrainFood Show livestreams you’ll know his favorite is Earl Grey with
nothing added- not because he likes Earl Grey, or tea at all, but so that he can say “Earl
Grey, Hot” at his kettle, then make replicator sounds and drink it out of one of his Picard
cups. Unsurprisingly, there are quite literally
arguments on almost every part of the tea-making process up to and including whether or not
it’s okay to clean the teapot you use to make it. As an example of the kind of hearty debate
this topic inspires, one of the most controversial things George Orwell ever wrote was an article
aptly titled “A Nice Cup of Tea”, in which he, amongst other things, mocked the idea
of putting sugar in tea, saying “How can you call yourself a true tealover if you destroy
the flavour of your tea by putting sugar in it?” and insisted that milk should be added
after the tea. This latter is arguably one of the most common
points of contention amongst tea drinkers, inspiring everything from comedic raps to
actual scientific studies. (For the curious, science says that milk should
be added first because, if you don’t, the hot water “causes the milk to heat unevenly”
which “causes the proteins in it to denature, meaning they lose their structure and “clump”,
affecting the taste” whereas the rapper, one Doc Brown, says you must be “out of
your mind” to put the milk in first, adding that doing so “makes his heart burst”.) Needless to say, when discussing what is better
tasting tea or not, “science” and “what George Orwell think” have little to no bearing-
you like what you like. This brings us back to twice boiling tea and
that it purportedly "ruins" the taste of the tea. Beyond the subjectivity of such a statement,
the funny thing is, it's not actually clear twice boiling water does affect the taste
of tea. While, as we mentioned, in an extreme case
of doing something crazy like boiling down twenty liters of water to a single cup's worth
will indisputably drastically affect the taste of the tea due to concentration of impurities,
when talking about a more realistic scenario of something like twice or thrice boiled water
that barely has any of it evaporated off at all in between (and generally fresh water
added before each boiling, diluting the mixture), it's not so clear there is a difference in
taste happening, other than perhaps in peoples' heads. While we could not find any studies on the
idea of twice boiled water changing the taste of tea, we can at least look at the mechanism
involved to get an idea on whether it is likely or not that such a taste shift is occurring. For starters, many claim the taste difference
comes about due to twice boiled water having less dissolved oxygen in it, referencing the
fact that, as the water temperature increases, the solubility of oxygen decreases. This latter fact is absolutely true. The former is not. You see, at 100˚C (boiling point) the concentration
of dissolved oxygen (assuming normal atmospheric pressure) will ultimately be near zero, whether
it's once or tenth boiled water. How long you boil the water does come into
play somewhat, but even then the differences are minimal, with dissolved oxygen levels
at 1 atmosphere and 0°C on the order of 15 ppm, compared to approximately 5 ppm at 50°C
and near 0 ppm at 100°C. "But my tea tasting palate is extremely refined
and able to detect even the smallest of changes of dissolved oxygen levels," you say as you
idly clean your monocle. It doesn't matter. Once the water is allowed to cool back down,
its dissolved oxygen levels will once again begin to rise to normal levels given atmospheric
pressure and temperature. (CO2 levels, which can affect the taste, will
also return to normal.) Given this, the second time you bring the
water back up to boil, things like the oxygen level are not going to be any different than
the first, assuming equal boiling times and/or temperature levels. That's not to mention that the idea that more
oxygen = better tasting gets into the aforementioned debate on what does or does not taste better
when making tea- everyone's got their own preferences. And if you're curious, there have been studies
(Pangborn & Bertolero 1972, Faust & Aly 1998) that have indicated that dissolved oxygen
actually doesn't noticeably impact the flavour of water, though it should be noted that those
studies weren't dealing with brewing tea, and it is possible (even probable) that dissolved
oxygen could be interacting with elements of the tea to change the flavour (similar
to what happens with wine). But either way, whether once, twice, or thrice
boiled, you're getting essentially the same dissolved oxygen levels, assuming you boil/steep
the same way each time. Another factor in twice boiled water that
may affect the flavour is higher concentration of impurities, which, as we already discussed,
in realistic tea making scenarios isn't actually going to be much different than once boiled
water. The only thing left would be the water picking
up something from the kettle itself that affects the flavour, but, again as previously mentioned,
studies have shown that, while things like iron and nickel and the like do leach into
foods in exceptionally small quantities while you heat them in something like a stainless
steel container, this is not so much the case when discussing leaching in water alone. The bottom line on all of this is that, whatever
your position on whether twice boiled water does or does not affect the taste of tea and,
if so, if it makes it taste better or worse to you, widespread claims, even from otherwise
reputable sources, that seem to imply twice boiled water will somehow give even cancer,
cancer are not correct. Twice boiled water simply isn't bad for you
at all unless your particular water source was already bad for you at the once boiled
level.
