Identifying Premise and Conclusion Indicators - Fundamentals of Logic

welcome to this class today we will be understanding what are arguments what is the premise what is the conclusion and most importantly we would be finding method that would help us analyze whether a particular statement is a premise or a conclusion now this is the most important segment where most of those students are struck up because if there is a passage that is given students are unable to understand whether the sentence is a premise or it's a conclusion now we will be working out some very easy tricks that would help us find or locate a premise and a conclusion so before we begin with finding the method to analyze whether it is a premise or a conclusion let's first start with the basic meaning of all the three words that we are talking about so premised whenever I say premise I am providing an evidence to the conclusion for example if I say shweta is not well Shwetha didn't go to didn't go to school now here if I go through these two sentences what would be a premise or what would be a conclusion so premise is an evidence which is leading to a conclusion so my evidence says that Shwetha is not doing well and my conclusion here would be she didn't go to school so conclusion is always supported by a premise so this is the conclusion this is a premise so premise provide a provide and evidence for conclusion while conclusion is supported by at least one or more premise and then what does argument so whenever I am having one premise which is accompanied by a conclusion at least minimum of one premise that is accompanied by a conclusion then I can say this is an argument so to understand argument it is very important that you have a premise and a conclusion now this is the main area where most of the students are struck up as they are unable to an identify whether a passage has what would be the premise of the princess passage and what would be the conclusion in the passage so we before we start to understand that there are few things that we must be clear about we would be understanding about two basic elements one as propositional are trances and next is non propositional let's understand what is proposition on propositional so propositional is a statement that provides you a straight forward behavior which shows whether it would be true or it would be false in nature for example this door is like this board is white this these letters are yellow so this is an exact statement that is providing me either true information of false information if I say this board is yellow then I say that this is a false statement because I can visualize this board as white so it would be either through an agent or it would be false in nature so I have the statements like Doris black cherry is a cube baby and she knows Teddy's mother so this is state would either be correct or incorrect that the only option these kind of statements have and these statements are usually director statements this is when we understand the word prepositional now let's move on to non prepositional non prepositions are never directed statements they usually come in three forms one has the form of question the other is the form of command and third is the form of expression of feelings now if I ask you a question Who am I I am not working about whether this statement is true or false okay so when you are not working around whether a statement is true or false or you cannot say whether this is statement would be true or false it is non prepositional in nature so any kind of question where do you live how is your class so all these stay all these questions are non propositional in nature next kind of longer positional statements can be command or orders do it finish the homework now so these are kind of orders or commands that you are providing and these are again non prepositional in nature because you cannot say whether it is true in nature or false in nature and last as expression or feelings and very happy three cheers hip-hip-hooray so anything which works as expressions our feelings would be non prepositional in nature so this is again the basic three elements that we talked about non prepositional our friends now we are very clear whether a statement is propositional whether I can say this statement is correct incurring or I do not have a kind of information that can lead me to whether the statement will be correct or incorrect now if I move on to understanding the premise and conclusion it becomes very interesting so when we are identifying premise and conclusion there are two things that we focus on first as premise indicator and the next conclusion indicator so one will be premise indicator and the next that we would be talking subsequently is conclusion indicator let's first start with the first aspect that is premise indicators premise indicators are those indicators that help you identify or locate a premise so for example if I have a whole lot of passage that is given and I have to identify the premise how can I do that I can do that by two means either the means of premise indicator or conclusion indicator because by means of conclusion indicator I can identify the conclusion and what would not be the conclusion in that case would become the premise so with either means I can find out both premise and conclusion now the interesting thing here is let's read this statement Sunita is not going to school since she is not fair so when I am saying since she is not well so she is not well is in evidence and this evidence supports the conclusion and the conclusion here becomes Sunita is not going to school the same example that we try to understand few minutes ago so here you have identified the premise and since you have identified the or the evidence you can find out the conclusion and what is the premise indicator here the premise indicator is the word since now you have a list of indicators that help you identify term Isis these lists include since that we have already talked about four then you have because given that for the reason that in view of the fact that so let's discuss few examples I am NOT going to school today today because it is raining so it is raining is an evidence that is identifying or providing me a support for the conclusion that I am NOT going to a school so because becomes a premise indicator and it is raining becomes a premise and the remaining becomes a conclusion I can come to your house given that you provide me sufficient information about your address so if I have the address information about your address I can come to your house so given that you provide me information about address becomes the premise and that would help me reach your home so reaching home would be a conclusion in this case so this is how we work with premise indicators now let's just go back quickly and see the same statement that we have studied for premise indicator so premise indicator I see Sunita is not going to school since she is not where now if I want to convert the same student a same statement into a conclusion indicator how can that Sunita is not well therefore she will not go to school now this is statement is just a rearrangement of what has been previously mentioned but this rearrangement converts this statement from premise indicator to conclusion indicator and let's see how the word therefore helps you provide the conclusion that she is not going to the school and this therefore own hands so henceforth becomes words or phrases which are indicating conclusion so whenever you are solving any mathematical question at the end you say hence answer would be this or therefore we reach to a conclusion so and so so that means this therefore hence therefore so these become indicator of conclusion so here therefore indicates that she is not going to school and this becomes a conclusion and this as same remains the premise but but this word in spite of this word which was a premise indicator this word becomes a conclusion indicator so let's go on to conclusion indicator so here is the same statement what I have written there Sunita is not well so she is not going to the school so rather than using the word therefore I am using so as a conclusion indicator another example can me Sunita studied a lot therefore she secured good marks so securing good marks is the conclusion here and that conclusion comes through the evidence that she studied a lot and then come through indicator here is therefore so if you have any passage or any set of information that is given based on that set of information you can quickly and easily identify what would be the premise and what would be the conclusion so what's like therefore thus hence henceforth so accordingly for this reason consequently and it follows that are indicators of conclusion with help of these words you can easily reach to a conclusion so these are the two simple methods that you can apply to identify whether a given statement is a premise all the given statement is a conclusion now whenever we are talking about an argument as I said previously we must have optimized and a conclusion there can be references to remind from the conclusion which can be independent and which can be dependent let's see how now here I have the first statement so I have marked it as 1 2 & 3 1 & 2 are the premise and 3 is the conclusion so let's understand this in the fashion this is a premise and this is a conclusion my first friend my state's cup is made of China 3 so it's giving me information about cup that's a basic statement that I am the next premise I have china clay is a substance that is breakable now my conclusion says cup is made up of breakable substance china clay to understand this let's try to hide out the first premise if I hide out the first premise I just have information china clay is breakable so with this first statement missing if I don't have the first statement the only set of information that I can give is breakable substance china clay now let's say what happens if 2 is missing if 2 is missing the only information that I can Luis couples made up of China 3 I cannot say whether it is breakable or non-breakable so to make this conclusion true what is important here is immersed our information which comes from premised 1 I must have information that comes from premise 2 and only and only when I have information that is coming from both premise 1 and 2 jointly I can see the conclusion or three here would be true so I can see this statement works only if and if both the premises are jointly taken into account therefore because his behavior as joined inference so inference means reaching to a conclusion or concluding something and I can reach to a conclusion only well the joint information that is provided by the two premises so that is an example of joint indifference as I said by hiding either one or two I cannot reach to the conclusion three now let's work on a separate example I have another example here again here 1 & 2 are premise and 3 is the conclusion now let's understand what works here so I have the first premise as pure gold is 24 karat my second premises most jewelry is made up of 22 karat pure code and my conclusion says karat explains purity of code now if I hide a statement - so what I am doing is I am hiding a statement - if I hide a statement - I can say pure of gold is 24k and if with this information I say carat is a that explains purity of gold it is correct because I am saying the 100% pure would be 24 karat in nature so with two eye candy if I remove premise 2 with premise 1 I can reach to a conclusion 3 now let's remove premise 1 I just have premised - with me so I am removing this I have most jewelry is made about 22 karat pure gold now again the word PR is given here and this saves 22 karat that means carat is a given unit that is measuring the purity of course so with this statement or with this premise I can again say the conclusion can be correct so what is happening in this case is if I have just a single premise one I can say my conclusion would be correct if I just have a single premise - I can again say my conclusion would be correct this means both the pre mines are independently influencing the conclusion so both the premise when independently influenced the conclusion it is known as independent inference again inference means conclusion or concluding so I can independently reach to a conclusion with either premise one all premise - even if both the premises are given I can reach to premise three but I do not necessarily need both of the premises together to derive this conclusion and these kind of statements are these kind of problems are known as independent inferences so an exam in any case you have a set of statements that are given and you are asked to find out whether it is a joint premise or an independent premise or an independent inference how can we do that the best way first identifying the premises and the conclusion and the given question the second step would be hiding out premises so when you try to hide out premises what happens is you try to understand if I have removed this whether this premise would be sufficiently reaching to this conclusion or not and so on so this would be the methodology for us to find out whether a statement or a problem given is an example of joint inference or independent inference we would be understanding formal and informal fallacies in the next session you can subscribe to examinees channel for any further updates today

Channel: Examrace

Views: 90,546

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Keywords: Premise, Logic (Quotation Subject), Mathematical Logic (Field Of Study), IAS, UPSC, NTA, NET

Id: yfuPf-SGGhc

Length: 19min 6sec (1146 seconds)

Published: Thu Sep 17 2015