How Muslims Conquered India | History Documentary

india seen as the bastion of the hindu faith it is actually home to the third largest muslim population in the world the introduction of islam as a political power force in the subcontinent came through the efforts of two muslim dynasties centered in modern-day afghanistan the raznavids and the hurids through the actions of their two respective greatest rulers mahmoud of ghazni and muhizul deen northern india was constantly exposed to raids and in time the establishment of a muslim state this video is a part of the discovery of india a huge collaboration between a bunch of history youtubers who are all trying to track the prolific history of the indian subcontinent [Music] before we get into it it's important to underline that historically the term india does not perfectly correlate with the modern day nation state of india in the past india came to represent most of modern-day pakistan and bangladesh as well with that being said the muslim invasion of india did not begin in the 11th century in the early stages of islam when the umayyads were expanding in every direction a muslim force was sent to bring parts of northwestern india under the khilafah's control by 715 a.d the young general muhammad bin qasim had managed to subdue the regions of sindh and multan despite repeated attempts by the umayyads and then the abbasids over the course of the next 100 years or so to expand their territory and influence beyond the indus river the native indian dynasties were able to hold them off if we fast forward to the mid 10th century we see that key developments had taken place in the islamic world which would facilitate a much more successful muslim push into the indian heartland firstly by now the khilafah had lost its status as the only source of central authority in political islam as a result de facto and even dijuri independent states emerged throughout the islamic world in the eastern provinces of horison and trans-oxyana the samanid dynasty established itself the formation of smaller states within the monolith that was the khilafah allowed these smaller states to pursue their own specific goals with more focus and intensity than could be afforded if they had to constantly report back to the khalif in damascus or baghdad another key development was the introduction of turkic slave soldiers through the gilman system in time some of these turks would even establish de facto independent states like ahmad ibn tulun did in egypt the raznavid dynasty which is so important to our story was born out of this system the progenitor of the raznavids sebuktigin was apparently born in modern day kyrgyzstan he was bought by the samantha commander alpt again who would go on to rule the city of razna now known as razni in afghanistan independently in all the name in 977 a.d subukhtagan became in charge of the city and quickly sought to expand his authority to his east subukran raided the territory of the hindu shahi which ruled over an area that stretched from the kabul valley in eastern afghanistan down to kashmir in northern india this would begin the vaznavid tradition of raiding into india but the emergence of the raznavids as a true power would have to be left the sabuktagan sun mahmoud mahmoud began his reign in 998 a.d and quickly proclaimed his independence from the samanids under mahmoud the raznavids would become one of the preeminent powers in the islamic world a key reason for this was the loot and wealth he gained from his 17 campaigns into india but before he could penetrate beyond the indus river mahmoud had to deal with the same hindu shahi rulers who preoccupied his father in 1001 mahmoud inflicted a heavy defeat upon them at the battle of peshawar although the hindu shahi would prove to be an obstacle until the 1020s mahmoud now had his eyes set on the punjab and beyond an important point to get across is that northern india was ruled by several kingdoms which at times would compete with one another in fact this was a feature of the northern indian political scene for almost the entirety of the period we are discussing from roughly 1 000 to 1200 a.d and so the lack of a strong central power would allow the ghaznavids and later the roreds to pick off the indian kingdoms one by one and that's exactly what mahmoud did over the course of almost three decades he repeatedly targeted the duab region in north india the area between the yamuna and ganges rivers on occasion he even went as far as the central indian city of gwalior in 1025 mahmoud marched his army across the tar desert in northwestern india so that he could reach the gujarat in western india there lay the great hindu temple of samnath said to be home to untold wealth the raznavid forces were not disappointed there are estimates that mahmoud brought back up to 20 million dinars worth of booty back to his imperial capital atrazni the somnath raid brings a key issue to light did mahmoud carry out his military campaigns in the subcontinent to reaffirm his status as a champion of islam or were machiavellian motivations the main impetus behind his antagonistic approach throughout history mahmoud has enjoyed the portrayal of arghazi sultan someone who fought to bring islam to new territories especially in india for many pakistani bangladeshi and indian muslims mahmoud is seen as one of the founding fathers of islam in the indian subcontinent in 1926 when the indian historian muhammad habib expressed that the ghaznavid sultan was motivated mainly by material wealth rather than religious zeal it led to large-scale criticism from his readers showing that muslims still strongly viewed mahmoud as a muslim hero even 900 years later but having said all of this it seems quite clear that the main goal of mahmoud and his successors in invading india was financial rather than religious there seems to be little attempt to convert hindus in india since a permanent annexation of the territory would have required a large army to occupy it the raznavids needed a lot of money to run and maintain a complex state and army and looting india was a perfect solution for that there wasn't even a requirement for indian slave troops wanting to enter the raznavid army to convert to islam beforehand so whilst the prestige of being seen as a muslim hero and having closer relations to the abbasids would undoubtedly have played a role the raznavid invasions of india were rooted in a desire for plunder and wealth [Music] after mahmoud's death in 1030 his successors were never able to continue his rich legacy with the same vigor this was largely due to the seljuk turks who were migrating southward from their central asian homelands in 1040 mahmoud's son masood lost the western portion of the raznavid empire when they lost at the battle of dandanakan nevertheless the raznavid still retained their eastern provinces including the punjab which had been annexed by mahmoud in fact lahore in the punjab became the second city of the empire behind ghazni despite not being able to hit the lofty standards set by mahmoud the raznavids still maintained the level of imperial glory that was the envy of many of their neighbors through the help of the italian archaeological mission in afghanistan in the 1950s and 60s we know about the extensive palaces and gardens constructed during the reign of masood iii at the beginning of the 12th century these were in all likelihood financed by spoils from raids on india his son bahram shah was obliged to pay a large tribute to his uncle the again this was in all likelihood paid for by the razna of its favorite cash cow india it's actually in the reign of bahram shah that we get properly introduced to the other dynasty which would in some ways actually have an even greater impact on implanting islam in india the horiz originating from the mountainous region of war in modern day afghanistan historians have never really been able to conclusively ascertain their ethnic origins we do know that islam was properly introduced into the region in the reign of mahmoud and his son masood of ghazni in any case the ruler in the 1150s alauw deen hussein marched to razni and burned it to the ground earning the nickname jahan suz or burner of the world within a decade the raznavids had to abandon razni and afghanistan and settle in the punjab at this time the hurids were led by this man reayathuldeen who would oversee the zenith of the rorid empire while riathldeen was focused on contending with the huarezmian shahs in the north and west his younger brother muay zuldin shifted his attention eastward and used razni as his base to launch invasions of the subcontinent in the same way the razanavids had done in 1186 the younger horrid brother finally brought an end to the raznavid dynasty when he captured their capital lahore with much of the indus region under his control or serenity by the mid-1180s muhizul deen was ready to strike into the indian heartland in 1178 he had seen his invasion of the gujarat definitively repulsed thus he decided to change direction and focus his expansionist thrust into india eastward in order to push into and beyond the rich duab region the hurids had to overcome pritviraj chohan of the chohan dynasty of northern india in the winter of 1191 muslin marched his troops all the way to terrain north of delhi there he was conclusively defeated and even wounded in battle at the hands of a hindu confederacy led by prithviraj chohan only a year later the roared ruler would return to the exact same site and at the second battle of terrain in 1192 avenged his prior defeat the gangetic plane of northern india was now open for the taking in the course of indian history it's tough to understate the importance of the second battle of terrain as more so than any other battle it left india open to the establishment of muslim states rather than mere annual raids or invasions and that's exactly what happened muzul deen largely delegated his indian holdings to his slave commander kudbuddin a buck whilst he had to deal with other imperial matters a buck would expand the warded territories in india in this endeavor he was aided by ichthyar uldin khalji another commander of muhizuldin who would expand warded authority all the way to the bengal in eastern india in the process ushering in islamic rule in the region even launched an ill-fated campaign into the mountainous region of tibet in 1203 kriyatuldeen died and was succeeded as supreme ruler by his younger brother moazuldeen but he himself was assassinated in 1206 and the hooded empire was remarkably dismantled within a decade all the warded possessions in central asia were subsumed by the juarezmians whilst their indian territories were divided amongst various hoarded commanders chief amongst them was the aforementioned kudbuddin ibak immediately after the death of muhizu deen he would go on to establish the delhi sultanate which through its five different dynastic iterations would go on to have a pivotal role in establishing muslim authority across india over the course of the next three centuries so as we can see the hoarded invasions clearly set up the foundations for the delhi sultanate after 1206 [Music] i want to say a big thank you to my patrons who generously support hikmah history if you guys want to support the channel there's a link to my patreon in the description to this video i also want you guys to check out the entire discovery of india playlist which i'll link in the bio and the comments section i'm sure you'll be able to find other really cool videos about indian history that will interest you i'd especially recommend odd compass video on the southern indian rashtrakuta dynasty as well as almo kadima's on the mugu empire until next time peace

Channel: Hikma History

Views: 67,207

Keywords: Afghan Empire, Afghanistan History, تاریخ افغانستان, Pashtun History, afganistan tarihi, Pathan History, gazneliler devleti, ঘুরি, غوریان, ghurid empire, shahab ud din ghauri, who defeated muhammad ghori, prithviraj chauhan, who was muhammad ghori, Mahmud of Ghazni, Ghazni, سلطان محمود, سلطان محمود غزنوی, Second Battle of Tarain, somnath temple, Delhi Sultanate, who was the last ruler of delhi sultanate, what was the language of administration under the delhi sultans

Id: 0v4ehTVJTgI

Length: 16min 15sec (975 seconds)

Published: Fri Oct 02 2020