How did the Mongols Destroy Baghdad in 1258 ?

Video Statistics and Information

Video
Captions Word Cloud
Reddit Comments
Captions
The Golden Age of Islam. Beginning in the 8th  century, it was an era of Islamic prosperity,   blooming knowledge, and a newfound  focus on the lands of the Middle East.   Throughout this time it was the city of Baghdad  that would be birthed as the focal point of the   Golden Age, and of globally recognized learning  and progress. Baghdad became a city of 1 million   people, countless libraries packed full of  manuscripts and books that were just aching   to be studied by scholars from around the world  who flocked to the Muslim capital. One of the most   desired attractions to see once these foreigners  arrived would be the Bayt al-Hikma or the House of   Wisdom. It was the largest library in the entire  city and served as a remarkable influence for the   contemporary advances in artistry, literature,  astronomy, medicine, and more. With Baghdad’s   rulers, the Abbasid Caliphate, subsidizing  scholars, scientists, and so forth who wished to   come to the city for studies, it seemed that there  was nowhere to go but forward. The Golden Age of   Islam was truly a sight to behold. But tragically,  as some say, all good things must come to an end… In Baghdad’s final years of glory, it was  the Abbasid Caliphate that called the city   its capital. The Abbasids were the third  Islamic Caliphate to rule the Middle East   since the life of the Prophet Muhammad  after overpowering the Umayyad Caliphate   in the mid-8th century. Their name derived  from an uncle of the Prophet, named Abbas,   and the empire would rapidly grow to reach from  Arabia to the Levant and Syria, North Africa,   of course, Iraq, and even farther. The Abbasids  were a formidable force to be reckoned with,   but when the Mongols came knocking,  they would be put to an unexpected test… The Mongols were very different than the Abbasids.  Unlike their counterparts, the Mongols were   nomadic, pastoral people. They scarcely settled  down anywhere and as a result, instead came into   frequent conflict with more settled societies  such as the Abbasid Caliphate. In these clashes,   the Mongols were known for a particularly unique  and rather brutal battle strategy. Having been   so pesky as to inspire the construction of the  Great Wall of China, the Mongols were synonymous   with many terror tactics, and if anyone ever heard  clashing pots and pans or aggressive rattling of   bells, it could quickly be assumed that they were  about to become the next Mongol victim. Though   they usually would offer an option of surrender  to local rulers before launching an attack,   if this offer was declined, mass destruction  and bloodbaths were what generally followed.   And while the Mongols weren’t settlers, they  still liked to conquer land and provide their   roaming peoples with more space. Thus, when a man  by the name of Temujin united the Mongols and took   the name Genghis Khan, a chain reaction occurred  that would end on the charred soil of Baghdad… When the grandson of Genghis  Khan, Hulagu, rose to power,   the Mongol Empire really began to expand. Hulagu  Khan spread his authority through Syria and was   working to secure his grip on the lands of the  Ilkhanate of Persia. This initially brought   the Mongols into direct conflict with a Shi’ite  group known as ‘the Assassins’, which in time,   Hulagu managed to vanquish. His next obstacle,  now, was the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad… Over the years and caliphs, the Abbasids  had sadly begun to weaken both politically   and militarily. They had become no strangers  of paying tribute to the Mongols themselves,   but the current caliph, al-Mustasim, wasn’t too  concerned about what that might foreshadow. Still,   the caliph had already heard rumors of Hulagu’s  goals and focus, but al-Mustasim could not be   convinced of the real threat that approached -  in part, due to the advice of his grand vizier. The problem with this grand vizier, however, was  that he is believed to have had his own agenda   which flew in the face of his ruler’s. This was  because previously, through grievous acts and   decrees passed, the caliph had deeply offended  many of his Shia Muslim subjects - his grand   vizier included. It is thus believed by many that  the great advisor to the caliph himself was the   one to not only welcome the idea of a Mongol  invasion but in fact, to invite them. Whether   this was the case or not is still up for debate,  but what is known for certain is that the caliph,   for one reason or another, wildly underestimated  the will and might of the daring Mongols… Al-Mustasim’s first clue that his counterpart  Hulagu was serious should have been when he sent   the caliph a letter demanding his and the city of  Baghdad’s surrender. Shockingly, it is said that   Caliph al-Mustasim replied with an ultimatum: go  back to where you came from, or besiege this city. The problem was that the caliph believed that the  whole of the Muslim world would undoubtedly come   together to defend Baghdad if the Mongols ever  so dared to attack the Abbasid capital. This,   he would soon learn, was not true. Thus, on  January 29, 1258, to the awe of the caliph, the   Mongols laid siege to the great city of knowledge  and the center of the Islamic Golden Age… The Abbasids had a weakened and poorly  supplied army at the almost ready to face   their attackers. Compared to what the caliph  had anticipated, the rest of the Muslim world   was lukewarm in its response. And the Mongols  were a warfare marvel. It only took a few days   for al-Mustasim to reconsider his earlier attitude  and request to open negotiations with Hulagu. The   Mongol Khan denied the caliph’s pleas. When  the Mongols offered a peaceful surrender,   it was only a one-time offer, and that one  time had already passed. The siege carried on… On February 10, 1258, Caliph al-Mustasim  unconditionally surrendered. The Mongols accepted,   and for the next 3 days, nothing happened.  The anticipation of the citizens of Baghdad   grew with each hour, but their anxiety would be  nothing compared to the horrors that awaited them. On February 13, Hulagu and  his men entered Baghdad… The Mongols gave one warning on their way into  the city, and it was given only to the Nestorian   Christians, whom Hulagu gave this message: lock  yourselves in your church and do not come out. It   was his promise, likely because his own mother and  favorite wife were Nestorian Christians, that if   they obeyed, his men would not harm them. For the  rest of Baghdad, however, there was no such mercy. A week of pillage, and bloodshed  followed. Not even the nobles of   the city were spared. Roughly 3,000, to be  precise, were executed. As for the caliph,   a couple of theories can be  found as to what fate befell him. According to one story, al-Mustasim was imprisoned  in a room of his own gold and treasures, and   if the Travels of Marco Polo are to be believed,  Hulagu said to the caliph, “eat of thy treasure as   much as thou wilt, since thou art so fond of it”.  It is then believed that al-Mustasim eventually   died of starvation. But, this nonetheless  contradicts the other tale which insists that   Hulagu believed that the spilling of royal blood  on Baghdad’s soil would bring about catastrophic   consequences in the form of natural disasters.  Thus, he had Caliph al-Mustasim rolled in one of   his own expensive rugs, as to catch any spillage,  and then trampled to death. Whatever the cause,   the last ruler of the Islamic Golden Age and its  capital met his end with the city he called home… The death toll of the entire catastrophe  has been estimated to range from   90,000 to 1 Million including the army  that in vain had defended the city border,   and civilian men, women, and children.  Baghdad itself was nearly leveled,   and what was left was set ablaze and burnt  to a crisp. It’s said that the River Tigris   ran red with blood from the massacre. That is,  until the conquerors began throwing hundreds of   thousands of books and manuscripts into  the water. According to eyewitnesses,   the Tigris now turned black from the ink of the  priceless texts that would be read no more. The   House of Wisdom and all its precious contents,  from this moment on, were a thing of the past… The siege and subsequent destruction of  Baghdad in 1258 was more than a loss for   the Abbasids. It was more, even, than  a loss for the Muslim world. In fact,   it was a tragic calamity upon the whole of  the world. A golden age, an era of prosperity,   knowledge, art, and so much more had come to  an end. There are hundreds of thousands of   texts no one again will ever read. Centuries of  learning and progress that never got to be had,   at least not in the way they could have been.  The fall of Baghdad was the fall of the center   of a growing world and life for people around  the globe who trekked for days on end just to   study at its House of Wisdom. And one, that  sadly, too many of us have now forgotten…
Info
Channel: Knowledgia
Views: 1,969,438
Rating: undefined out of 5
Keywords: destruction of Baghdad, 1258, Mongol invasion, Hulagu Khan, Abbasid caliphate, city sack, How was Baghdad Destroyed in 1258, Siege of Baghdad, The sack of Baghdad, Destruction of Baghdad, How did the Mongols Destroy Baghdad in 1258 ?, Islamic Golden Age, Hulagu Khan siege
Id: ZmsI-STHnxo
Channel Id: undefined
Length: 11min 1sec (661 seconds)
Published: Tue Feb 07 2023
Related Videos
Note
Please note that this website is currently a work in progress! Lots of interesting data and statistics to come.