Exploring WWI Graves from the Lusitania to the Lost Battalion

financier Albert Billick who was recovering from abdominal surgery was on an extended holiday with his wife Gladys during a stopover in New York City he decided to extend his leave with an ocean voyage to England based in Los Angeles Albert was the owner and operator of several upscale hotels across the country his plan was to be back in time for the grand opening of the hotel mule and Bach in Kansas City when Albert booked the first-class stateroom aboard the RMS Lusitania perhaps he did not see or was not concerned about the April 22nd notice from the Imperial German Embassy that appeared in the newspaper above canards advertisement the notice advised travelers that Germany and England were at war and that any vessel flying the British flag was subject to destruction and anyone who decided to sail aboard those ships did so at their own peril on Friday morning May 1st 1915 Albert and Gladys Billick boarded the Lusitania with 1957 others both passengers and crew a cameraman was at pier 54 that day and took these remarkable images of the great liner as she gracefully slipped into the Hudson River for what turned out to be the last time to most Americans in the spring of 1915 the war that had been waging in Europe for the last nine months was nothing more than oversized headlines splashed across their daily newspapers when the United States declared its neutrality there seemed little chance of those faraway events ever having an effect on the lives of its citizens at 2:10 in the afternoon of May 7th the day that the Lusitania was due in Liverpool Albert and Gladys had just finished eating lunch and were resting in their regal suite stateroom located on B deck the events that followed were depicted in this 1918 animated short by Windsor McKay the blast from the torpedo fired by German submarine u-20 was followed by a second explosion most likely caused by coal dust from that moment the mortally wounded liner had only 18 minutes to live in the confusion that ensued the bill expanded to reach the boat deck where they boarded a lifeboat as it was being lowered the Lusitania enlisted sharply to starboard causing a lifeboat to drop at the bow pitching those inside into the ocean GLaDOS later recalled being pulled underwater somehow she managed to reach the surface where she clung to a piece of wreckage with ten other survivors Albert wasn't one of them GLaDOS remained hopeful that by some miracle Albert would turn up among the survivors being brought ashore but hope quickly faded she remained in England for over a month visiting temporary morgues nearly everyday in an effort to find her husband's body conflicting reports about Albert's fate circulated in the press but in the end his body like so many others was never recovered [Music] in June GLaDOS returned to the United States as a widow and for the remainder of her life she maintained her role as a society hostess while evading questions about the tragedy that took her husband's life [Music] when she passed away on March 3rd 1943 she was laid to rest on a sunny hillside at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale California the Lusitania took 1198 souls with her into the deep albert Billick was one of 124 americans who perished across the United States Americans vocally expressed their outrage at Germany causing many to speculate if this would be the singular event that would draw the country into the war on the side of the Allies three days after the sinking President Woodrow Wilson alluded to the question of war when he addressed 4,000 newly naturalized American citizens in Philadelphia during his remarks he said there is no such thing as a man being too proud to fight there is such a thing however as being so right you do not need to convince others by force that you are right for the next two years the United States held on to its neutrality but in the eyes of Americans there was a clear villain in Europe's brutal war [Music] shortly after the United States entered World War one and April 1917 the patriotic tune over there and by George M Cohan was released and became an instant hit the sheet music alone sold over 2 million copies when he wrote it cohan had no idea that he had just composed the unofficial anthem of America's involvement in world war 1 at the songs core is a simple but effective message about courage and doing one's duty that deeply resonated with the home over the span of 19 months the ranks of the United States military grew from roughly a quarter million to nearly five million and most of the new recruits joined and in the chorus [Music] [Music] today all who answered the call to go over there are gone the very last American link to the war was severed in 2011 now as we mark the centennial of the end of the war to end all wars we are left only with fading family archives forgotten and neglected memorials and of course the graves of those who fell in battle the official tally of American deaths in World War one surpasses one hundred and sixteen thousand 63,000 died from disease or accidents and 53 thousand died in combat they were buried in the places where they fell along the former Western Front after the war 46,000 were exhumed and brought back home to rest among family and my travels for grave explorations I have visited with many of them and the time has come to tell their stories come walk with me across the expanse of 100 years to meet those who gave everything in the fight for democracy with in Bellevue Memorial Park in Ontario California is a polished black granite marker bearing the image of the American flag it is the monument to Ralph Kingery who was employed by the King Fruit Company when he was drafted into the Army in August 1917 assigned to Company G of the 18th Infantry he arrived in Europe on Christmas Day by January of the following year his company as part of the 1st division was sent to the and civil sector of France while serving in the frontline trenches On February 19 1918 Ralph's company was caught in a merciless artillery barrage he was killed instantly by an exploding shell for his courage under fire he was posthumously awarded the Silver Star Ralph also earned the tragic distinction of being the first Californian killed in combat since war was declared 10 months earlier three years later on June 24th 1921 his body arrived back home businesses closed early that day and flags were flown at half-mast his funeral at Ontario City Hall began at 2:30 in the afternoon of the 27th the cortege that accompanied his casket to Bellevue Cemetery was nearly a mile long it seemed like the entire state of California had come to bid farewell to its first son to fall in battle of the four years of savage trench warfare that was World War one there is virtually no part of it that can be described as romantic but if anything comes close it would be the battles that were fought among the clouds aerial duels between aristocratic fliers echoed the tales of chivalrous knights on horseback perhaps that is why at Mountain View Cemetery in Pasadena I took notice of a headstone that was emblazoned with the winged insignia of an American aviator it belonged to first lieutenant Kenneth Bell who was the only son of Charles and Elizabeth Bell Charles Bell was a prominent figure in California politics during the early 20th century he was a founder of the state's progressive movement and among other causes he was a champion of women's right to vote lieutenant Bell served in the twenty-eighth aero squadron and following the Battle of San Miguel he and two other fliers volunteered for a dangerous mission to destroy German balloons during the operation lieutenant Bell collided with another airplane from his squadron both pilots were killed instantly found among his personal effects was an unmailed letter to his parents in it he wrote it is a great satisfaction to me to know that I should be called upon to make the great sacrifice you my dear mother and dad will be proud to know that I made it willingly and gladly almost directly opposite from where lieutenant Bell rests is the grave of Lieutenant John Maxwell white and ham when he entered the Army in December 1917 he was already a graduate from Illinois College and was two years into law studies at Harvard University after completing flight training in Florida John was commissioned as an officer and stationed at Love Field in Dallas Texas where he trained for aerial bombing on September 18th the aircraft he was piloting lost control and crashed killing lieutenant Wyden ham and one other on board a large escort accompanied his body back home to Los Angeles the funeral for the popular young man drew hundreds of spectators and as his casket was lowered into the grave roses were dropped from airplanes circling overhead in the town of Santa Ana California is the Church of the Messiah it has been on this exact spot since 1887 local families have worshiped within this sanctuary for generations looking from the pulpit off to the side where the church band keeps its equipment is a bronze plaque that almost blends into the wall behind it the inscription reads in memory of Nathaniel Norman Rochester Sargent Company B 308 US Infantry born November 8 1897 killed in Argonne forest France while fighting with the lost battalion October 8th 1918 [Music] I became aware of sergeant Rochester two years ago while exploring San Gabriel cemetery buried within the Grinstead family plot is Matt's mother Edith and his grandfather Henry a small inscription bearing his name was added to the lower border of the stone [Music] Nathaniel Rochester was named for his great great grandfather who was a colonel in the American Revolution and who founded the city of Rochester New York that was studying architecture at Santa Ana Polytechnic high school when war was declared on April 6th 1917 he enlisted in Company L of the 160th Infantry and was stationed at Camp Kearney in San Diego before leaving for France in August 1918 in September he was transferred to Company B of the 308 infantry in the 77th Liberty Division that joined the Argonne offensive that was designed to break the German line and force an end to the war on October 2nd Company B and six other companies of the 77th advanced into German territory they progressed with great speed but because of a communications breakdown they were unaware that the French and American units protecting their right and left flanks were stalled by heavy fire when they realized what was happening the 77th was surrounded by superior German forces for five days and nights five hundred and fifty-four men including that Rochester fought for their lives and to hold their objective tales of the men's bravery and determination are legendary like major Charles Whittlesea the commander of the battalion who when asked to surrender replied to his German counterpart go to hell by the time rescue came 197 had been killed and 150 were either missing or taken prisoner when it was all over the survivors assembled for a group photograph cut off and without adequate food or water these men had endured days of continuous machine gun and rifle fire trench mortars and grenades rained down on them they were bombarded by artillery some of which was fired by their own side somehow they had survived but for most of them the battle would continue for the rest of their lives the fate of NAT Rochester and a comrade was told by captain Nelson Holderman an old neighbor from Santa Ana and a lost battalion commander in a letter to his wife he wrote I am afraid that poor Kellogg and Sergeant Rochester are dead I cannot locate them they sure died Game four I saw the patrol leave the hellhole and later I saw the lieutenant back with both legs gone and no men captain Holderman would be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for his actions during the Argonne offensive Nathaniel Rochester died exactly one month short of his 21st birthday his loss was profoundly felt by his family and community his grieving mother took strength from her son's conviction that he had joined a just crusade she related an encounter they had before he left for France with his typical youthful exuberance he said that if he were to fall in battle it would be just like skipping a grade at school then perhaps prophetically he added and if I should be killed you must remember I will always be somewhere below the story about NAT Rochester in the November 21st 1918 edition of the Los Angeles Times is a small paragraph announcing the death of private Abe Cowan who served in the 360 first infantry of the 91st Wild West Division very little is known about Abe except that before sailing for France in April 1918 he was a sales clerk at Desmond's department store in Los Angeles five months later while in the Argonne Abe was shot by a sniper while carrying a message from headquarters he was killed a few days later when the field hospital he was recovering it was bombed by a German aircraft in June 1921 private Abe Cohen's body was returned home to Los Angeles members of the 91st division were on hand at the home of peace cemetery where they buried their comrade with full military honors [Music] lying beside a be sergeant Leo Levinson Leo was the son of Russian immigrants his service to his country began in 1916 when he joined the California National Guard and was sent to the Mexican border to take part in the punitive expedition against Pancho via leo was in Chicago when the United States declared war on Germany and it was there he enlisted in the 33rd Illinois division assigned to Company H of the 131st Infantry he was made the captain's orderly as well as the company bugler in August Leo's division joined British and Australian units in the Battle of Shafi'i Ridge it would mark the beginning of the 100 days offensive that would bring an end to the war seven days into the battle shrapnel from a smoking shell dripped into Leo's abdomen though severely wounded he held on to life long enough to reach an aid station but died a few hours later having never regained consciousness in October 1921 Leo was buried at home of Peace Cemetery not far from where he grew up the heroic monument marking his resting place was toppled in the 1994 Northridge earthquake although the main stone was put back on its pedestal the Eagle that was once proudly perched on top is still resting on the ground and the porcelain photo of Leo has been shattered but neither earthquake or time can ever erase him from our memory or end the immense gratitude of a free people for his sacrifice you among the finely crafted monuments of LA's Calvary Cemetery is a rough hewn stone carrying the emblem of the United States Marine Corps it belongs to Jacob Hawthorn moles of Pasadena he was a 1914 graduate of Hollywood high school who was a jewelry clerk at Nordlinger 's department store when he volunteered for the Marines on January 2nd 1918 and served with the second division after boot camp he returned home to spend time with family during his visit this photograph was taken of him wearing his uniform by September private Mol's was in France in October his 5th Marine Regiment joined divisions of the American and French army and advanced on the Champagne province to a place called Blanc Mont Ridge it was in territory that the German army had held for four years the fighting at LACMA lasted 24 grueling days and resulted in a crucial allied victory 7800 men were either killed or wounded Major General John Lejeune the commander of the 2nd Marine Division later said of the battle to be able to say when this war is finished I belong to the second division and I fought with it at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge will be the highest honor that can come to any man private Jacob Hawthorne Mol's was killed on the second day of the battle when a high-explosive artillery shell struck near his position he was interred in a temporary grave in France until August 1921 when his body was returned to the United States and buried on a quiet hilltop near the chapel at Calvary Cemetery [Music] Karam a ik each was raised into a life of comfort and privilege she was a member of an influential Orange County family her father was eminent jurist Elwin teach in Santa Anna's historic French park the key chome has been wonderfully preserved and though the surrounding area has changed significantly in this place you can almost hear the voices of the past here Cara and her sisters entertained their father's guests one of those guest was Erle Stanley Gardner's who came to study law under mr. Keach he was also an aspiring author who went on to create the fictional criminal defense lawyer Perry Mason [Music] despite Cara's Wellborn status she was raised to be independent and to value the rewards of a life serving others after graduating from Santa Ana high school she attended Milwaukee's downer College for women from there she returned to California and taught domestic sciences at Englewood Union High School when the war began Cara was eager to do her part she organized war drives and supervised the sowing of the school's service flag that included a star for every faculty member and student who was in service to their country finally she took a leave from teaching and joined the nursing Corps as a dietitian by September 16 1918 she was sailing for England in November her hometown newspaper printed a cheerful letter from Cara describing the voyage to Europe aboard the troopship SS Balmoral Castle she wrote of the calm seas and warm weather and how she and her fellow nurses were all well fed and pampered by the ship's stewards however she understood that once she arrived at hospital base 68 that the true scope and horror of the war would show itself in the broken and mangled men she would care for but looking out on the convoy of ships she was a part of she felt certain that they were sailing into victory a victory as it turned out she wouldn't live to see a little over a week after her arrival Cara was admitted to hospital at Portsmouth she likes so many others during that fall and winter contracted the flu that developed into pneumococcal meningitis on October 17th she died at the age of 27 in 1920 Cara's body was returned home and her cremated remains were buried beside her father at Fair Haven Cemetery she rests a short distance from the family home where she grew up and entertained friends with her sisters lieutenant Charles Leon Deaver first appeared on grave explorations over two years ago when he was featured in the video about Evergreen Cemetery in Riverside California since that time much more has been learned about his life and it's mysterious final chapter he was a graduate of the University of Southern California who volunteered as an athletics instructor for the YMCA and taught history at Santa Ana High School burn at Rochester and Cara qu'ici both graduated he was highly respected in academic and civic circles and beloved by his students when war was declared Divac resigned his teaching post and joined the Army's officer training program and from there was sent to France as part of a third machine-gun battalion of the first division in the fall of 1918 the Santa Ana Register featured letters by lieutenant Deaver from the frontlines he wrote about the rain the mud and the lack of creature comforts like soap shaving razor toothbrush or blanket but he assured his family that he was in excellent spirits and health he spoke about combat which he said was like a great game that in his words as football backed off the mana of the six times he'd been over the top he said he'd suffered no injury worse than a scratch from barbed wire when the article was published on October 25th 1918 word had not yet arrived that first lieutenant Charles Leon Deaver had been missing in action for three weeks it wouldn't come until November 14th three days after the war had ended his parents would have to wait until February before lieutenant Devers commanding officer wrote them with details about their son's disappearance he said that on the night of October 6th Deaver reported to him of the day's actions he said that when he offered Deaver a safe place to spend the night he refused preferring instead to return to his platoon soon after leaving heavy gunfire and shouting was heard from where he had been headed it was the last he heard of lieutenant Deaver by daybreak there was no indication that he ever got back to his men all that he could give Devers parents were his deepest condolences and the highest praise for their son's bravery and conduct family friends and public officials pressed the War Department for answers but there were none to give as far as the army was concerned lieutenant Deaver was killed in action on October 6th 1918 despite the war departments conclusion it seemed impossible to lieutenant Devers parents that their son could simply disappear they held on to the slim chance that he might still be alive somewhere then in March 1920 a letter was received at the Riverside home the sender who wished to remain anonymous explained that he was a German American who had fought in the German army from the start of the war in 1914 with the war over he was back in the United States and in the process of rebuilding his life and did not want his history known but when he noticed lieutenant Devers picture in the newspaper he felt compelled to write he said that in the final weeks of the war he was sent to an evacuation hospital in Brussels where he met lieutenant Charles Deaver he claimed that on the night of his disappearance Deaver had wandered into the German lines suffering from severe shell shock or PTSD that had rendered him into a childlike state from Brussels they were sent to a Catholic hospital in Munster the former German officer said that he and Deaver became friends and that on several occasions he brought him to his aunt's nearby farm where he enjoyed walking and feeding the livestock then on December 1st three weeks after the war's end lieutenant Deaver collapsed on a park bench by the time help arrived he was gone the mysterious correspondent added that lieutenant Deaver was given a military funeral and buried in a Muenster Cemetery in closing he added that he wasn't seeking any reward but wished only to give a measure of peace to the family of so valiant a soldier officially lieutenant Charles Deaver is still listed among the 4400 doughboys classified as missing in action I could find no record of him being buried in Munster it forces one to wonder if the anonymous German officer really existed or if the letter was fabricated by someone wanting to give closure to Devers family today in the historic district of Santa Ana California little has changed you can still walk the same paths where Charles Deaver walked and follow them to the steps leading to the front door of the house where he rented a room for the two years he taught high school history and even though more than a century has passed since he was last here you can almost imagine seeing him come around the corner with a cheerful spring in his step and the prospects of a bright future still before him you you at 11:00 in the morning on the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918 the guns along the Western Front that had rained down death for nearly five years fell silent as the Armistice ending the Great War took effect as the armies left the battlefields politicians gathered in Versailles to forge a peace that only planted the seeds of a second and unimaginably more devastating world war as the process of rebuilding began it seemed that no one could decide on the exact reason for why the war happened at all but in the end the cause didn't seem nearly as important as the cost the combined military and civilian casualties on all sides surpassed 40 million with 20 million deaths and 21 million wounded around the world memorials to the fallen began springing up in cities and town squares in America they were erected in equal measure to honor the sacrifices of those who served as well as to celebrate the nation's emergence as a global force for a century these memorials have stood hidden in plain view they silently marked the passage of time bearing witness to economic and civil upheavals to other wars and eventually the passing away of the generation for whom they were built standing in Garfield Park in Pomona California is a 16 foot tall sculpture made by local artist Burt Johnson dedicated here on November 11th 1923 it depicts Pomona the goddess of the orchard handing a sword to a young rancher today the sword is gone a prize claimed by thieves long ago mounted on the front of the pedestal is a plaque bearing 40 names there were 40 men from the farms and shops of the Pomona Valley who went over there and never saw home again in the run-up to the centennial of the end of the war I decided to visit as many of their resting places that I could here is what I found you in historic Union Cemetery in Bakersfield California is corporal Leslie Leroy Robinson US Army he was killed by shrapnel from an exploding artillery shell while fighting in Belgium on October 30th 1918 private Claude Whitmore Briggs US Army was also killed in Belgium on November 5th 1918 and was interred in Oakdale Memorial Park in Glendora California private forest chapel US Army was in training camp when he died from complications arising from the flu on November 1st 1918 he is buried at La Verne Cemetery in Luverne California at San Gabriel mission Cemetery is private Robert Yorba US Army he was a descendant from one of the old Spanish families in California like private chapel he succumbed to the flu while at training camp his death came one day after the war ended private Robert Valdez US Army arrived in France in the fall of 1918 during the voyage over there he took sick on October 26th he passed away from pneumonia at an army field hospital today he rests at Holy Cross Catholic cemetery in Pomona Roberts body was among five thousand others returned to the United States in June 1921 their flag-draped coffins were welcomed home by president warren g harding it was the original policy of the french government not to allow the remains of foreign soldiers to leave the country but rather to let them rest in military cemeteries near the places they fell but in late 1920 France finally gave in to the pleas of American mothers who wanted to bring their sons home for burial over the next three years the grim process of digging up the remains of 46,000 soldiers continued of the 40 men named on the Pamona memorial seven of them are interred at Pomona Cemetery private William Jennings Holland US Army was still in training camp at Spokane Washington when he died of pneumonia following the flu on October 31st 1918 private harry latin u.s. army spent the war in the pacific northwest as part of the spruce production division of the aviation corps when he died of pneumonia on january 12 1919 he was on his way to Camp Kearney in San Diego where he was to be discharged from the Army lieutenant Edgar Blatz US Army was in flight training at Fort Bayard in New Mexico when he died of tuberculosis on October 14th 1918 one newspaper spurious Lee reported that lieutenant Blatz had been assassinated by a German agent who infected him with a live strain of the disease while masquerading as a doctor seaman Tomas Whiteside US Navy lived two and a half years after the armistice before succumbing to injuries he received from exposure to poison gas during the war corporal Glen Baird US Army was interred at Pomona Cemetery at the same time as seaman Whiteside Baird was eager to serve his country and join the army when war was declared assigned to a machine-gun battalion he died in France of pneumonia on September 29th 1918 having never reached the front lines in civilian life private Homer wif US Army was a timekeeper for the Southern Pacific Railroad in France he was assigned to the Medical Corps and it was there he died of pneumonia on October 18th 1918 private Jack Ford jr. US Army was a tall lanky young man with red hair who was known for his infectious enthusiasm and good nature the news of his death in the Argonne on September 29th 1918 deeply affected all who knew him his body was given a hero's welcome when it was returned for burial at Pomona Cemetery in 1921 eight of the men on the memorial were returned to the United States and buried in other parts of the country their names are Don Gaston Milton connote Clark Levengood Elwood Miller Cletus Mosel Robert Reed Thomas Valdez and Roy Van Dusen 19 of the 40 rest in military cemeteries and France their names are Gordon Bigelow Roscoe Boyd Roy brown Clarence Colvin John Cox Paul Fox Frank guard Clarence Goodell Willmar Hill Theodore Tilton Kirk Carl kuhlmeier Harry Lockwood William Mann Regas Tom Peters Keith Powell Charles Rowe Clarence stem George Welch and Samuel Travis way one man out of the 40 private Harry Barnard of the 59th Infantry is among the ranks of the missing in 1930 12 years after the end of the war the United States government began a remarkable program called the Gold Star pilgrimages it was an invitation to women to go visit the graves of their sons and husbands who were still buried in Europe over the next three years 7,000 women took part in the pilgrimages including mrs. hazel row of Pomona in June 1931 she was brought to the grave of her husband Captain Charles row at San Miguel American Cemetery and Memorial captain row commanded company I of the 370 second Infantry which was one of the first African American combat units to take part in the war on September 28 1918 he was struck by a sniper's bullet and paralyzed he died of his wounds two weeks later in addition to being included on the memorial American Legion Post 30 in Pomona was named in captain Rose honor when the Gold Star pilgrimage is ended in 1933 the women who took part in them expressed gratitude to the nation and to their foreign hosts for giving them the chance to say goodbye to their loved ones what the pilgrimages could not do was wash away the pain of their bereavement pain that was just as profound as any suffered in battle beneath the tree in the Grand Army section of Oakdale Memorial Park in Glendora California is an inconspicuous marker for lieutenant Frank guard whose name appears on the Pamona memorial before the war he was captain of Stanford University's rugby team from 1911 to 1913 he played for team all-america and took part in several pivotal matches against Australia and New Zealand when the war came he served in the 91st Wild West Division Frank guard was killed on September 29th 1918 during the opening phase of the Argonne offensive today Frank's body rests in the meuse-argonne American Cemetery back in his hometown the Cenotaph was placed to give his family neighbors and future generations somewhere to remember the man and to reflect on the cost of war only a few steps away is the grave of Lance Corporal Blake Aoi United States Marine Corps he was a typical American boy who enjoyed snowboarding and paintball Wars he excelled in his studies and made the honor roll at school his teachers described him as quiet but determined and it was that determination that helped him graduate high school early in 2005 so that he could fulfill his ambition of becoming a Marine in January 2007 he was sent to Iraq where he was his units point man three weeks later on February 18th while riding in a caravan through the Al Anbar province 20 year old Lance Corporal Blake Howie was killed by a roadside bomb many of the elements of Blake's story sound hauntingly familiar to those we just heard it's as if our lives that go through time so that what appears at first to be lost is found again and what is thought to be dead finds new life it brings to mind what NAT Rochester told his mother before going into battle over 100 years ago he said if I should be killed you must remember I will always be somewhere [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] along with the quality properly as they need to companies to brief his old dog skipper goodbye you know that he'll be pleased if the other time to fall in line with all the other will bring him something good or suppose the made of wood we listen well the captain tell the other maga we'll give him well we're all going hauling up c8 the frenzy ain't an IRA tool don't forget what German says that's where he'll be when he said for we're also be calling on the Kaiser for Augustus the Kaiser be wiser and we'll bring him some singles awesome own available wearisome well with us the tender son of a gun

Channel: Grave Explorations

Views: 17,814

Rating: 4.9434628 out of 5

Keywords: combat, meuse argonne, saint mihiel, cemetery, graveyard, nurse, veterans day, memorial day, 1917, 1918

Id: oWLK9qqWHkI

Length: 49min 11sec (2951 seconds)

Published: Fri Nov 09 2018