English 9: Quarter 4 Week 3: Judging the relevance and worth of ideas (Part 3)

[Music] hello there greetings students it's me again mama ruby and today we'll discuss the third part of our lesson on judging the relevance and worth of ideas soundness of offers reasoning and effectiveness of the presentation exchanging ideas is a part of our everyday life as we continually mingle with one another thus you make arguments on a regular basis don't get me wrong this doesn't refer to quarrelling or fighting or causing conflict with others but this is the act of communicating our perspective and point of view to others usually noted as synonymous argument and opinion are actually two different notions while an opinion is a personal claim that does not necessarily require support in certain qualities an argument on the other hand is a claim that needs to be worth making valid sound logical and must be provided with reasonable relevant and sufficient support so in this lesson we are going to focus more on making valid arguments now let's start with this very simple activity let's read the following conversation the girl says social media platforms are highly disadvantageous the guy says i believe otherwise social media platforms bring a lot of benefits because it makes communication and information dissemination a lot easier now between these two statements which do you think is an example of an opinion and which is an argument now if you have chosen the girl's statement as an opinion then you are right it is an opinion as the girl has simply stated her notion or belief on social media platforms on the other hand dubois also expressed his notion on social media platforms only that he also provided us with reasons as to why he believes so making it an argument so remember an argument tries to convince us that something is true and keep in mind that an argument to be considered as an argument has to consist of conclusion and a premise the conclusion is the idea we are conceived to believe so this is the claim that we are making whereas the premise is the support of vision showing that the conclusion is true these are the reasons that we give in order to support our claim an argument may be supported made of more than one premise going back to the voice and dialogue okay social media platforms bring a lot of benefits because it makes communication and information dissemination a lot easier now the conclusion in his statement is social media platforms bring a lot of benefits okay this is his claim this is what he would like us to believe in the premise or the reason that he gave us is that because it makes communication and information dissemination a lot easier now there are some words or phrases that may serve as our keywords in determining conclusions and premises as you can see we have here a list but please take note that this list is not limited to these examples and although their use helps indicate the conclusion and premise they are not a requirement however their use helps you form a coherence statement in expressing your argument so what are our conclusion indicators so these are the words that we could use in order to introduce our conclusions therefore hence implies that it follows that does and consequently premise indicators are since for given that for the reason that because as is shown by the fact that now in the voice dialogue because is used as a premise indicator so the presence of this word is leads us to identifying the reason supporting the voice conclusion now let's practice some more here's another argument abortion is wrong because all human life is sacred question which is the conclusion abortion is wrong or all human life is sacred for most of us the answer is clear the conclusion is abortion is wrong and all human life is sacred is the premise okay so how did we know this well two things are going on first we're consciously intentionally reading for the argument and when we do this okay we ask ourselves what claim are we being asked to believe or accept and the answer to that question is the conclusion so in this example the claim that is being asked for us to believe in is that abortion is wrong now what reasons are being offered to accept the claim the answer to that question is the premise okay so in order for us to accept the claim that abortion is wrong the speaker gave us the reason that all human life is sacred second we have an indicator and what is that yes it's the word because because it's what we call an indicator word that signifies that the next statement is actually the premise right next let's try practicing more it's flu season and you work with kids so you should get a flu shot so which is the conclusion and which is the premise think about it okay that's correct the conclusion is you should get a flu shot and the premise is it's flu season and you work with kids okay again what is the claim being made by the offer the claim is that we should get a flu shot why the reason or the premise is because it's flu season and you work with kids and we also have an indicator what's our indicator in this statement that's right it's the word so so the key word in this statement is so which is a conclusion indicator now keywords like this make it so much easier for us to identify conclusions or premises but not all arguments have key words that flag the conclusion or the premise some arguments have no indicator words of any kind so in these cases you really have to rely on your ability to analyze and read for the argument let's take a look at this example we must reduce the amount of money we spend on space exploration right now the enemy is launching a massive military buildup and we need additional money to purchase military equipment to much the anticipated increase in the enemy's strength notice that there are no indicator words that might help us flag the conclusion so which claim is the conclusion of this argument is it we must reduce the amount of money we spend on space exploration or is it the enemy is launching a massive military buildup or is it we need additional money to purchase military equipment to measure anticipated increase in the enemy strength the answer is we must reduce the amount of money we spend on space exploration that's correct okay most people can see this by just looking at the argument for a few seconds but from experience i know that some people have a harder time seeing logical relationship like this so if it's not obvious the way to work to the problem is this for each claim asserted in the argument you have to ask yourself is this the main point that the argument is trying to convey or is this a claim that is being offered as a reason to believe another claim if it's being offered as a reason to believe another claim then is functioning as a premise if it's expressing the main point or the main idea of the argument what the argument is trying to persuade you to accept then that's the conclusion right now they say that the best kind of argument is the one that is not just valid but is also sound it is valid if the premise logically supports the conclusion meaning the reasons that you gave are actually connected to the argument or the claim that you are supporting so it is sound if the argument is valid and if the premise and conclusion altogether can be verified true now in our previous lessons you have already heard of logical fallacies right they track them the soundness of your argument policies are considered errors in reasoning so in speaking and writing it may be committed unknowingly or accidentally causing false in the argument or sometimes they are committed intentionally to trick or to manipulate readers or obvious into believing that the speaker's arguments are better so either way you should avoid committing them in order to form sound arguments now today we're going to explore four examples of logical fallacies the first one is what we call the hasty generalization it's making assumptions about the whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate or not enough that is why we shouldn't make a claim and say it is true if if only based on just an evidence or two for example librarians are quiet people and disciplinarians so this is an example of stereotyping and over generalization meaning to say just because you've met some librarians that are quiet people and are disciplinarians it doesn't mean that all of them are quiet and disciplinarian number two my roommate said her philosophy class was hard and the one i'm in is hard too i warn you all philosophy classes are hard so two people's experiences your experience and your roommate's experience in this case is not enough to form such conclusion right so a hasty generalization occurs when you generalize an experience from examples not evidence and that is why we also call it a hasty induction or over extension and stereotyping is under this so this is jumping to a conclusion just because you have one or two evidences right now here are more examples when i was young my dad and brothers never helped me with the household chores all men are useless in the house so in this example the person making the statement had the experience of a father and brothers who did not help with the chores in their home based on a very small sample of just a man in her own family she then jumped to the conclusion that no men know how to help in the house next my child's classmates in preschool bullied him all children are terrorizing bullies in this sentence the speaker's child was bullied in school by several students as evidenced in the plural form classmates that means the sample size may be two or more students but it's still a very small sample size to declare that all children are terrorizing bullies in fact by making that statement that she is also including her own child in the mix right next dozens of poor families come to my grandfather for financial help all poor people depend on other people for their living so we don't know exactly how many poor families approach the speaker's grandfather for financial help the phrase dozens of tells us that this is a big number but is still too much of a stretch to describe that every poor family has always been dependent on others last example i ate in three restaurants in bangkok and didn't like the experience there are no good restaurants in bangkok so here having visited three restaurants is not enough to say that all the restaurants in bangkok are not good right so i hope hasty generalization is clear the next one is the past hop stressing that two events or concepts are related in the sense that one causes another when they are actually not so to avoid using this we should not assume the cause and effect relationships between two concepts or events without considering other factors pause hog fallacy or foss hope ergo proctor hawk which means after this or therefore because of this is a fallacy that is based on false notion that since event b followed event a event a must have caused event b so this reasoning is logically fallacious because the fact that event a happened earlier doesn't necessarily mean that it was the cross so this type of reasoning is the basis for various kinds of beliefs superstitions and false findings in the search for causes of certain diseases or explanations for certain phenomena for example if you drink a glass of water and soon after you get a headache it doesn't follow that your headache must have been caused by the glass of water you had the reason may be and in this case is more likely to be something entirely else so note that events that occur in succession may well be casually related but they may also be completely unrelated apart from the fact that the other happened after the other okay so not just because event a happens first and then event b follows it doesn't mean that event a causes event b so if we make such connections we are committing pause help fallacy the pos hoc fallacy is the foundation for an abundance of false beliefs in particular many superstitions are based on it for instance one may conclude that something bad must have happened to them because it's friday the 13th or because they broke a mirror or walk under a ladder earlier that day because as humans we naturally want to know and discover the causes of events and because of that we tend to become victims of post-hoc reasoning just because we want to make connections about this event to another event looking at more examples it was cloudy this morning so sarah did a sentence and it did not rain so the sentence may not have been the reason for the rain not coming not just because sarah the descendants it means that it's the reason why it didn't rain right president jones raised access and then the rate of violent crime went off he is responsible for the rise in crime so the increase in taxes might or might not be the factor in rising crime rates but it was claimed as if it's sure and the only reason so yes there probably connected on the race of taxes might have something to do with the increase of violent crime rate but it's not the only reason okay so we cannot just point it out as the only sure reason as to why there was an increase in the rate of violent crime there are other factors that should be considered next slippery slope claiming a sort of chain reaction will take place usually ending in some dire consequence but there's really not enough evidence so for you to avoid this you should not slide all the way down or exaggerate in picturing the consequences attributed to a particular event a slippery slope argument is an exaggeration it takes an initial premise and sees it to a chain of consequences until you arrive at an acceptable and desirable or disastrous outcome it believes that premise a leads to b which leads to c which leads to d and so on so the final result is then used to assert why the initial premise why premise a is bad okay you have probably heard some variation of this example but this is a good example of slippery slope argument okay probably your parents or your guardians have told you some kind of a slippery slope argument like this so let's say you forgot to do an assignment so your parent or your guardian might have said if you don't do your homework you'll fail the class if you fail this class you won't graduate from school if you don't graduate you won't get into college if you don't attend a good college you won't get a good job if you don't get a good job you'll be poor and homeless you don't want to be poor and homeless do you okay so just imagine from premise a which is you just forgetting to do your homework or probably neglecting or missing a single assignment okay and then going to how you will become poor and homeless in the future okay realistically of course it's important that we make our assignments right that we become studios but you're probably not the stint for the streets just because you missed or did poorly on one assignment right so this is an example of slippery slope here's another example of slippery slope fallacy from the context of school probably part of the reason why some teachers are so strict about students arriving to class on time is that they believe tardiness can lend itself to a slippery slope if you don't have a strict policy about being on time for class students will arrive late if students who arrive late to class are not punished they'll keep coming to class late if they keep coming late they'll start coming to class later and later until they skip class altogether if they skip one class they'll skip another and another until they failed all their courses so it's just like this if you allow a to happen then c b e z will eventually happen too therefore a should not happen okay so the problem with this reasoning is that it avoids engaging with the issue at hand and instead it shifts attention to extreme hypotheticals and there's no proof that we are going to actually reach such extreme hypotheticals right that's another example someone deserves that if we allow same-sex couples to marry then the next thing we know will be allowing people to marry their parents their cars and even monkeys so this argument is so ridiculous but sometimes we do hear it right and this is a good example of slippery slope last example animal experimentation reduces our respect for life if we do not respect life we are likely to be more and more tolerant of violent acts like war and murder soon our society will become a battlefield in which everyone constantly fears for their lives it will be the end of civilization to prevent the cerebral consequence we should make animal experimentation illegal right now so even if we believe that experimenting on animals reduces respect for life and loss of respect for life makes us more tolerant of violence if would have been better to stop at that point it is too much to slide all the way down to the end of civilization the last policy that we're going to discuss is appeal to authority referring to known personalities to back up a claim but aren't really experts particularly in line with the issue at hand instead of citing evidence so for you to avoid this do not impress readers with a famous name or a supposed authority who really does not have an expertise on the matter being discussed okay for example we should abolish death penalty because many respected people such as actor guy handsome have publicly stated their opposition to it while guy hansen may be an authority on matters having to do with acting because he's an actor there's no particular reason why anyone should be moved by his political opinions he is probably no more of an authority on death penalty than the person writing the paper when writers or speakers use appeal to authority they are claiming that something must be true because it is believed by someone it could be a celebrity a personality who is considered or said to be an authority on the subject so whether the person is actually an authority or not this logic is unsound because instead of presenting actual evidence your argument relies on the credibility of the authority so examples a commercial claims that a specific brand of cereal is the best way to start the day because the athlete michael jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast or for example someone argues that drinking is morally wrong and when you ask him why he believes so he will cite a sermon from his pastor at church so his authority is the pastor at church right or let's say a little boy says that his friends should not go swimming in the river and when his friends asked him why he said that because his mama or mother said that there were germs in the river so for that little boy his authority is his mother right so that's what we call appeal to authority now let's explore all the learning tasks that you're going to accomplish for this week for learning task 1 you have to identify whether the statement is an opinion or an argument in your pad paper copy the table and write the sentences indicating opinion on the first column and sentence says indicating argument on the second column so for example the first sentence is writing an essay is laborious is this an opinion or an argument that's correct it's an opinion so why because the person is only stating his belief or notion about writing but it didn't give us any reason as to why writing is laborious how about number two traveling is an interesting experience since it is an opportunity to widen one's horizons by meeting other people and emerging in other culture is this an opinion or an argument that's correct it's an argument why it's composed of a conclusion the conclusion is that traveling is an interesting experience that's the claim and it answers the question why so it has a premise it's an interesting experience because it's an opportunity to widen one's horizons so again all you need to do is to identify whether the statement is an opinion or an argument write the opinions on the first column and write the arguments on the second column so that's for learning task one for learning task two identify the type of policy of the given statements write the letter of your answers on the blacks so let's just do number one number one katrin's little sister was playing with building blocks when katrin passed by she happened to sneeze and the blocks tumbled down her sister came running to their mom crying telling that her sister ruined the palace she was trying to build okay so is this an example of a hasty generalization b plus hulk c slippery slope or d appeal to authority that's right this is an example of foss why we connect event a to event b just because catherine passes by and sneezes it doesn't mean that that's the cause why her palace or her block stumbled down okay so that is why it's a boss talk okay so there are nine more statements to go identify the type of policy just remember if we say hasty generalization it's jumping to conclusion based on little evidence or examples okay pause it's connecting an event to another event although there is actually no relationship between the two slippery slope is an exaggeration okay it's telling us that premise a can lead to premise b c d until we come up with extreme hypothetical and letter d appeal to authority it's using um authorities celebrities personalities okay to support your claim instead of using evidences okay so for learning task three there are five paragraphs given to you all you need to do is to read the paragraph identify the premise or premises and identify the conclusion so again you just have to read for the argument if there are no indicators given okay you just have to ask yourself what is the main point that the speaker is trying to convey what is the claim he's giving me okay if we answer that question then that's your conclusion then look for the reasons being offered to you to believe this claim and that will answer your premise or premises now for learning task 4 the picture portrays a lot of scenarios relevant to the issue of climate change so in your pad paper you're going to write down four arguments related to the sad environmental concern make sure that your argument consists of a conclusion and at least one premise use conclusion indicators or premise indicators in writing your sentences so you have to come up with four arguments based on the picture that you are seeing it's all about climate change for example we should fight against climate change because this results to negative impacts to our environment so in this example my conclusion is that we should fight against climate change and my premise is that because it results to negative impacts to our environment i've used because as a premise indicator now remember make sure your argument consists of a conclusion and premises review if your conclusion and premises are logically related use conclusion and premise indicators if necessary what you shouldn't do is to use logical fallacies in your argument so as not to mislead or even worse you intentionally trick your readers into believing your argument do not forget to verify if the base has a fair conclusion and premises are valid true and reliable for the last part for the assessment read the sentences carefully and determine whether the statement is true or false on the blanks write yes if the statement is true and no if it is false for example number one the premise is the idea we are conceived to believe while conclusion is the support or reason showing that the premise is true is this true or false is this correct it's a false statement right that's so no it's actually the other way around the conclusion is the idea we are convinced to be lived in and the premise is the support permission showing that the conclusion is true and of course for the last part do not forget to accomplish the reflection so that's it for me today thank you so much for watching this video i hope i had helped you somehow in understanding our lesson for this week thank you so much and i'll see you next time bye you

Channel: Rubyrose Baldovino

Views: 39,717

Keywords: deped, english 9, post hoc, logical fallacies, leap, calabarzon, learning tasks, slippery slope, hasty generalization, appeal to authority, opinion, argument, conclusion, premise, relevance, author's reasoning, effectiveness of presentation

Id: Ewa1uCWUncQ

Length: 30min 13sec (1813 seconds)

Published: Mon Jun 07 2021