Welcome to ITProTV, you're watching the CompTIA IT Fundamentals Exam For
FC0-U61. I'm your host, Ronnie Wong. And today, we're gonna be taking
a look at Developing with Python. And here of course to help us
out is Mr Don Pezet himself. Don, welcome back to the show. Hey Ronnie, thanks for having me back. And if you've been watching our whole
series, the last couple of episodes, we've been talking about
the basics of programming, the fundamentals, the concepts,
the theory, right? We haven't actually gotten in and
really written any lines of code at all. And so
in this episode we're gonna fix that and we're gonna take a look at
the Python programming language. We're gonna walk through a few examples
and show how to write a basic application, how to execute it, and
actually see some of that. And we'll start off really basic and then we'll add in additional
components as we go through and we'll make it a slightly more complex
application, and show you what it takes to write your first Python application. All right Don, so when we say that we wanna get into starting to write our first
Python Application, is there anything we need to know before we get started? Well, the main thing is you do need a, what's called a development environment,
something to develop on. Now Python you can go and
download it from their website it's free. They have it, it's actually built into pretty much every
Linux, distribution that's out there. MacOS has it, as well. Windows doesn't, so
if you running Microsoft Windows, you have to download and
install Python on your system. But once Python is downloaded and
installed, after that you ready to develop and you just need a text editor, and you
can write the code in that text editor, and have Python call it and run it. So, that's really all we need as
a prerequisite to get started. The only other thing that we need is just
having the knowledge of how to do what we want to do. If you watched the last episode,
I talked about variables and I kinda held up a red solo cup and
put data in there, that was a variable. And then we saw graphically in
MIT Scratch development environment. That's good, we know those concepts. But to then dive in and do it in Python, we have to know the commands
that Python expects. And they're different and it's not a
graphical user interface that's gonna hold your hand through the development process. You have to know the commands, type them
out, and run them, and if they don't work, then you get an error and
you gotta figure it out and fix it. Most developers spend a good bit of
time troubleshooting and debugging code. Debugging, means they're looking for bugs,
problems in the application that's making it not work right and then fixing them,
getting them straightened out. Half of development is spent just
trying to figure out how you wanna solve a problem, and then the other half is spent making
sure that you solved it the right way. Because oftentimes there's
more than one solution. Keep that in mind as we run through this whole episode that there is more
than one way to kind of solve this. Now if I want to write an application,
we can start off with something really, really simple. Let's start with the basics. In any computer textbook you buy,
they always start with an application that generates a message
onscreen that says Hello World. Right? Well in Python that's
actually really easy. So what I'm going to do is I'm going
to jump in here on my environment, and I'm gonna use a text
editor that is called vi. Vi's not the most user
friendly text editor, but it does nice color coding of the code as I
write, so it looks really good on screen. It's what I normally use. You can use whatever text editor you want,
whatever you're comfortable with. But I'm gonna create a file called
hello.pi, and it's an empty file. It's got nothing in it, and I'm gonna
write the first line of my application. Now, in Python if I wanna
display something on the screen, there's actually a command I
can use that's called print. I want to print something on my screen. And then I use parentheses to box in what
it is that I want to print on the screen. I wanna print some text, and so
I need to punch in that text. And the way I tell Python that I'm doing
text is I put quote marks around it. So I'm gonna throw in a little quote
mark here and I'll say, Hello World. There we go, all right. Now, as I was typing that, you might have noticed some really
interesting things happening, okay? For example, when I typed the word print,
it turned blue. That's because the text editor
that I'm using understands Python, it understands what language I'm using. And if I use C or C++ or
whatever, it understands. That's part of what a good
environment development does. It helps you not make a mistake. If I typed prin and
did my parentheses like that, see how print didn't light up
blue cuz I spelled it wrong. I can visually spot that. And when I do a parentheses like this,
it lights them up so that I can keep track of,
if I open a parentheses, did I close it? So i don't forget and leave
an unterminated parentheses like that. IDEs like this help us to make
sure we don't make mistakes or help us find the mistakes
before actual runtime. It doesn't stop you from making mistakes,
it just helps you. So what I've run right
here in a simple command. I said I want to print something and
what I want to print is Hello World. All right, so I'm going to save that and
then in my other tab here, I'm just going to execute that
by using the Python command. Remember from our first development
episode, Python is an interpreted language, so I'm calling the Python
interpreter to actually run my hello.py. And, when it runs,
I get Hello World, right. Displays it on screen, there's my message,
we just wrote our first Python app. Now it's not very flashy but
at least it gets us started and we get a chance to see
going from source code to actually executing the application. All right Don now that you've introduced us at least to
a basic application here in Python, we also in previous episodes talked
about the idea of a variable. How do I add that into my program here? All right, the application I've written so far is
what is called a static application. I could run it 1000 times, and
it will always do exactly the same thing. It will always output Hello World. That's not a very useful program. I might want it to be
a little more dynamic. What if I wanna be able to say
hello to people, different people? I could create a variable and I could
store a person's name in that variable. And when I run the program it can say
hello to whoever's name is in that variable I just have to add it in. Right? So I'm going to come back over
here to my application, and in my application,
if I can stop my screen from going crazy, I'm gonna come in here and
I'm gonna create a variable. Now remember when I had the red cups, I said I need a way to tell one
red cup away from another one. I need a name. And so I'm gonna name this variable. And you can name it whatever you want. You could call it var1 is what a lot of text books
will do because it's variable 1. I don't like to do that. I like to give it a name so
I can remember what it is, right? And so when I give it a name I'll
typically call it something based on what it's storing. Here I wanna store a person's name. And so I might call the variable name,
or pname, or name1, something like that. I'm just gonna call it name. And that variable is gonna
store some information. Now I might know that
information ahead of time. I might not know it ahead of time. I might get it later. Right? So when I create the variable
it might be the empty. But in this case,
I wanna say hello to Ronnie. So I wanna store Ronnie's
name in this variable. So I'm gonna say NAME =, and then in
quote marks I'm gonna throw in his name. Anytime I do text,
I've gotta throw quotes around it. So the system knows this isn't
a command called Ronnie, it's a text string called Ronnie. All right. And from there, I could come in and I could say something like print and
then name. So that's gonna print out Ronnie's name,
and if I save that, And go over and
run my program again. When it runs, I see it output Ronnie and
then it output hello world. Now, using a variable by itself
like that is pretty uncommon. Normally we're gonna mix
these two things together. So instead of calling it out
on a separate line like this, I might wanna say something like, instead
of hello world, I wanna say hello Ronnie. So I want to mix some things together,
I wanna say hello followed by a space, and then I want to say
Ronnie's name afterwards. Well, the print command is
expecting one thing to print. I'm about to give it more
than one thing to print. So I need to stick a little plus sign in
here, so they know that I'm adding more. I'm gonna say hello,
followed by a space, and I'm going to say whatever's
in the name variable. We'll display that, and that's gonna
say hello to that person, okay, and I'll save that value. And now when I go and run the program,
Instead of hello world, it says hello Ronnie. And I can even adjust that
formatting a little bit more. Maybe I wanna add that exclamation point,
it's really important to me. So I can do another plus and stick that
exclamation point there at the end. And once I've got that one in there,
I can save it. And now when I jump back and
run it, now it's Hello Ronnie, and it's got the exclamation point. Now, the cool part about a variable is,
you can change it, and you don't have to go through and
change your program. You can use a variable over and
over and over again, right, and have it 100 times in your program. And if I just go and change the value
of that variable in one place, it changes everywhere
else that it gets used. So if I decide that I don't wanna
say hello to Ronnie anymore, I wanna say hello to myself,
so I'll say name = Don. And when I save that, I can jump
over to my other prompt and run it. And now it says Hello Don. Now, in a complex application,
that variable might get used 1000 places. All 1000 of them would now reflect Don and
not Ronnie. That's the advantage of a variable,
we change it in one place, and it gets changed everywhere, it's kind of a core
piece of getting those variables to work. Now, Don, can I only use one variable in a program,
or can I use multiple variables in a program? You might be able to get something done with just one variable, but normally,
you are gonna use a bunch, right, and they don't cost you money. Well, I guess they sort of do, right, because a variable, where does
it actually store that information? In RAM, right, so
it's storing it in your computer's memory. If you have enough of these variables,
eventually you could run out of RAM. But we're talking about tons and tons, this one little variable here
that's storing Don or Ronnie, your name's a little longer, I guess,
so six letters, it takes to say Ronnie. That's less than a byte of data,
I mean, very, very small, and you've got gigabytes of
RAM in your computer. So it's not normally an issue, you can
create as many variables as you want. But for me,
if I wanna say hello to two people, I wanna say hello to Ronnie and me. Now I could change the name to be Don and
Ronnie. But maybe later on, I wanna use
the variables separately on their own. Okay, so I can come in and
change this a little more, maybe I wanna have a name1 and a name2. Right, and now when I call them, I can say hello followed by name1 and, name2, like that. And I need some spaces here,
because if I don't, it'll be name1 and immediately have the word and
with no spaces after it. Right, so you've gotta account for
things like spaces. But now it's gonna say name1 and name2. And I can go on and
start using these separately and say things like, I might say,
name1 and then is boring. Right, so whoever is stored in
name1 is gonna be the boring one. And name2 is my favorite, so whoever's name2 is gonna
be the lucky person. And remember that you can come in and
change these. I can switch who's in name1,
switch who's in name2. And I've reused these variables over and
over again. I don't have to go and edit the code,
I just have to come up here and edit the value up here. So I can come in and put in a particular
person or name or whatever. And now when I go and run it, it's gonna
process each of those variables and, oops, and I got an error. So remember, I said half the time we spend
developing is coming up with a solution, the other half is figuring
out what we did wrong? So I've got a problem here in my variable,
let's see if we can spot my mistake. I do see my mistake, sometimes your
IDE will call out an error and make it very visible and easy to see. In this case,
the error isn't so visible, but if you look here, I forgot a plus sign. I should have had a plus
right before name2. Since I left that plus out,
it didn't think I was calling a variable, instead it thought I
was calling a command. It was looking for a command called name2,
which it couldn't find. So once I fix that, there we go, now we can try this again, and
we run it, and there we go. Hello Don and Ronnie, Don is boring,
Ronnie is my favorite, I'm using those variables and
up they come. So you can use many, many variables,
string them together, use them separately, mix and match, that's really
the flexibility you get with development. Don, with Python, we can also call upon functions as well. Can you help us understand
that a little bit more, and then how do we do an example of that? Functions, you'll use functions a lot, right, but we didn't really talk about
functions in the earlier episodes, so let's just talk about that real quick. From a conceptual standpoint, a function
is a collection of instructions that you can call different ways and
have it do different things. All right, the best example
that I can think of would be, one of our other educators, Justin,
he always explains it as a soda machine. Right, if you go to a vending machine,
when you walk up to the vending machine, it requires some input,
it requires you to put money in, right. So you've gotta stick some quarters or
a dollar in, whatever, you've gotta pay. Right, and
then you've got a series of buttons, and you push a button with the food you want. Maybe you want Pepsi or Coke or
Mountain Dew or whatever. You push the button, and then it pops out a can in accordance
with the buttons that you push. Right, so that's a function, the input
you provide is money and what you want. And the output it provides is the soda. But behind the scenes,
there's a lot of stuff that goes on. It has to identify which little chute
is holding the soda that you want. It has to turn the little gear or
whatever to make the soda pop out, it drops down into a tray. And if you get change, it's gotta
export the change, and you get that. That's all stuff that
happens in the background. Now, do you know how that works? I don't,
I've never opened a soda machine, so I don't actually know how
the mechanics work behind it. But I use soda machines all the time and
I get my soda, right, so I know they work. That's how functions are, when you write
a program, you can create a function. And you can call the function over and
over again and change what you're feeding into it. And that's really neat, because you
can have it do more than one thing, and reuse that same function for
different results. Let me give you an example. So far, we've been using variables to
define these names, but I don't have to. Let me go back here, and
we're going to delete some of this out, I'm gonna get rid of these variables. And let's, actually, you know what,
let's just start from scratch here. So instead of using variables,
I'm gonna come in and create a function. And the function is going
to say hello to a person. Right? Now when I write a function,
I need to give the function a name. And so I'm going to define the function. Whoops, I'm going to try and
define the function. There we go. So def says I'm defining a function. And then I need to give
the function a name. I'm gonna call my function hello, right? And then I'm gonna do an open and
close parenthesis. And in those closed parentheses there is
where I tell it what input I'm expecting. The soda machine, it's expecting money and
a button push, right? What am I expecting? I'm expecting a name, okay? I'm expecting to be given a name. That name is a variable. I don't know what's gonna be in it yet,
right? But I know it's going to exist. So the variable is not
existing by itself anymore. It's existing inside of this function. And then I can tell it what I want the
system to do with that name, all right? So if I'm given a name,
what do I do with it? Well, I'm going to print, Hello followed by that name,
whatever that name happens to be. And maybe I wanna leave it at that,
or I'll go ahead and add my exclamation point. There we go. So that's what this
function is going to do. I can give it any name I want, and it's going to output hello
followed by that person's name. Now all I have to do is call the function. Any time I wanna say hello to somebody, I can call the function,
And I can provide a name. So maybe I provide Ronnie. And then I can call it again, and
I can provide my name like that. I've only got one variable, but
every time I call the function, I'm changing the variable
to something else. So here, I call the hello function, and
the variable is being set to Ronnie. And then I call the hello function again,
and I change the variable to Don. We can reuse this function without
having to go and update this code, and without having to create
multiple variables. If I just need something temporarily,
just for a moment, there's no point in storing it in
a variable and keeping it forever, right? Like var one and var two,
or whatever, name one, name two,
I don't need to keep them around. I just need to be able to call this
function with different people's names, and I can do it right here. Now if I save that, and I go and I run it, what I'm gonna end up with is,
an error, shoot. So I forgot something. I'm running Python 3. In Python 3, the syntax changed
a little bit from Python 2.7. This is a challenge of programming, that you have to remember some
of the subtle differences. And one of those subtle
differences is that in Python 3, when you define a function, you're
supposed to stick a colon at the end, which I left out,
leaving out that one little colon there. Now, again, my IDE didn't flag that. It's just this part of
learning the language like, I'm supposed to have a colon there. I don't need the colon
when I call the function. What that's doing is it's telling Python,
hey, the next commands that are coming up
are actually part of the function. That and the indent that I did right
here are the hands that tell it, this is part of the function. If I took that indent out,
it would actually break the program. It wouldn't work. So understanding that sometimes
when we put a space on the screen, it's actually there for a reason. That's another part of
learning the language, and it varies from language to language. All right, so now, now that I've
actually written it properly, I should be able to go back over here and
call my script. And there we go,
I get Hello Ronnie, Hello Don. It called the same function twice,
once with my name, once with Ronnie's, and then it output that information. So that's kind of a way that we use
functions, and this was really simple. The function can be very,
very complex, right? Remember, in the last episode,
I moved the cat to the right and then I moved the cat to the left. It can be multiple steps. I'm just doing one thing here. But that reusability is what really
is gonna make a function powerful. Now Don, since we've actually got this now working
in the way that we want to, is there a way that I can also say, hey, if you say hello
Ronnie, it also gives me another message? And if you say hello Don,
it gives me a different message. Can I do something like that? Absolutely, so what you're telling me about are logic, logic controls, that we
make this decisions in the application. The application that I wrote at the very
beginning just printed one message, and it always did the same thing. There was no decision logic whatsoever. But to write a really powerful program, you need to make decisions. It needs to do things that
vary based on circumstances. Think about a video game that you
might be winning and doing great, or you might be losing and doing bad. The program needs to be able
to react to both of those. If you're losing, you get game over. If you're winning,
you get the next level, right? Those are decisions that are made. So we can add some decision logic here. We can do things like what
Ronnie was describing, which is called an if statement. An if statement says if
a certain condition is true, we're gonna do one thing. And if the condition is false,
we'll do something else, right? So if Ronnie's favorite color is blue,
display blue, and otherwise display red, right? We can set those kind of conditions
inside of our application. So if I go back here, the message that's being displayed
in this function is always the same. It's going to be hello followed
by somebody's name and then an exclamation point. But maybe I wanna follow that up
with something a little different. Like if it's Ronnie's name,
I wanna say something nice. And if it's anybody else's name,
I wanna say something mean, right? Or vice versa if I just
wanna be mean to Ronnie. So if I wanna punch that in, I need
to do an if statement that looks for what that name happens to be. So I might say, let me just kinda
get back inside of my function here. I might say if, so I'm gonna say hello no matter what just
cuz that's how I'll keep track of this. So I'm gonna say hello Ronnie, and then I'm gonna say if the name
equals Ronnie, all right? Now notice I did two equal signs there. When you do a comparison, I'm gonna compare the actual name variable
with the text that I'm providing here. When you do a comparison we do two equal
signs, and there's a reason for that. The reason is when you do a comparison
it's normally going to be equals, not equals, less than, greater than, less than
or equal to, greater than or equal to. Well, we have greater than signs and
less than signs. We've got those, right? So I could come in and type those. But do we have a greater than or
equal sign, or a less than or equal sign? We don't, so when we type those we
would have to type less than or equal, two symbols, or greater than or
equal, two symbols, or not equal. Not equal is an exclamation point and
an equal sign, two symbols. So when I say if something is equal,
we do two equals so that it knows that I'm actually
just doing comparison. If I just did a single equal,
name equals Ronnie, what does that do? It overwrites the variable. Remember, earlier we defined a variable
by saying name equals Ronnie. It would overwrite it. So comparisons,
you always have two operators. In this case,
I've got the two equal signs. So if the name equals Ronnie,
now if is a function. And when I call it,
I'm doing the little colon at the end to say the next lines are actually
part of that if statement. I'm gonna say, if the name is Ronnie,
then I want to print. And I guess I could use the variable here, name plus is my favorite edutainer. There we go. So that's what I want to
display if it's Ronnie, okay? And then what about if it's anybody else? Well, if it's anybody else I'm gonna
say else, which is also a function, so I'll do a little colon on that. Else print name + is not my favorite! I'm in a very exclamation point-y kind of mood today. [LAUGH]
Everything's an exclamation point, all right. So now when this function runs
it's gonna look at the name. And if the name is Ronnie, then it's
going to display this text right here. Yeah, you're my favorite. But if it's not Ronnie,
if it's anybody else, right? So I could come in and
add several more statements down here. I could do hello Bob, right? And hello Susan. I'm just going to add a few more people. When Ronnie runs,
it'll say he's their favorite. When anybody else runs, it won't, right? Or I could have it where it just
displayed nothing, but in this case, I wanna call it out so
we can see it on screen. So once I've got that in place, now I've
got a little bit of logic in my program. And I can save that, and
when I come over here and run it, assuming I don't have any typos,
here we go. And I can see, Hello Ronnie! And Ronnie is my favorite, but then Don,
Bob, Susan, we're not the favorites. We're not cool kids. So now it's making decisions. I'm calling this one function. But depending on the data that I give it,
it's acting differently. And that's exactly how
a soda machine works. Depending on which button I push, I'm
gonna get different soda out of it, right? That's the power of functions. If statements are really what powers that. So you'll use if statements on a regular
basis, and some of them get really, really complex. You might do nested if statements and
all sorts of other craziness. That's really what's giving you some of
the power in the applications that you run. Don is there also a way that I can use what we call looping inside of my Python program here? Yeah that was the last thing that I showed in the scratch example
was we had the catwalk back and forth then we did a loop to make it
loop over and over and over again. You can do the same thing
right inside of Python. Creating a loop is pretty easy but there's two parts to it and
sometimes people forget the second part. The first part is we define the loop. We say these are the actions that I
want to perform over and over again. And if I stop right there, it's going
to perform them over and over again. Forever, right? [LAUGH] Computers are very literal, so when you tell it to loop,
it will do it forever. So, the second part is defining a limit. I have to tell it a limit, to say I want
you to loop a certain amount of times and then stop. And how it stops is up to us. We can do it programmatically based
on how many times its looped. You can do it on time,
maybe I want it to loop for five minutes. We can make it loop forever
until a human presses a key. You make a decision on how
you wanna stop the loop. I'm gonna stop the loop programmatically. I wanna run this and
I want to display the Ronnie information, I wanna do it five times, okay? So I'm gonna go back to my application,
and I'm gonna change it. First off I'm going to, let me get rid
of some of these other people here. So I'm just gonna call him Ronnie. Right? And I want it to do this five times,
so I need to put a loop in here. Now the loop itself isn't
defined in the function. It's defined when I call the function. So the function's gonna
be same no matter what. I just wanna call it five times. Now I could cheat and I could say,
hello Ronnie five times. I could just type that five times. I'm gonna call the function five times,
right? But if I wanna call it 5,000 times,
I'm not gonna type it 5,000 times. I can type it once and
build a loop around it. So the way a loop works is like this. We say, while, and
then we give it a condition. So, while some particular condition is
true, we're gonna take this action and my action in this case is going to be,
hello Ronnie, okay? And when the condition is no longer true,
then we'll stop the loop. Now if I stop right here,
this is actually written properly, but it's gonna loop forever. It's going to run that Ronnie statement
over and over and over again. So I need some kind of
value to track this and we're normally going to use a variable for
that. I'm going to create a variable called loop
and I'm going to set loop equal to zero. In the loop, I want to keep track of
how many times I've looped around. If it's the very first time I'm doing,
then my loop is zero. I've looped through it zero times. Then, in my while statement,
I'll define the conditions. I wanna loop through this five times. So I'm gonna say that while, loop > 6, go ahead and run. But if loop is 6 or higher, stop running. Okay? Now, each time I run
the loop I'll add a little line here that just says, loop = loop + 1. I'm gonna add 1 to it. So it starts as a zero. The first time it runs it calls, Hello
Ronnie, and then it adds one to loop. Then it runs it again. This time loop is 1. So it says, hello Ronnie and
then it adds one and the loop becomes two. And then it runs again,
loop becomes three, four, five and then on the fifth time, loop becomes
six and hits the while statement. And the while statement says, whoops, loop
is now equal to six, not less than six. And so we stop. Now we've set a stop, for how many
times that function is going to run. And once it's done,
it stops and the program exits. I put a limit on the loop,
that's always an important thing. If you don't do that, it will run forever. Now let's see it work. So that's gonna run five times. So I'll jump over to my other tab here and I will call it and there we go it
runs five times and then it stops. So what we've done is we've taken what
was a fairly simple program just printing text on the screen and we introduced
variables, functions and loops. And now we've got a program that's
a little more complex, right? That we start to have
a little more control, a little more functionality with, right? Well, we've just scratched
the tip of the iceberg. Programming languages go way beyond this,
right? Maybe I wanna turn
the lights on in my house. Now, I'm gonna need a lot more to get
this application to do what we want. But in 11 lines here we've actually
introduced a little bit of logic here and seen a basic application. Now hopefully that gets the gears
turning in your head and helps you understand like, all right if I
want to write a program to do something, I'm starting to understand,
here's that logic that we have to follow, the decisions and
flow chart that we have to create. And once you have that figured
out what you wanna achieve, then you just need to figure out which
language you're gonna write it in and what the commands are that match for
that language. Now, what I showed you in
this episode was Python, wildly popular programing language,
a great one to learn. But you might go work somewhere else and
you get everything in C++. Well, the steps I'm taking here
are going to be the same in C++, I just need to change the commands,
change them to match whatever C++ uses and then it will compile and run the same way. So the concept is what's really important
with a lot of this stuff, not so much the execution. Alright Don, thank you again for helping us to understand this
idea of programming concepts a bit better by showing us the examples
that we have just taken a look at directly right here in Python. So a lot for us to consider. Any other final words Don as we might
be considering this and going, hey, this looks like an area to get into? I will say that programming and development, it's not for everybody. Some people just don't like dealing
with this, you'll hit problems. You'll get stuck and
you'll spend time trying to figure it out, and you're trying to solve problems
that nobody's solved before, so you're having to be innovative and
creative to come up with these. Development work, it's part science and
part art, you know? There is a bit of artistry that goes into
creating an application that is robust and yet secure, stable, and fast. That's all stuff that
developers have to worry about. But if you find that you're in synch
with this, if it piques your interest, it's a very rewarding career because
you're actually creating something that, at the end of the day, there's a program
that you made or there's functionality that you've added to a program or
there's a problem that you've fixed. It's a very tangible feeling that
you don't get in a lot of careers. So it's a neat career field to get into. Understand that what I've shown you
is literally the tip of the iceberg. It's like learning to walk. We're just crawling here, right? We're not even up on our two feet
better yet running and sprinting. So, there's a ton more to get into it,
but as far as the basics, I think I've given you guys a pretty good
example here of what it's like to develop an application. Wise words to consider, Don! Think about it again. Take a look at these episodes
because there's a lot for you to learn just from the basics. And then of course, we'll explore other
options that you have in front of you. But that will do it for us today. Signing off for ITProTV,
I'm your host Ronnie Wong. And I'm Don Pezet. Stay tuned right here for more of the CompTIA IT Fundamentals show. [MUSIC] Thank you for watching ITProTV.
