Creation of 5th State of Matter on The International Space Station

hello landfill person this is Anton and today we're going to be discovering what these scientists were able to create on top of the International Space Station very recently and more specifically something that we usually refer to as the fifth state of matter so let's talk about this and welcome to what the man so why remember when I was in school whoever thought that there were actually three states of matter there's the liquid the solid and the gas water is a real good example of all three because it can go through these stages right here in our own environment on earth the thing is later on I learned that there's also the fourth state of matter known as plasma the best example of plasma is of course something like this basically fire and it took a very long time for me to discover other states of matter as well turns out there are actually a lot more but most of them only occur in extremely extremely unusual environments such as when things get really hot even beyond what we can actually create here on planet Earth or when things get really really cold and the water of these states of matter are a very interesting and very unusual sound and create the liquids that behave in very different ways like for example the so called superfluid phase that can be created when helium is cooled down to extremely low temperatures and it starts acting and variant little ways first of all it has absolutely no viscosity meaning that if you were to spin the liquid around it would be spinning forever and at the same time it's even able to climb up the container sites and then spill underneath the container these are very unusual very counterintuitive effects but another very interesting unusual state of matter is known as bose-einstein condensate or back and essentially back is like this really really large quantum state now it's kind of difficult to explain in a single video but in a nutshell here's how it works there are these subatomic particles known as bosons they're named after a highly underappreciated and relatively unknown in the West scientists that was working with Einstein Satyendra Nath Bose he was an extremely brilliant scientist he came up with a lot of incredibly smart theories but unfortunately he's not very well known to make him more well known these scientists decided to name the entire series of particles after him so we have these bosons now a famous Higgs boson that was discovered a few years ago is essentially one of these particles about a hundred years ago both Einstein and Bose proposed this idea that you could actually create a state of matter where the bosons start acting in a very - very we as these really huge quantum states essentially the particles themselves start acting as waves but in very very large easily detectable volumes of space and the way to do this is first of all to realize that a lot of particles are dual in nature and they can act as both particles and waves but as you start cooling down these particles by essentially limiting their motion they will start to produce more wave patterns and less particles patterns basically they'll stop being particles and start becoming more wavy it's a very challenging concept to understand and it does take more than one video to kind of get your head around this but it's very well known to us and it's been proven many times as you lower the temperature more and more the waves will increase in size and at some point when the temperature is really low these waves will actually start crossing with one another and will even start becoming kind of like one wave altogether if you lower a temperature just enough and if you kind of slow down the particles just enough they will actually form this one huge massive mega which all of the particles will become this one massive wave that we refer to as back bose-einstein condensate these mega sized waves have been produced and I'll have many different times and we know that they exist and we know that there could even be an explanation to the mysterious dark matter as I explained in one of the previous videos so there are actually a very important concept and a very unusual quantum phenomenon that we've been able to study for the past few decades the thing is here on earth because we have gravity we have to kind of also prevent the bose-einstein condensate from essentially being attracted to earth too much and so we have to hold it in space because of this key while holding the actual particles in space you have to give them a little bit of energy and by giving them this energy it unfortunately provides just enough energy for some of the particles to start being particles again and not so much waste in other words it breaks the entire back apart so in the lab conditions here on earth the backs can survive for maybe a few microseconds basically only a few thousandths of a second and after that they disappear and become particles again but over the years the scientists realized that if you were to provide the conditions free of gravity you would be able to create back for a longer period of time because you don't have to hold it in space anymore and it can actually fold around in zero-g conditions and so they tried to use some of these experiments in various aeroplane conditions where zero-g can be created for a few minutes but it wasn't really that successful just yet and some scientists thought that how about we take it to space how about performing this experiment on the International Space Station and well they've just officially succeeded in doing that and the back that they were able to create there lasted for over one second or basically a thousand or so times longer than it does here on earth and the reason for this is because they didn't have to hold it against the gravity anymore you only had to provide enough energy for the particles to slow down and to lower their temperatures so creating these backs in space seems to be the way to go while at the same time and also allow the scientists to create much weaker magnetic fields allowing them to see into these packs with even more detail so essentially this is the perfect lab to study these unusual phenomena that we are not really good at studying here on earth but one of the more interesting parts of the experiment is how they produce these bags it is not very easy first of all by using a very specific Eleazer the scientists are able to slow down the vibration of atoms by slowing down the vibration they're essentially cooling it down because temperature is the amount of vibration an atom has the cooler the atom gets the more wavy the particle becomes but to hold these particles in place they also have to introduce a strong enough magnetic field to prevent the particles from flying away all of these little introductions all these magnetic fields can unfortunately add the energy back to the particles and cause them to vibrate more thus destroying the back but in space you don't have to provide as much energy so the bose-einstein condensate can survive much longer to do all of this they use the very unusual model known as rubidium that I see right here that has a very strange property of being easily vaporized by lasers and so it's actually relatively easily manipulated with various lasers his wife was used in this particular experiment rubidium is a somewhat mysterious metal because we don't really know if it has any use in anywhere really none of the organisms on earth seem to need it but nevertheless it does have experimental value and so by using the magnetic field the lasers and the rubidium atoms the scientists were able to create this strange and unusual form of matter known as VEC that lasted thousands of times longer than it did on earth but I guess another question is is it practical is there any use for these bags at all and can we use them for something other than just playing around with unusual forms of matter well it turns out that apart from being a potential explanation for dark matter blacks could also be an explanation and a way for us to discover dark energy as well at the same time there have been propositions of using these bags for very precise navigations in space essentially using them as a kind of a navigation tool while at the same time we can also use them to study the mysterious gravitational waves as well but most importantly backs could potentially allow us to create extremely accurate detectors for for example searching for different minerals under our planet or on other objects like the moon because of the way that they changed when my muse energies and my interpretation of changes are introduced we can use both Einstein condensate to create some of the most accurate detectors of a lot of different stuff around the universe in other words this could be the future tools to analyze matter around us and to find new minerals for humans to mine and to help colonize other planets and other moons in other words this is definitely something that can become very practical and very useful in the future so being able to create stable backs especially by using the tools that we currently have will allow us to become much better at what we currently do Brent teal will learn something else about these unusual states of matter or until we discover something else about them that's pretty much it thank you for watching I'll see you tomorrow come back tomorrow to learn something else subscribing is too heavy to share this was someone who was worried about space in sciences and maybe supporters channel patreon and maybe support this channel by finding a wonderful person t-shirt that you can also find in the description below I'll see you tomorrow space out and as always bye you

Channel: Anton Petrov

Views: 1,264,170

Keywords: anton petrov, science, physics, astrophysics, astronomy, universe, whatdamath, what da math, technology, steven universe, space engine, universe sandbox 2, iss, international space station, 5th state of matter, another state of matter, bec, bose einstein condensate, boson, plasma, superfluid, bose-einstein condensate, satyendra bose, dark matter, dark energy, iss experiment, rubidium, rubidium bec, laser, lasers

Id: UEEccJLYVXM

Length: 10min 12sec (612 seconds)

Published: Tue Jun 23 2020