Could urine make our daily life better? | FULL DOCUMENTARY

foreign [Music] to the fact that our first months of Life were actually spent swimming in urine the amniotic sac is made up of 80 urine from the fetus and on average the fetus releases two glasses of pee per day during our lives each of us will have produced 38 000 liters of urine the equivalent of a large tanker truck despite the importance of this matter urine remains taboo today we will go beyond this prohibition release the Cork and take a wee look at our pea that is more valuable than once thought in medicine for healing technology as a source of energy raw material and Industrial fertilizer the opportunities of our Noble liquid are now the object of many patents despite the gradual success of urine filming it could still create somewhat of a scandal to satisfy our interests without disgust whenever possible we will be using thermal imaging microscopic and high-speed cameras this is the story of urine superpowers [Music] wait yes ah have you finished yes I have uh do you ever have any leaks when you are active and coughing yeah the other day I was ill I sneezed and peed at Chum peed a troom of the slightest effort yeah yeah when you break out laughing too yes there is a large difference between men and women in men the pipes tend to block up in women they leak urinary incontinence in women concerns so many young and elderly women it's a taboo subject and most patients have difficulty speaking about it does this incontinence create anxiety in your daily life City absolutely I always check how long it takes to get anywhere basically I need to pee every half hour the bladder is often a mirror of the Soul if anxiety sets in then it may be expressed through bladder problems so doctor just how does our urinary system work the blood is cleaned by the two kidneys that are the body's filters urine is evacuated through these two pipes that are called ureters the urine is then stocked in the bladder that we see here and when it becomes full there will be a swelling that sends an order to the brain to urinate what is urine as a matter of fact it is a sterile liquid 95 water five percent waste urea creatinine sodium potassium chlorine magnesium according to most medical reference books roughly a hundred chemical substances have been found in urine the same number as found in the famous Chanel Number Five but only recently have we obtained the True perfume of urine it contains no less than 3 000 chemical substances this opens New Perspectives when we know that only 10 elements are needed to reveal pregnancy in the near future this discovery could revolutionize medical tests and complete or replace blood tests [Music] yes how are things going well it's not that easy push to pee push I'm trying push with the stomach I'm trying but it's difficult one of the problems is that when people urinate in a hospital they may be inhibited and their urine flow rate is not perhaps normal the urologist wanted a a device that could measure your inflow rate in the home environment and the stakes are high for Western countries where prostate cancer affects one man in four The Innovation came when I was at home one day and I was going to the toilet and I noticed that as I was weeing the shape of my urine stream changed as the the flow rate changed so you get this very characteristic wavy pattern and the shape of that wavy pattern was changing during the the voiding and so we thought perhaps we can understand the the bioengineering the biophysics behind that shape and we can use measurement of that shape as a way of measuring urine flow rate and therefore as a diagnostic parameter finding it difficult to study the urine as it gushes into the loo Martin has perfected a flow model here you can see the beautiful pattern of the the flow shape as it comes out of that elliptical orifice which is the same as the urethra at the end of the penis and we're measuring that distance to that first sort of pinch point there and you can also see on this one that has the flow rate reduces then this this pattern changes and get shorter this distance here observed under a high-speed camera at 2 000 images per second a urine flow problem is similar to a wave of droplets and not a continuous stream so Professor what is the ideal measure for a healthy man it does depend on how much the urethra opens but roughly if it's sort of three to five centimeters in length then that's a typical normal flow rate if you're looking at a flow rate of around 20 milliliters per second foreign [Music] for Martin Knight nothing is better than a field test thanks very much for taking part in this study we want you to go in and urinate normally and you'll see a strange pattern in your urine flow which is perfectly normal and we just want you to estimate the the distance this picture here this is the the direction of the flow and we need you to measure that distance estimate it with the the ruler and it will be the biggest distance that we want you to estimate okay here's the ruler you'll need this to estimate the distance what's that thank you foreign I would like to have a credit card that people have that is about awareness of prostate enlargement awareness of prostate cancer so when you go to the toilet you can just hold your credit card down you can say oh yes that's uh three centimeters I'm okay this incredibly simple test could prevent a number of prostate cancers but our wee-wee conceals many more surprises one of the amazing things about urine is that it gives you perhaps a a chemical fingerprint of a person so different people will have very slightly different composition to their urine and so you're able to tell whose urine is which which is it's very interesting really that um we all have very very slightly different urine composition a personalized urine fingerprint specialized detectives could use these techniques to track down criminals in the future until that day the police already use urine to reveal pollutants at crime scenes my dream in the future is that people are more aware of the urine and the the urine shape that they produce when they they void and if they then see that that urine shape is perhaps abnormal so if we were able to tell them what a normal shape is or they see that their their urine is changing in any way then they go and see their doctor oh unfortunately some of us will not be able to keep an eye on our urine flow they have what is called pararesis or the shy bladder syndrome we Define shy bladder as being the difficulty or impossibility of peeing around other people you're afraid that other people are going to see you are going to hear you or are waiting for you so the key issues for me probably are being afraid of people seeing me go to the bathroom and so if I think other people are watching me then I'll have a great deal of difficulty going the other problem I can have is if people are waiting for me it shuts me down as well and I am unable to pee around other people this is also the case of Brad who suffers from shy bladder since childhood in a way it's it's somewhat like I'm a little confused or I can't think you know I don't have any control over my lower part of my body I mean the bladder part I mean I can control my legs of course but I just I just stand there and nothing wants to happen I'm just I'm froze up inside of me Brad has consulted for shy bladder over many years since he started drinking more water his blabber seems to trigger more easily have you been using the catheter yeah I'll use the catheter on occasion but I don't have to use it and if I have a problem in the restroom I just decide well maybe I'll go drink more water and I'll be able to go in another 30 minutes so Brad I'd like to offer you this stress relieving toilet you squeeze like this and it helps to reduce anxiety and overall makes things better in your life life with shy bladder can be hell and someone could put a gun to your head and say pee or die and it's not clear what would happen in that situation [Music] it can create problems at the workplace [Music] and it can also affect your relationships with other people I can start getting anxious about whether or not I'm going to be able to find a public bathroom that I can use [Music] we estimate that in the United States about seven percent of the population is bladder shy in Germany it seems to be around one to two percent in France about five percent and in the Scandinavian countries about 10 percent men and women are equally affected the big difference of course is that women have much more privacy in general in the public restrooms than men do in Japan it's very interesting they've developed musical toilets for women and in order to mask the sound is the only way that some women can are able to go to the toilet at home [Music] so doctor what is the perfect toilet this is a very good public restroom design the only thing that could be improved is the dividers could go all the way down to the floor and all the way up to about here and then it would be ideal [Music] the way we pee can teach us much about ourselves but quality of our urine is also the mirror of our state of health and this is not relatively new [Music] right from earliest times the Egyptians were using it to to diagnose pregnancy for instance all the way through history urine has been inspected for disease um you can look at it and you can you can judge its consistency its color you can smell it some people have even tasted it [Music] if urine has often played a key role in identifying disease some practitioners have quickly taken our golden liquid for a state-of-the-art remedy urine therapy was born the enthusiasts of this method recommend drinking one's own pee in order to stay in good health this advice has been widely followed I was flabbergasted to discover that there are currently millions of people in the world who drink their own urine now there's a long tradition of people drinking urine it's been considered down Through the Ages a stimulant to good health whether it is or not is something that you have to depend on anecdotal evidence to decide if you ask any of the millions of people who drink it they will probably say it works it cannot be proved that it works but lots of people do it so who am I to see the best part of RP could be the intermediate flow between the first jet and the last drop this morning I had a little headache and as usual I take my urine and after seven minutes the the headache was gone I had eye surgery it was infected I put two drops under my tongue and it really worked my daughter was asthmatic since she was 12 and I used it many times when she had asthma attacks and that helped her greatly it stopped the attack so this is my toaster Health every morning Martin Lara is an ordinary consumer he has been actively promoting urine therapy for over 20 years I drink a glass of urine every morning because of all the benefits that I know my body will derived from ingesting this fluid to start with I always suggest to people that they can take one tablespoon or two tablespoons in 10 ounces of water or 10 ounces of juice and you know and start working on the psychological blockage that people have so that once they realize that this is not going to kill you then they become a little more open-minded then they have no problem improving their health by using urine as a tool to help them Monitor and help them compensate and in the event of an infection it'll help them develop immunity one of the greatest secrets of the beautiful women in the world is that they take a towel salt in Europe and they put it on their faces and they leave it there for 20 minutes and then they take a regular shower but that opens up the pores and it penetrates the seven layers of skin that we have and it just cleans up everything it regenerates it you know it brings life back to the skin [Music] according to Martin even peeing on oneself is valuable and humankind is apparently not the only animal to benefit from the healing properties of urine there are monkeys that drink their urine all the time because this is genetically implanted as a survival tool a natural therapy so ancient that some animals perform it instinctively of course some New Yorkers have their doubts on this approach but Martin Lara is totally convinced and uses his books to prove the Skeptics they are wrong he doesn't hesitate to stop people in the street to convert them to urine therapy you wake up in the middle of the night with a tooth abscess I have a formula there takes away your pain and sovereign you have to use a homeopathic preparation of using urine yes is it only the morning urine because I've heard that in the morning it's it's you could use it from any time it's not dieting a gyro sour cream you're asking let me answer one question okay why does it look so strong and pungent at times because you're dehydrated so first thing you need to know is you need to hydrate properly right in order for it to be Pleasant most people do not have urine that is Pleasant because most people are chronically dehydrated and they force the body to squeeze moisture out of the stuff in the colon so they're going to have urine that tastes horrible [Music] so if it smells bad if it looks bad then you have to drink more water our blockage is essentially a cultural one [Music] in certain cultures they actually promote husband and wives exchanging the urine because it's a way of balancing the yin and yang in China urine has a wide array of therapies the pee from young children and babies is particularly sought hunter from their younger stage everything is done to enable toddlers to take a leak freely you can even order urine from young boys on the internet such fluids can cost up to several hundred euros per glass those who don't like to drink it are free to eat hard-boiled eggs in the city of dongyang near Shanghai the Pea of school children is used for boiling eggs one takes the bus several times a day to retrieve the gold liquid this bucket contains 75 liters of urine and we can cook two large saucepans of eggs eggs cooked in urine are believed to have many virtues these eggs protect us from the summer heat wave and avoid insulation he who has body injuries can eat them too our ancestors taught us to use boys urine not that of adults which is bad he who likes this can accept the taste it's a little salty definitely Taste of urine if you believe you feel nothing if you don't believe you don't like eating them [Music] the eggs cooked in school children's urine are a local Chinese delicacy served in springtime foreign what is the opinion of this Western educated doctor from Tonya from the point of view of Western medicine it could help kill the microbacteria of tuberculosis and increase microcirculation not everybody is able to eat these eggs cooked in urine people who have a problem with the taste aches and pains in the joints and those with a high level of uric acid should not eat them the village is well known in China for its centenarian pea drinkers your health good do you still drink your urine yes for ages most of these smiling octogenarians are urine drinkers in China 10 million people drink their own pea every morning [Music] why do people live so long in our village around 30 percent of us drink urine thank you sorry I drink urine once in the morning and once in the evening foreign the principal interest of urine for longevity is that there is eurokinas in P that can soften the blood vessels and increase blood circulation this old man is called Wang Tong Chung he is over 80 and still travels 30 kilometers by bicycle to deliver his vegetables is drinking pee good for our health the debate remains sipped in small quantities urine is not prone to be harmful for most people but it seems difficult to swallow that this could be the universal remedy to all our flaws the few unabashed scientists who plunge and to pee occasionally make exceptional discoveries we have her you know folk laws on patients drinking their own urine or urine from other people and then they live longer in China we don't view it as a pinataboo and cultures the Chinese through our long history we use almost everything for any medical benefits and your intended to be one of those too Professor pay and Dr pan Belong To The Honorable Chinese Academy of Sciences they have published and patented an original and revolutionary way of creating new cells stem cells from human urine whether urine has hit him superpower that's a subject of course to many debate but in our case we knew Ewing gave us the healthy cells which can be used to generate high quality neuronal stem cells as well as many other stem cells in the future so to us that is kind of a magic when we pee many cells are released through the kidney and leave the body every day almost 7 000 cells are naturally evacuated without harm and are fully functional these cells are then reprogrammed to become undifferentiated and will take the form of stem cells these stem cells are then placed into culture with the feeding cells here they can multiply infinitely they will then become a cell of blood bone skin liver neurons in the future these new differentiated cells could be transplanted or Frozen for future use in order to replace our ailing cells until today science used cells from the embryo in order to create stem cells but this method has raised important ethical questions the cells in our urine open a new horizon though they are genetically more complicated to manipulate than embryonic cells this discovery is a great step forward for Humanity in our research on stem cells our database will enable the production of stem cells of great quality [Music] this most promising research is performed in a P3 level high security Laboratory at this point we have now moved to the clinical testing phase we should be able to generate the cells needed for repair so in the future uh the cells we extract from urine can be turned into other stem cell types those for instance can give rise to your liver maybe even give give give rise to kidney itself again for Alzheimer's diseases we want to be able to make stem cells which can be transplanted into the brain which can repopulate the Aging neurons in the patient and then eventually restore function the first laboratory tests of reproducing neuronal stem cells films here are encouraging transplanted into the brains of newborn rats they have not created a tumor in the future it will probably be recommended to place a pea sample in a specialized urine Bank in order to convert them into neurons at a later date we collect individuals during the age of say 20 right and we can bank that store in our facility at the age of 80 that means 60 years later and that urine turned neuron can still be used for that particular person and his offsprings if smashed could urine be the elixir of immortality are ancestors have long been seeking is this the key in the battle against the degeneration of our brains whether urine can give rise to immortality will be a very interesting question to ask in the future from our perspective certainly urine can give rise to very good cells for us to generate many different type of stem cells those stem cells can be used for therapeutic purposes and in that sense can save people's life and can probably even help people live longer and healthier [Music] RP is packed with assets and surprises life is full of surprises for many of us in science obviously science is also full of surprises when we first discover cells are alive in urine we actually take advantage of this finding and we can turn those urine cells into neural stem cells that was a very big surprise and a very pleasant one as well [Music] Dr Musa Shaker is also thrilled about the future medical applications of urine this doctor and a strong Advocate and he's the one who shipped chameleon for our own investigation here in the U.S [Music] when I heard the story about the potential of camellia in in cancer cerby I was very skeptical and I never believed it and I would never even drink it of course I'm engaged in science for over 25 years in drug Discovery drug development with over 250 U.S and international patents so I started investigating it with questions a lot of questions in my mind I think there is a lot to be discovered for Going Back To Nature biological fluid from an animal that lives in the desert has the strongest immune system of all kind of animals resistant to any infection and you know it can survive in the desert without drinking for over 40 days 45 days after investigating it for the past two years and examining its effects in variety of human cancer types we found that indeed there is something in the chameleon regardless of the food they eat it is independent of the plant but where do these molecules come from what we found that this molecule started from a bigger molecule that exists in the lining of the blood vessels within the camel organs and they continuously reduce this active metabolite in a regular fashion we found the drug fractions within the camel heberine that is has a very potent effect on stopping the cancer cell making blood vessels and hence you can starve the tumor to death you stop the process of abnormal angiogenesis camo P could become part of the therapeutic Arsenal against cancer but that's not all yearn can be kept at room temperature for an extended period of time and it can be kept in the refrigerator for years and without any contamination no bacteria nothing can grow in it because one of the key aspects within the chameleon this anti-bolliferative anti-infective antibacterial anti-cancer in our compounds that stop anything to grow in it thus camel urine will also enable our doctors to heal many diseases like this bacterial skin infection but our P remedy remains to be accepted by the patients the goal is to develop it in an acceptable pharmaceutical form that can be used by everyone because if you I I don't think that too many people will drink chameleon this is probably just a question of time because urine-based medicine is already largely present and sometimes disguised in our home Pharmacy cupboards uricines is a drug that dissolves blood clots and is currently made from urine proteins Premarin is a drug used in treating menopause today's production levels require the daily pee of 75 000 mares in full urine is also used in homeopathy various sleeping pills Cosmetics shampoos or lipsticks contain derivatives of urine like urea but who'd have guessed that urine is also indirectly present in our food plants and nitrogen to help them grow urine is rich in nitrogen human beings are rich in urine so isn't it about time we found a more intelligent way of using urine [Music] China has rediscovered the powers of nitrogen and phosphorus contained in urine this is a very useful Stone at home you see your parents plant vegetables and fruit trees and they use a fertilizer called phosphorus plants near the phosphorus to grow fruits and vegetables to feed the planet for the furry rocks are depleting and the only way in near future is to recycle the phosphorus in our urine to be able to use this precious liquid as a fertilizer it must not have been contaminated by our excrements or diluted by the water flush in a world where millions of humans do not have access to Modern toilets an idea emerged to design a new toilet where pure pea can be collected and recycled children look at this seat the poop goes in the big hole and the Pea in the little hole come untouched in theory the boys should feel less concerned because they can pee in the urinals but they do seem more interested than the schoolgirls so do you we must collect every drop of urine so that future Generations can eat so do not forget when you go to the toilet poop in the big hole and pee in the little one [Applause] doesn't miss any opportunity to incite the school children to use his new ecological toilets properly and what better argument than to show them some of his beautiful apples made in urine uh biggest problem you're in today is that we use a flush toilet so we have flashy I don't forget we are using too much water we are polluting too much water we are visiting lutons like phosphorus is quite valuable and a rare you know world so that's a big problem of the urine twisted water [Music] to illustrate their motivation to Scott the school children have written an Ode to cleanliness worth it now again [Music] from Confucius nothing is lost everything is transformed [Applause] having collected a full tank of pee Scott is off to his Orchard there are some nutrients inside the urine like phosphorus light routine and potassium usually 80 of the nutrients of the human beings are in urine in six months time this beautiful flower will give us juicy apples with chemical fertilizers and the sun cup because like hormones you can get this long or apple but with pure urine you can get a later Apple like this sweet and juicy people are looking back to have uh organic food without any competitors but with urine so nagama airports no it's become some kind of luxury farming products for the consumers orders are flowing in but few schools are equipped with the new ecological toilets in this establishment Scott will only be able to collect boys pee are you we collected your Rim from 600 students in this school only and they produce 300 liters of urine every day in our program we have over 30 Sports totally I could use it as fertilizers for over 1 000 apple trees and churches to the steel tubes so sometimes too much pressure on the wall behind me are the best students of the year they have respected many virtues one of which is to be clean in a toilet to make sure every drop of urine to be ended up in my tank every drop must go into the urinary every drop must go into the urinary full tank close the tab [Applause] see you soon [Music] Scott is becoming a celebrity he has succeeded in transforming pea juice into apple juice in respect of his ecological vision for the future next priority is the front effect so if I could collect a huge amount of urine from faculty in like 20 000 workers I can grow a lot of vegetables and some fruit for the local people back in Europe traces of hormones can be found in our urine and in that of farm animals this does not encourage the spreading of pee in our Fields current research is trying to solve this problem Jess Thompson an entrepreneur in Denmark has new ideas about recycling the Abundant and polluting urine from pig farms one Pig gives you average three liter of urine per day and if you have a sum of 10 000 pigs it would give you a thirty thousand liter of urine per day and three to four percent of that is urea which we can go sell or the farmer can go sell to to the industry many products contain urea Industrial Products it's all the way from production of a certain type of plastic going to paint Glue wood production the list is is huge Jess often visits Danish Farms to check up on his urea collecting installations [Music] normally when you get into a a I picked one you will actually stop breathing because the smell is so strong so you can't breathe and this is ammonia here we separate the two fractions the solid and the liquid and we are white transforming of the rear into ammonia it's a lot better for the animal the filtration process takes place inside these containers okay We have basically four steps and what it is is that it is filtering which are getting finer and finer and finer in the filtration and the final one is a nano filter at the urea molecule is very very big so it's very easy to split from all other kind of stuff so after the Nana field we actually had a liquid in containing the urine following evaporation the urea will become a compact powder that will then be sold on the market hidden deep inside RP is a form of energy today is one more of those days in which we're going to continue changing the World by utilizing energy from waste today we flush literally the problem to somebody else what we are doing is gonna end in recovering that energy from the waste and producing energy that could be used for powering houses for powering vehicles in the future if pea will gas a sensor was installed in the urinals data captured was sent to a tablet an app turned milliliters into kilometers based on the real consumption of the car a small amount of pea an incredible long ride but just how does our golden liquid turn into a green source of energy the process that we have developed to extract hydrogen from urine is a very simple process everybody has a battery in a car imagine two plates and in one plate then we are basically oxidizing the urea into nitrogen and carbon dioxide and this is carbon that is already contained in urea so this is biological carbon and on the other side we're producing hydrogen we have developed materials that allow that reaction to take place [Music] but does this method work you just need to try it surprisingly the results are optimistic a human being only can carry a certain amount of urea so for example the amount that is contained is not sufficient to run a car [Music] roughly 5 meters in 20 seconds but how much urine would it take to move a full-scale car to provide fuel for a car you need 5 kilograms of hydrogen and with 5 kilograms of hydrogen that car could go 300 miles so in order to provide five kilograms of hydrogen you need 1 250 people urines in one day automobile manufacturers are already testing the first cars to run on hydrogen in Germany and in the USA a small network of hydrogen refueling stations has been set up however most of the hydrogen that we use today is produced from Petrol hydrogen is is the cleanest fuel in the world because when you oxidize hydrogen or the combustion of hydrogen only produces water what is the future of hydrogen coming out of urine in terms of power or vehicle or for houses I think the future really had to do with doing a centralized facility [Music] in the future urine washing machines will clean RP and produce hydrogen a prototype has already been put together called the green box on this tank here urine acid because it could be your urine my urine the urine of an animal and what we do with the urine is we pass it through our machine the green box and the green box transform the urine and make it hydrogen which we can see is coming out of here the hydrogen bubbles we're harvesting that and making electricity this machine produces 50 watts and at the same time provides a bucket of Clean Water avoiding the cost of waste treatment plants that consume vast amounts of energy as an example the Wastewater Treatment Facility in Washington DC consumes energy equivalent to what is being used in 2 000 houses just by removing Ammonia and urea that portion so with our process we can reduce that to 50 percent so that means only equivalent to a thousand houses and on top of that because of the hydrogen that is produced through the process you could also provide electricity to 500 so what that means is from 2 000 houses we decreased it by 75 percent a urine recycling system is being installed at the full-size waste treatment plant in Athens Georgia so the the green box is going to be located over there where we're going to be treating the the ammonia of the urine through the machine in this case coming out of this tank one of these tanks right so we get ammonia clean it and make the hydrogen right all right all right sounds good well it really feels great to have an idea that is started in the lab in a piece of paper that finally is coming into fructuation this is a real case application of the green box is the first time that is going to be located in a real facility the green box able to produce in hydrogen and clean water it's one small p-drop for Geraldine but a giant recycled drop for Humanity and at the University of Ohio there is no lack of ideas nor of urine the beauty about this technology there are applications everywhere here on Earth or even out of in space when you think about two life requirements out of in space you think that you're gonna have to have energy and you're gonna have to have water so by urine you are basically providing the water and some of the energy you need so it has this technology applications in outer space as well two one in urine there are superpowers which we could use for the future to drive our cars and to lift off Rockets Jetton is a professor of microbiology at The Institute for water and Wetland research in the Netherlands he discovered a bacteria that is capable of transforming urine into fuel for Rockets a very unique bacteria they are the only ones who can unlock the energy in urine converted into hydrazine the energy and hydrazine looks very much like hydrogen having gobbled up the ammonium and ammonia the anamox bacteria then produce a combustible known as hydrazine the scientists have isolated the protein that produces hydrazine fuel under the electron microscope they study its tiny sequence here you see surrounded by the cell wall and inside the anamox cell you see the organelle where all the enzymes are that can convert ureem into the rocket fuel hydrazine they take a lot of energy to launch a rocket the entire population of the Netherlands roughly 20 million people need to pee for a whole day we have to collect the P of all those people and with the energy in that we could lift off a rocket if Mike Jetton already has his head in the Stars he is not a dreamer he has been awarded the prestigious Royal order of the Netherlands lion we have identified the enzymes we know the genes involved but it will take five to ten years to unlock the energy with these bacteria and with these enzymes RP has a promising future industrial applications of Tomorrow's World include medicine health checks fertilizers batteries Plastics there seems to be no limit to practical usages of urine there is not a new enough urine in the planet to run the whole energy needs of the planet however it will be an important contribution so it will be part of that green energy portfolio I think that in a world where natural resources are in ever shorter Supply where we're having to look for Alternatives we will inevitably turn more and more to urine it will become at The Cutting Edge of Green Technology right through to the Future the next time you flush your pee think twice it might be worth more than you think [Music]

Channel: SLICE Full Doc

Views: 568,521

Keywords: documentary, free documentary, raw

Id: 4bx1tvpeAqE

Length: 51min 13sec (3073 seconds)

Published: Sun Jun 04 2023