Chris Hedges Best Speech In 2019

thank you the issue before us is death not only our individual death which is more imminent for some of us tonight than others but our collective death we have begun the sixth great mass extinction driven by our 150 year binge on fossil fuel the litany of grim statistics are not unfamiliar to many of you we are pouring greenhouse gases into the atmosphere at ten times the rate of the mass extinction known as the Great dying which occurred two hundred and fifty two million years ago the glaciers in Alaska alone are losing an estimated 75 billion tons of ice every year the oceans which absorb over 90% of the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are warming and acidifying melting the polar ice caps and resulting in rising sea levels in oxygen-starved ocean dead zones we await a 50 Giga ton burp or pulse of methane from thawing Arctic permafrost beneath the East Siberian Arctic shelf which will release about two-thirds of the total carbon dioxide pumped into the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial era some 150 to 200 species of plant insect bird and mammal are going extinct every 24 hours 1000 times the natural or background rate this pace of extinction is greater than anything the world has experienced since the disappearance of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago ultimately feedback mechanisms will accelerate the devastation and there will be nothing we can do to halt the obliteration past mass extinctions on earth were characterized by abrupt warming between six to seven degrees Celsius we are barreling towards those numbers the mathematical models for this global temperature rise predict and initial 70% die-off of the human species culminating with total death the corporate forces that have commodified the natural world for profit have also commodified human beings we are as expendable to global corporations as the barrier reef or the great sequoias these corporations and ruling elites which have orchestrated the largest transference of wealth upward in human history with the globe's richest 1% owning half the world's wealth force us to kneel before the dictates of the global marketplace they have seized control of our governments extinguishing democracy corrupting law and building alliances with neo-fascists and authoritarians as the ruling ideology of neoliberalism loses credibility and is exposed as a con they have constructed pervasive and sophisticated systems of internal security wholesale surveillance and militarized police along with criminalizing poverty to crush dissent these corporate capitalists are the modern versions of the Canaanite priests who served the biblical idol Moloch which demanded child's sacrifice and as in this ancient Canaanite religion it is our children who are being sacrificed to these mute idols their future is being taken from them these corporate forces are in biblical terms forces of death they will unchecked create more human misery and death than the evils of Nazism and Stalinism combined actually I hardly feel constrained to try and make head or tail of this condition of the world Walter Benjamin wrote on this planet a great number of civilizations have perished in blood and horror naturally one must wish for the planet that one day it will experience a civilization that has abandoned blood and horror in fact i am inclined to assume that our planet is waiting for this but it is terribly doubtful whether we can bring such a present to its hundred or four hundred million birthday party and if we don't the planet will finally punish us its unthoughtful well-wishers by presenting us with the last judgment the opposite of hope is not cynicism although I have been accused of being a cynic the opposite of hope is not despair although I have been accused of peddling despair the opposite of hope is grief and if you do not feel this profound grief over our abject failure to thwart the ecocide we have seen coming for more than three decades you are shutting your eyes to reality you are imbibing in the happy thoughts that define the conditioned helplessness peddled by mass culture the flight from reality that only ensures our immolation on the altar of Moloch grief is not a disorder a disease or a sign of weakness rabbi Earl Grohmann writes it is an emotional physical and spiritual necessity the price you pay for love the only cure for grief is to grieve so grieve and from that grief hold and renewed all and reverence this world around us and those that inhabit it live to honor and protect life the sacred to defy the culture of death not because you will triumph but because you have made a choice to be something other than a cog in the vast machinery of death the Turkish poet Nazim hikmet relentlessly persecuted and imprisoned for years eventually dying in exile knew something of grief but he also knew something of what it means to live he writes in his poem on living living is no laughing matter you must live with great seriousness like a squirrel for example I mean without looking for something beyond and above living I mean living must be your whole occupation living is no laughing matter you must take it seriously so much so and to such a degree that for example your hands tied behind your back your back to the wall or else in a laboratory in your white coat and safety glasses you can die for people even for people whose faces you've never seen even though you know living is the most real the most beautiful thing I mean you must take living so seriously that even at 70 for example you'll plant olive trees and not for your children either but because although you fear death you don't believe it because living I mean weighs heavier let's say we're seriously ill need surgery which is to say we might not get up from the white table even though it's impossible not to feel sad about going a little too soon we'll still laugh at the jokes being told we'll look out the window to see if it's raining or still wait anxiously for the latest newscast let's say we're at the front for something worth fighting for say they are in the first offensive on that very day we might fall on our face dead but we'll still worry ourselves to death about the outcome of the war which could last years let's say we're in prison and close to 50 and we have 18 more years say before the iron doors will open we'll still live with the outside with its people and animals struggle and wind I mean with those outside beyond the walls I mean however and wherever we are we must live as if we will never die this earth will grow cold a star among stars and one of the smallest a gilded mote on blue velvet I mean this our great earth this earth will grow cold one day not like a block of ice or even a dead cloud but like an empty walnut it will roll along in pitch black space you must grieve for this right now you have to feel this sorrow now for the world must be loved this much if we're going to say I lived the armies of bureaucrats technicians engineers academics scientists publicists and managers that orchestrate our extinction do so for scraps they are not necessarily driven by malice they sell their souls for a paltry thirty pieces of silver promotions a few awards or prizes status a nice car a house job security they are morally fragmented they refuse to name the vast evil they make possible finding their moral worth in their tangential role as good partners parents and neighbors who contribute to their communities they are the respectable people they focus on their incremental tasks they refuse to see the whole those who make evil possible as good and off styrsky understood are usually like this banal and ordinary but what of the price of peace the radical priest Daniel Berrigan asked I think of the good decent peace-loving people I have known by the thousands and I wonder how many of them are afflicted with a wasting disease of normalcy that even as they declare for peace their hands reach out with an instinctive spasm in the direction of their comforts their home their security their income their future their plans that five-year plan of studies that 10-year plan of professional status that 20-year plan of family growth and unity that 50-year plan of decent life and honorable natural demise of course let us have peace we cry but at the same time let us have normalcy let us lose nothing let our lives stand intact let us know neither prison nor ill repute nor disruption of ties and because we must encompass this and protect that and because at all costs at all costs our hopes must march on schedule and because it is unheard of that in the name of peace a sword should fall disjoining that fine and cunning web that our lives have woven because it is unheard of that good men and women should suffer injustice or families be sundered or good repute be lost because of this we cry peace and cry peace and there is no peace there is no peace because there are no peacemakers there are no makers of peace because the making of peace is at least as costly as the making of war at least as exigent at least as disruptive at least as liable to bring disgrace and prison and death in its wake our impending extinction is a product of our failed democracy incapable of promoting the common good the warning signs of fascism a virulent nationalism and assault on basic freedoms and human rights a demonizing of the vulnerable the other and the weak as a rallying cry for a national crusade a grotesque hyper-masculinity a control of the mass media a sack realization of power in our case by Christian fascists a crushing of labor movements attacks on culture science rationalism and intellectual inquiry a constant appeal to law and order corruption nepotism cronyism and fraudulent elections these fascist undercurrents are gaining strength in the United States the problem is not Trump Trump is the symptom not the disease he is what has vomited up by failed democracy the French sociologist Emile Durkheim in his classic book on suicide examined the disintegration of social bonds that drive individuals and societies to personal and collective acts of self-destruction he found that when social bonds are strong individuals achieve a healthy balance between individual initiative and communal solidarity which he calls a life-sustaining equilibrium these individuals and communities have the lowest rates of suicide the individuals and societies most susceptible to self-destruction he wrote are those for whom these bonds this equilibrium have been shattered societies are held together by a web of social bonds that give individuals a sense of being part of a collective and engaged in a project larger than the self this collective expresses itself through rituals such as elections and democratic participation and appeal to patriotism and shared national beliefs the bonds provide meaning a sense of purpose status dignity they offer psychological protection from impending mortality and the meaninglessness that comes with being isolated and alone the shattering of these bonds plunges individuals into deep psychological distress that leads ultimately to acts of self annihilation Durkheim called this state of hopelessness and despair anomie which he defined as rule lessness rule les Ness means the norms that govern a society and create a sense of organic solidarity no longer function the belief for example that if we work hard obey the law and get a good education we can achieve stable employment social status and mobility along with financial security becomes a lie the old rule is imperfect and often untrue for poor people of color nevertheless were not a complete fiction they offered some especially those from the white working in middle-class modest social and economic advancement but the capture of political and economic power by the corporate elites along with a redirecting of all institutions towards the further consolidation of their power and wealth has broken the social bonds that holds society together this rupture has unleashed a widespread malaise Durkheim would have recognized when society is strongly integrated it wrote he wrote it keeps individuals in a state of dependency holding them to be in its service and consequently not permitting them to dispose of themselves as they wish society is this opposed to them escaping from their obligation towards it through death the bomb that attaches them to their common person or purpose attaches them to life and in any case the high goal towards which their gaze is turned alleviates the suffering that they feel from life's troubles finally in a coherent and vital community there is a continual exchange of ideas and feelings from all to each and from each to all which is like mutual moral support so that the individual instead of being reduced to his or her resources only participates in a collective energy and draws on it when his or her own is exhausted the configuration of society into an oligarchy the collapse of democratic institutions have left most of the population disempowered the elites predatory by nature have discarded all restraint the state of disks organization or enemy is thus reinforced by the fact that passions are less disciplined at the very time when they need stronger discipline Durkheim noted of the avarice of the rich it is not for nothing that so many religions have celebrated the benefits and the moral value of poverty Durkheim wrote this is because of all schools it is the one that best teaches human beings how to restrain themselves by obliging us to exercise constant discipline over ourselves it prepares us to accept collective discipline with docility while wealth by exalting the individual constantly risks awakening the spirit of rebellion that is the very font of immortality the political process especially in the United States as the research by professors Gillan's and Paige underscores no longer advances the interests of the average citizen has turned the consent of the governed into a cruel joke the central point that emerges from our research is that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on US government policy while mass based interest groups and average citizens have little or no independent influence they wrote this facade of democratic process eviscerates one of the primary social bonds in a democratic state and abolish as the vital shared belief that citizens have the power to govern themselves that government exists to promote and protect their rights and interests the economic structures like the political structures have been reconfigured to mock the belief in a meritocracy and that hard work lends to a productive and valued role in society American productivity as the New York Times pointed out has increased 77 percent since 1973 but hourly pay has grown by only twelve percent if the federal minimum wage in the United States was attached to productivity it would be more than twenty dollars an hour not $7.25 some forty 1.7 million American workers a third of the workforce earn less than $12 an hour and most of them do not have access to employer sponsored health insurance a decade after the 2008 financial crash the average middle-class family in the United States net worth is more than $40,000 below what it was in 2007 and the net worth of black families is down 40% and for Latino families this figure has dropped 46 percent the economic disparity and political dysfunction have been exacerbated by the collapse of our judicial system there is an aggressive criminalization of the poor by the ruling elites are protected by high-priced lawyers and non enforcement or rewriting of laws amid selective enforcement of laws in the rule less Society the high rulers on Wall Street and in wealthy enclaves are not prosecuted for possessing and ingesting illegal drugs but the poor are thrown in prison and must forfeit all their property for being caught with a small amount of the same drug HSBC the world's seventh largest bank by total assets after admitting to laundering 800 million dollars for Central and South American drug cartels was slapped with large symbolic fines and a deferred prosecution agreement which is the legal equivalent of a get-out-of-jail-free card the poor meanwhile are hounded arrested and fined for absurdly criminalized activity such as in st. Louis County not mowing their lawns loitering selling loose cigarettes carrying open containers of alcohol or my favorite obstructing pedestrian traffic which means standing on a sidewalk these fines are used to fill state and county budget shortfalls resulting from corporations and the wealthy fixing the rules to avoid paying meaningful taxes if they pay taxes at all the virtual tax boycott by the rich has broken yet another social bond the idea that everyone contributes a significant portion of his or her income to make the society function the elites who sacrifice nothing for society and are not held accountable for their criminal behavior live in what Matt Taibbi calls a stateless archipelago they are empowered to pillage the nation a mass obscene wealth and wield unchecked political and legal control the result has been the obliteration of the primary social bonds that however biased in favor of the white majority held the nation together the shattering of these bonds has left millions tens of millions of people adrift society Durkheim Road is no longer sufficiently present for individuals those cast aside can participate in the society Durkheim wrote only through sadness the self-destructive pathologies that plagued the United States Canada and the rest of the industrialized world opioid addiction morbid obesity gambling suicide sexual sadism hate groups and mass shootings arise out of enemy and my book America the farewell tour is an examination of these pathologies and the enemy that fuels these self-destructive behaviors Durkheim also noted that the poor often have lower rates of suicide the poor know the rules are rigged against them James Baldwin made much the same point when he wrote that african-american men are less prone to a midlife crisis than white men because they are less susceptible to the myth of the American Dream most African Americans indeed most people of color learn very early in life that there are two sets of rules but the white majority because of white supremacy is more susceptible to the myth and therefore more infuriated when the myth is exposed as a con and this I suspect is why nearly all mass shooters and members of right-wing hate groups along with a majority of supporters of Trump are white men capitalism Durkheim Road is antithetical to creating and sustaining relationships that are vital to social bonds capitalism rewards those for whom relationships are transactional and temporary relationships under capitalism are mercenary they are part of the scheme for personal advancement and require the oily manipulation of others to advance in a capitalist system it is necessary to build and then discard a series of ultimately hollow relationships these empty relationships and you can see them on display at any business gathering contribute to the collective anomie and disintegration of social bonds capitalism make hater to the natural desire among many for self enrichment but you don't want this belief system to dominate society capitalism rewards single-minded narcissists and often con artists devoid of empathy and incapable of remorse it rewards those focused exclusively on personal gain and self aggrandizement these dedicated capitalists often lacked the capacity to form meaningful bonds seen in other people tools for commodification and exploitation once a capitalist class achieves complete control as it has in the United States it dismantles the structures that make social bonds possible seeing in them an impediment to profit the more concentrated wealth becomes as with corporate capitalism the more damage it inflicts on society sending jobs to overseas sweatshops and leaving workers at home underemployed or unemployed Karl Marx saw alienation is a positive force one that estranged workers from the means of production and move them to question the structures of power educate themselves about their exploitation and revolt but for Durkheim this alienation or enemy is debilitating it is he wrote a collective asthenia the drains us of energy and will it manifests itself in self-loathing we may indeed understand what is happening around us Durkheim argued but we lack the ability to free ourselves from the despair frustration and rage that crippled our lives our actions require an object outside of themselves Durkheim wrote it is not because we need to sustain the illusion of some impossible immortality it is because it is implicit in our moral being and it cannot be lost even partially without that moral being losing its reason for existence there is no need to demonstrate that in such a state of collapse the slightest cause for depression can easily give rise to desperate acts when life is not worth living everything becomes a pretext for ridding ourselves of it for individuals are too closely involved in the life of society for it to be sick without their being affected Durkheim added its suffering inevitably becomes theirs Donald Trump is not a product of the leak to Podesta emails or James Comey or racism although he and many who support him are racists or Russian BOTS he and his campaign as the mullah report has now made clear did not conspire with Russia to steal the election demagogues arise from failed democracies plagued by rulest nests and anomie they tell an enraged population what it wants to hear and crudely to the delight of the betrayed ridicule the elites who sold them out removing Trump from office without confronting the rule less nests and anomie that define the lives of tens of millions of Americans would do nothing to restore democracy in fact it would probably consolidate the power of a Christianized fascism they cloaks itself in a coin piety and false morality vice president Mike Pence because he is a creature of the Christian Right and has ingested its proto-fascist ideology would probably be worse than Trump if he gained the presidency the left like most critics of Trump personalizes our decay it focused miok my optically on Trump it spits back the thought terminating cliches about the Russians stealing our elections while it refuses to examine the deep wounds within society wounds exacerbated when the Democratic Party under Bill Clinton sold out working men and women if we do not heal these wounds which are certainly present in Canada if we do not restore the social bonds shattered by predatory corporate capitalism when the next financial crisis arrives and it will arrive this collective atomy will explode frightening demons harnessing these dark self-destructive pathologies will rise from the depths of the rulest 4's climate science like all science will be dismissed for magical thinking corporate culture like all cultures of death makes war on love truth justice and beauty and numbs us to the questions about the search for meaning and a struggle to face our mortality it spreads the dark viruses of hedonism sexual sadism greed the cult of the self the lust for power and the glorification of violence it seeks to crush the transcendent it lacks the capacity for empathy it is the enemy of the sacred nothing in life has an intrinsic value beyond a monetary value in the culture of death all living entities are herded toward Moloch Psalter the only ethical and religious response is to smash the idols and drive the high priests from mullux temple the nothingness into which the West is sliding is not the natural end the dying the sinking of a flourishing community of people's Dietrich Bonhoeffer wrote in ethics instead it is again a specifically Western nothingness nothingness that is rebellious violent anti God and anti human breaking away from all that is established it is the utmost manifestation of all the forces opposed to God it is nothingness as God no one knows its goal or its measure it's rule is absolute it is a creative nothingness that blows its anti-god breath into all that exists creates the illusion of waking it to new life and at the same time sucks out its true essence until it too disintegrates into an empty husk and is discarded life history family people language faith the list could go on forever because nothingness spares nothing all fall victim to nothingness religion is H Richard Niebuhr wrote is a good thing for good people and a bad thing for bad people and religion as we see in the Christian Rite which articulates and promotes white supremacy and Christian fascism now rapidly filling Trump's ideological void is anti religious the idol of a personal God one that caters to and promotes the interests of those who profess homage to it is the idolatry of Moloch it is self worship it is heretical and one of the most greeted egregious failures of the liberal Church has been its refusal to denounce these Christian heretics the tacit tolerance of these heretics has given them religious legitimacy you do not need to as I did spend three years at Harvard Divinity School to understand that Jesus did not come to make us rich did not bless the white race above other races Jesus after all was a person of color it was the Romans who are white or sanctify the American Empire's dropping of iron fragmentation bombs for 18 years up and down the Middle East this is the theology of the Antichrist it speaks only to itself those we battle as the society and the ecosystem disintegrate will increasingly appropriate the language of religion they will seek to sanctify evil these Christian fascists like all idol worshipers endow themselves with absolute power and authority they claim to speak and act for God they externalise evil evil for them is not the constant struggle to combat the dark forces within our own hearts but is embodied in the demonized other Muslims immigrants blacks feminists artists intellectuals or homosexuals and once the other is eradicated evil itself will somehow miraculously be eradicated except of course it won't and these Manicheans will and frustration oppress and kill new groups of demonized human beings with an even greater fury these beliefs common to all fundamentalists who can come in secular form as we see with the new atheists are the ideological cover for an emerging dystopia we will only endure by inverting the world's values to resist radical evil saves us a Soren Kierkegaard wrote from slipping into that loathsome void that torment of despair hope comes by way of defeat when we pit ourselves against the culture of death and this means conducting acts of civil disobedience and non-compliance it means becoming an outlaw in the eyes of the corporate state then suffering and even death will not have the last word we must find the moral and intellectual courage as Albert Camus wrote to F allaha to order they saw an SS plotter rise up to the level of our despair Alexander Solzhenitsyn the Gulag Archipelago describes prisoners in his camp organizing a work stoppage and hunger strike he writes what the bosses would do no one could predict we thought that perhaps they would start firing on the huts again from the towers the last thing we expected was any concession we had never in our lives rested anything from them and our strike had the bitter tang of hopelessness but there was a sort of satisfaction in this feeling of hopelessness we had taken a feudal a desperate step it could only end badly and that was good our bellies were empty our hearts were in our boots but some higher need was being satisfied during those long hungry days evenings nights three thousand men brooded over their 3,000 sentences their families their lack of families all that had befallen and would yet before them and although the hearts and thousands of breasts could not be together and there were those who felt only regret only despair yet most of them kept time things are as they should be we'll keep it up to spite you things are bad so much the better if there is any hope left to thwart the impending ecocide and extinction of the human species we must build alternative communities and organizations dedicated to resistance to pit power against power we must in wave after wave carry out nonviolent acts of civil disobedience to shut down the capital cities of the major industrial countries crippling commerce and transportation until the ruling elites are forced to publicly state the truth about climate catastrophe implement radical measures to halt carbon admissions by 2025 and empower National City and citizens committees free of corporate money and control to oversee the termination of our hundred and fifty year binge on fossil fuel if we do not we will face mass death we can no longer remain silent we can no longer permit obedience to segregate us from personal risk the british-based group extinction rebellion has called for nonviolent acts of civil disobedience on April 15th in capitals around the world to reverse what they say is our one way track to extinction I do not know if this effort will succeed but I do know it is the only mechanism left to force the ruling elites who although global warming has been democ for decades have refused to carry out the measures needed to protect the planet in the human species these elites for this reason alone are illegitimate and they must be replaced if we do not shake off our lethargy our enemy and resist our misery despondency and feelings of helplessness will mount we will become paralyzed resistance especially given the bleakness before us is about more than winning it is about a life of meaning it is about empowerment it is a public declaration that we will no longer live according to the dominant lie it is a message to the elite the elites you do not own us it is about defending our dignity agency and self-respect the more we free ourselves from the bondage of fear to throw up barriers along the forests march towards ecocide the more we will be enveloped by a strange kind of euphoria one I often felt as a war correspondent documenting horrific atrocities and suffering to shame the killers we obliterate in our acts of defiance despair even if our victories are Pyrrhic we reach out to those around us courage is contagious it is the spark that ignites masked revolt and we should even if we fail at least choose how we will die resistance is the only action left that will allow us to remain psychologically whole and it is the only action left that has any hope of halting the wholesale extinction of the human race not to mention most other species the times our inexpressibly evil Daniel Berrigan wrote and yet and yet the times are inexhaustibly good in this time of death some men and women the resistors work heartily for social change we think of such people in the world and the stone in our breast is dissolved this means breaking the law it means shutting cities down streets bridges tunnels blocked and this must be done with discipline non-violence the state will seek as it did with the Occupy movement to demonize any masked movement and make people frightened of it this is classic counter insurgency doctrine the resistance movements in the global South have figured this out they are far better organized and disciplined than many of those in the industrialized West we don't need that many people in the streets ten twenty thirty thousand is enough to clog up the Machine these kinds of numbers policing the Security Force has lacked the ability to carry out these numbers of arrests especially if as extinction Rebell billion has done in London as soon as the riot police or the police show up the crowd moves somewhere else in swarms the goal is to hold the economies of these capital cities ransom until the elites tell the truth about the climate crisis put in place programs to get carbon emissions to zero by 2025 and create these national assembly's based on sortition to oversee societal and economic transformation this is an existential emergency we have less than a decade to prevent the total eradication of human society the mass actions this April may fizzle out the crowds may not gather the public may be apathetic but if only a handful of us attempt to block a bridge or a road even if we are swiftly swept away by the police so swiftly there is not enough disruption to notice it is worth it I am a father I love my children it is not about me it is about them this is what parents do it is our call the cross we are commanded to carry it is what makes us human it is what sustains the DIMM absurd compassion and human kindness love itself which evil with all its machines and bureaucratic power its armies its lies it's industrial violence its wealth its vast megaphones has never been able to crush and never will it may not ultimately be a battle we can win but by fighting it we sustain ourselves we are enveloped and absolved by the sacred we make faith possible the poet Linda Gregg writes in the museum print room today we looked at their Blake engravings all were about a place that was not paradise everybody's suffering men on their backs their faces upside down and exposed legs raised and merging with the lines that meant a mountain women unusually large stood composed discerning concerned over the general condition of life the curator said he cut directly into the middle then inked it I said yes she said there was a spiral of mist filled with the shapes of lovers I looked close to see if any were happy at least two were and in the sky a couple sitting embracing something weeps in me all the time all the time I said at random wouldn't it be nice if one of these prints showed an angel crossing the border between heaven and this other realm just the border Jesus you who are above all others I heard constantly inside bleared with loneliness exhausted by keeping what I loved safe thank you thank you so much Chris we're going to open up the floor now for questions we have two microphones here at the front one at each aisle I invite you all to come to the microphones to ask questions I would also like to let the folks in the balcony know that you are welcome of course to ask questions although we don't have a mic setup up there so you'll have to come come down here I see there are already people lined up which is great pause for some waters here but to give you a moment to think and also for others to come line up I thought I'd get the ball rolling we've talked a lot today about journalism and the role of journalists and you've said that you see your job as a journalist to be a truth teller to tell the truth and that that's what good journalism is today you've shared a hard truth about the death of society the self-inflicted death of society that we're facing how do we as consumers of the media and and as searchers for good journalism and searchers for truth how do we discern what's good and what's true given the current landscape of journalism and media today I know that's a huge question but I'm really keen to hear what your thoughts are on it as a seat as a seasoned journalist what's important to remember that real journalism has always existed on the margins and it's been the alternative media of non-commercial media that has traditionally shamed the for-profit media into doing their job so as an example I write for TruthDig the editor is Robert Scheer one of the great journalists in the United States the former editor of ramparts magazine which like truth dick has never made a penny in profit in fact Bob at one point had the idea that he would entice advertisers to ramparts by taking the pan-american ad that appeared on the back of Time magazine and putting it on the back of ramparts to show that big corporation supported the magazine with the result that Pan Am sued him but if you look at ramparts in the 60s they were the ones who exposed the co Intel program program they were the ones who first wrote about the atrocities in Vietnam including that iconic photograph of the small girl running down the road naked being burned by an ape I don't came out and that's always been the role so it the I worked for the New York Times I understand how the big media houses operate and their unofficial motto is do not alienate those on whom we depend for access and money you can alienate them sometimes but if you as a reporter keep alienating them you become a management problem so the importance of that alternative media universe is key and there are some great reporters out there I wrote a column on the plane over here about the Mulla report and I named some of them Glenn Greenwald Matt Taibbi max Blumenthal aren mate' and others they're there but they certainly exist on the margins which i think has always been the case I would say that at this point broadcast media has largely abandoned in journalism including CNN for entertainment I mean the this they function as kind of quarters in Versailles it's all about gossip porn stars and this ridiculous three year touring of Trump is a agent of Putin and P tapes and God knows what else none of which was substantiated so I think it's harder given the nature of the electronic media I don't I think BC is a little better although I know CBC has had its issues I once got tangled with Kevin O'Leary was his name it's certainly more difficult for journalism and because the ruling ideology of neoliberalism has lost credibility those who are critics and because the ruling elites no longer really have a counter-argument the critics have come under assault so in the name of it's called prop or not it's this shadowy anonymous group named almost left most left-wing websites including the ones I write for and the ones that run my copy as agents of a foreign power ie Russia and so Google Facebook have imposed algorithms that with what you what it's called impressions where you type in let's say you write in the word imperialism and I had written a column about imperialism that week it would come up with other stories that dealt with imperialism now they've created filters so that doesn't happen so just with truth dig in the last 12 months we've seen referrals by impressions decline from over 700,000 to below 200,000 and then you have the issue of net neutrality so in the clear the the ruling elites through Silicon Valley which is an appendage of the security and surveillance apparatus is clearly attempting to marginalize the critics who have already been pushed to the outer reaches of the media landscape so you have to look but they're there I tend like most journalists I tend to read by lines rather than publications are it's Gideon Levy Amira Hass Danny Rubinstein all of room right on the Palestinian issue I think Koretz the Israeli newspaper probably does the best coverage of the Palestinians so you can find them but you have to be proactive if you are passive consumers sitting in front of a screen then you're you're just going to be helene and with the salacious and the tawdry and the ridiculous so i don't own a television it's probably a good place to start i'm caught in the dilemma of how to start with the right or the left and whether it's our right or left or your right or left but i will start over here on the right hand side we will just go back and forth as long as we have time I will remind you though because there are people waiting behind you please keep your questions as brief as possible and make sure there's a question in there so that Chris has something to interact with just a friendly reminder so let's start over here I'd like to thank you very much for your talk this evening you were part of Occupy and another gentleman that you were with Marc Bray who wrote the anti-shah book the handbook I'm not sure exactly how he would agree or disagree with with your nonviolent civil disobedience stance disagree yeah okay I didn't want to speak on his behalf I'm sure you know him I know him and I read the book right so like in such a existential emergency isn't it incumbent upon us to kind of do whatever we can to save things I get it what you're saying about non-violent civil disobedience but isn't that kind of the route that Chamberlain might have taken and and other people in the past where they were just crushed occupied didn't make the results that many had hoped and so my question is I'm not sure what's going to happen with the extinction rebellion in April but I'm just wondering if we might have to just step it up a bit I don't know well well first of all I covered war so you can't equate Chamberlain with nonviolent resistance Chamberlain was the prime minister of a state and as Max Weber has pointed out essentially a definition of a state is that institution or entity that monopolizes what they consider to be legitimate use of violence so that's just an analogy that doesn't work when you talk about internal resistance just on a very practical level having covered conflicts such as the five years covering the war in El Salvador you needed arms shipments from Nicaragua you the Algerian Civil War would have never succeeded if they couldn't get arms shipments of Tunisia so the idea that we we can match firepower unless Canada wants to start shipping large numbers of weapons to the United States is just isn't going to work it's not even remotely feasible that's number one number two revolutions if you read the theory great theorists of Revolution Crane Brinton Jeffery Davies and others point out that no revolution succeeds unless a significant part of the ruling apparatus defects and this is the the person who understood this very well of all however a moral he was was Lenin and Lenin's brother had been executed for hung for attempting to kill the Czar but Lenin was fiercely opposed to the anarchist violence as something that was detrimental to the Bolshevik Revolution I just left Paris on Sunday so I was there with the yellow vests and the black block on the Sean's alizée and you had 20,000 roughly yellow vests protesters in about 150 Black Bloc hyper-masculine white men largely and the state loved it and and McCrone used it to ban protests on the show Louise a and to employ 6000 anti-terrorism soldiers throughout the city so it's a matter of what will succeed revolution is not about catharsis revolution is is about tactics and having covered the revolutions in Eastern Europe and I covered the fall of the Stasi state in East Germany I saw how that worked so in September Erich Honecker sent down an elite paratroop division to Leipzig to fire on the demonstrators largely led by Lutheran clergy and when they got there the local city authorities refused to deploy them and a Honaker was out of power within a week when the cossacks were sending to crush the bread riots in Petrograd and refused and joined the rioters the Tsar who was up on the front was rushed back and had to abdicate anaerobic carriage when the Shah fled Iran and the next day the head of the Armed Forces said that the army would no longer defend the regime the regime collapsed so that's how revolutions work and and essentially that's the only weapon we have it doesn't always work it often doesn't work but you know in the United States I was in the Middle East and and so it we have 60,000 members of the Special Forces alone and and really special forces are just death squads the idea that somehow we can match therefore this is the language the state speaks really well so non-violence is the only effective tool that we have and that's why the state seeks to demonize the movement loves the black bloc I think half of the black Walker probably police because they and just read any counterinsurgency manual the object is to demonize the protest movement make people afraid of it and reduce its numbers so it can be crushed because once you have I was at the climate March in New York which was kind of the March to know where everybody went through police barricades the West Side right but the next day about ten or fifteen thousand activists gathered down and occupied Wall Street and they were and we didn't know what was gonna happen when we walked onto the street but there were just too many of us the police couldn't arrest that they couldn't arrest 15,000 people and that's what we have to do that's the only so it really requires discipline and it requires understanding how power works and it requires really making a moral appeal because the foot soldiers you know all the cops in New York City for instance to make extra money they they're off-duty they're rented by corporations like Goldman Sachs for $37 an hour so they stand in the lobbies and watch these multi-millionaire criminals get into their limit they see it when the I did a protest was in a protest against the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan a few years ago in front of the White House with several hundred veterans mostly from the war in Iraq and Afghanistan 133 of us were arrested and what was fascinating and unexpected is that as we were being cuffed the it turns out the police in Washington most of them are in the National Guard and had been in Iraq and Afghanistan and they were cuffing us saying keep protesting this is what terrifies the ruling elites not some 19 year old kid and with $6.00 $600 worth of knee pads and elbow pads throwing rocks through Starbucks windows that doesn't they love that and braze book by the way he draws on his thesis is that there wasn't enough violence in Nazi Germany against the fascists and this is just so historically inaccurate in fact there were constant street clashes between the Communists and the fascists I admit largely provoked by the fascists and and and it empowered the fascists who promised law and order of society that it just got sick of these violent clashes taking place in their streets so not only is Bray wrong but the the book is just historically you know Incred incredible inaccurate and and and and the whole the kind of historical thesis that he uses to make this argument is false thank you Chris and everyone for being here tonight I was wondering if I could ask about your opinion on Venezuela specifically us and I guess to a lesser extent Canadian involvement in Venezuela and also the media's coverage of Venezuela well the coverage has been awful I mean talk about interference and elections I'm no friend of Maduro but I mean who the hell is wide oh I mean where did he come from nobody ever heard of him he's a classic kind of CIA puppet it's appalling I mean think what's so polling about it is that yes the United States has long engaged in this kind of activity with the same kind of tactics if you look in 1973 with the overthrow of a yen day and Chile there were power outages gas shortages food you know it all orchestrated by America's greatest war criminal Henry Kissinger so the tactics were the same but in 73 it was clandestine here it's just completely naked and in the open but I'm not sure they're going to succeed if they haven't succeeded by now it's going to be tough yeah but it is it's appalling I mean the United States let's say for the last 18 years has engaged in what historians of empire called micro militarism it's it's that final stage of empire when empires disintegrate and they carry they just blindly stumble into military Fiasco's which is of course what's happened I mean we've just created one failed state after another huge refugee crisis which has tilted the political climate in Europe towards these neo-fascist movements although countries like Hungary and Poland don't actually have it and and that's fatal so what you're seeing is that the the with the with the death of the American Empire a kind of a an irresponsible and thoughtless use of force everywhere which is ultimately fatal to Empire I mean if you look for instance and that's what I mean the the the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan it was the the signals the end it's seven trillion dollars the United States is literally if we've been there the infrastructure is collapsing half the country lives in poverty we pretty bad pretty bad poverty and it's just there unwinnable intractable so you know for instance when at the end of the Greek the Athenian Empire they attacked Sicily and their entire fleet was sunk and their most their soldiers were killed are you looking at 56 when the British tried to retake Suez and had to retreat and humiliation that's this is the stage that we're in and so this kind of ham-fisted naked attempt to use force coupled with the destruction of the State Department of any kind of form of diplomacy is characteristic of the dying stages of all empires my question relates to your last page of your book where you say resistance is not only about battling forces of darkness it is about becoming a complete human being and I would argue that you need to write the second book about what I'd call altruistic activism or spiritual activism that that's what empowers us to act in the face of evil and there are many examples of that happening we just had an ally philosophy and Ally symposium here on the weekend showing that when you face up to homophobia it declines anti-racism dealing with violence against women all of these are small community activist movements and we need to hear more of those stories especially from the United States we have an incredible movements in Canada the Truth and Reconciliation is showing that and instead of some of us who are in the book club in your book we're afraid of reading the middle chapters and that's because they're hard witnesses to bear but we have to toughen up our love to be able to hear those hard stories but once you open that drama we need to also be tough to stand up for it so could you please talk about that a bit when I wrote my book on the Christian Right which was over ten years ago now so I come out of a religious tradition but I really didn't know anything about the Christian Right I come out of the left wing of the church the berrigan's were heroes in my house King and I went in there with the kind of liberal prejudice but as I started doing interviews with followers in the Christian Right you you'd have to be heartless not to be moved their lives had really disintegrated opioid addictions alcoholism domestic abuse sexual abuse rampant gambling porn addictions I mean their world disintegrated bankruptcies evictions so they retreated into the last redoubt where they could survive which was magical thinking and what's fascinating about the mega churches is that they function I really found having spent a lot of time in them as Colts so you come in to you know these megachurches unlike Presbyterian churches have like comfortable seats like this and nice music and it's kind of warm and and that's the difference when Hannah Arendt writes about totalitarian movements between propaganda and indoctrination but then they suck you into their forms of indoctrination they break you down they assign you deciphers they sever you from your family or their every night and what I found is that they really couldn't cope with the real world they without magic Jesus and part of their anger when you try it you couldn't talk rationally with them about creationism or any of this kind of stuff because this magical belief system was all they had left so with this segment of the population there is no rational discussion I mean I was in the creationist Museum in Peterborough Kentucky and they had a recreation of the Garden of Eden with the waterfall and you know Eve and Adam were naked in the pool but you couldn't see Eve's plastic breasts I mean they were and they had a t-rex there with a saddle and the the guide was taking people through and said well I'm sure you all wonder why teawrex has such big teeth it's because t-rex Adam and Eve used here X to open the coconuts well you know it's funny here but when you're in a group of 40 people who believe it it's really terrifying so I came to the conclusion at the end of that book that the that well I think every point you make about rising up and being vocal which I am Against Homophobia you know the various forms of bigotry and racism the only hope was reintegrating these people into the society where they could find a place and that short of that this kind of magical thinking and bigotry and externalization of evil and demonization of others would only grow so the rise of Trump the ground was seated by the Christian right Trump Trump is a mega pastor I mean I was around these guys these you can't get much sleep this they prey off of the despair of the people in these mega churches they're often millionaires I would say anecdotally at least from my work or observations the the primary difference between the mega pastors and Trump is that their sexual proclivities were probably kinkier than Trump's but but people ask how can the Christian Right ally with Trump I said they are the same there's no difference the whole form of denying science and and so without that economic component these kinds of hatreds biggest Biggie's will only grow and of course in the last 10 years it's only gotten worse so while yes we have to speak out against these activities what we really have to address and you've read the book with the core message of that book is that until we rebuild those social bonds until we address this enemy things will only get worse and you know you have one of the great political figures who understood this Tommy Douglas I mean he got it and that's kind of I gave a talk I think was the University of Winnipeg - which makes me love Canada so I gave my blistering revolutionary radical talk and then I saw these professors in the background one of them stands up and goes okay before he begins I want the students to know that he's nothing more than a radical Keynesian but it turns out they were all Marxist I thought man that would never happen at Princeton that's like and it's actually true I am kind of a radical Keynesian so I'm kind of just a 1970s Swedish socialist I mean you saw in the Scandinavian countries heavily regulated capitalism everybody had health care there weren't homeless people in the streets mentally ill people were taken care of a senior high school teacher earned as much as a doctor you know we have the wealth certainly to create a society like that and we must really rebuild a socialist system quickly especially as we are watching the world's financial elites engage in the same kind of speculative games that they engaged in before the 2007 crash or were in big trouble so yes I think we should stand up I think we should be outspoken but we can't divorce it from the vast social inequality now the worst in the United States and American history and the creation of an oligarch heiress this goes back to Aristotle 3,000 years ago Aristotle said that in an oligarchy or an aristocratic society where he had a concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a tiny elite the only two options were tyranny or revolution it's not a particularly new political understanding but it's one we seem go forgotten early on in your presentation you said that peace costs about as much as war was very pretty I was quoting Daniel Berrigan okay well even still I was wondering if you could elaborate on that because the way that I see it is that war dispar disproportionately affects people of color I mean that oftentimes the people the citizens of those countries that are occupied by the United States or Canada for example the citizens they are often dehumanized and that also comes into our nation here where it the dehumanization continues so I'm wondering how peace and war could cost as he's saying that person that we have to be willing to make personal sacrifices as great as those who perpetuate war I mean beragon was militantly nonviolent and but at the same time he and his brother was Phil Berrigan by the time he died it's been 11 years in prison were constantly going to prison they went in for instance in Catonsville Maryland and burned the dry they took the draft records out and burnt and then stood there and prayed until they arrested beragon spent 23 months in a federal prison for that so what he's saying is that we have to be willing to carry out acts of self-sacrifice which are demanded by those who perpetuate war if we are going to challenge the war industry and the purveyors of violence and injustice but always through non-violence always that's the point hi thanks you'll forgive me I've actually written it into my phone so I'm just going to read it in the final chapter of America the farewell tour you write quote the seductive inducements to conformity money celebrity prizes grants book contracts hefty lecture fees important academic and political positions and a public platform are scoring by those who resist how do you reconcile that statement with your own position as a prize-winning author of 14 traditionally published books lecture at an elitist institution minister of a mainstream church husband of an actor resident of a city with an average income of 118 thousand and here now on a public stage at another elitist institution I don't ask this to be glib I ask this because most revolutions actually start with educated elites and that always presents a personal and social paradox for example in farewell you often reference Karl Marx Marx was a well-educated man from an affluent family and he later accepted financial support from Frederick Engels who had become considerably wealthy through ownership of the very same exploitative capitalist factories the two men decried so where is the line between pragmatic self-preservation and outright hypocrisy or to put it another way can the personal not be political it depends you know where your loyalty or your field he lies so I mean in my own case I lost my job at the New York Times which meant losing my pension my medical benefits we you know it was I mean I been in Gaza so I don't pretend that it was close to the kind of sacrifices that oppressed people like the Palestinians endure but it was a difficult and certainly at the moment and a hard choice I was finished in American journalism no newspaper was ever gonna hire me because I had crossed the line and begun to denounce the war and I began looking for a job I don't have a doctorate so I began looking for a job to teach English in a high school and my first book war is a force that gives us meaning and with a title like that nobody thought it would sell happen to explode by word of mouth and sold 400,000 copies but it wasn't my intent I didn't write the book to make money in fact I was pretty certain no one would buy it as was the publisher which is why the advance was minuscule and I just got lucky so I think it's a matter of I've never sat down and written a book and thought about the audience I will sell the book I mean I'll go out afterwards written and do I mean I was on book tour from the end of August until October but I won't write it I don't write it with that intent and you know you ask about my own situation what happened I was talking to I don't know if anyone's read David Harvey's work he's really good his book on brief history of neoliberalism is brilliant he's a Marxist economist and I was talking to David not long ago and what what happens often with a writer it's very similar to a musician is that you build your own audience so it you know we and they know that they track it so if I write a book I almost always can sell about forty or fifty thousand hardback and another sixty thousand it's that same audience now the United States has over 300 million people so we're not even talking about one percent but it is the loyalty of that audience that makes me able to make a living and I'm fortunate but it wasn't by design and in fact you know when I and III don't pretend that you know I'm suffering in any way but when you are writer you live like an artist so you know I had my second year of writing that book days of destruction days of revolt with Joe Sacco we ran out of money and I mean literally when I do my taxes I had negative income and I've spent several over the last few years trying to pay it off so that's like all artists and my loyalty is you know I'm not an artist I'm a writer but my loyalty is to what I write first and foremost and then I will take whatever comes and I have been as you point out successful in that sense but number one that's not how I define success and that was not my intent and you know I have a lot of I'm constantly clashing with the Israel lobby in the United States because of my very public support for the BDS movement and that sees me constantly not only blocked from lecturing but even to the point of being disinvited I was invited to speak at the University of Pennsylvania they mounted a huge campaign against me I was disinvited and so I don't pretend that I pay a particularly harsh price for where I stand but I do pay a price I'm not on MSNBC you know I am locked out of the mainstream media and I used to be at the epicenter of the mainstream media because the positions I take are not palatable so you know I I try to live with as much integrity as I can and do the best I can and you can google my house and prints it's not very impressive I think I'll take our last question from the floor so you've talked about some acts of civil disobedience as being sort of the only way forward guess I have a two-part question do you still vote and we've here in Alberta have an election coming up I'm engaged to some degree and trying to do what I can to promote who I think is the best candidate and the best party and I'm just wondering if you can speak to whether you think there's any merit in participating in the democratic institutions that we still have especially maybe here in Canada we're on a provincial level for instance right well Canada's a little healthier than the United States in that corporate money has doesn't dominate your political process you I mean Hillary Clinton had to raise 1 billion dollars so she raised 1 billion dollars to run for this is insane so I vote but I don't take it that seriously and I don't vote for Democrats I was Ralph Nader speechwriter I since 2000 have voted you know part of its personal I just couldn't watch Barack Obama go to AIPAC and fawn over the Israel lobby I've just I've been in chief a hospital in gaad's I've seen the bodies of those children and I thought you know what I don't care everyone else can sell out the Palestinians I'm just not going to it's personal I I am well aware that half of my students would not be in prison but for Bill Clinton and Joe Biden and I'm just not going to sell them out I don't care if it's and because ultimately its movements if you know you have to pit power against power and there's a story I've told before about Kissinger's memoirs and please don't buy his book he but he's writing about the one of the last huge anti-war demonstrations in Washington tens of thousands of anti-war demonstrators I think it's 1971 are surrounding the White House and Nixon has put empty city buses around the White House to protect it and he's looking through the window with Kissinger knee says Henry they're going to break through the barricades and get us and it is our job to make sure that's where people in power are but that doesn't come unless we have movements and this hyper individualism of the consumer society is a very as graham she understood a very effective way of disempowerment so you know is emma goldman said if voting was that effective it would be illegal I vote I vote I don't waste a lot of time on it and I at least vote with my conscience even you know nobody else votes for Ralph Nader at least I will I think Ralph Nader by the way is one of the great unsung American heroes who has been fighting against corporate crime and capitalism longer more effectively and more with more integrity than any other American yeah we'll take one more if this will have to be the last one okay thank you well thank you for coming out Chris my question pertains more for US students who are faced with the immense challenges that you bring up and [Music] hearing these kinds of kind of brings up a feeling of helplessness so I'm always focused on the hope and what we can do so my question is how can we build these alternative communities you speak of within the dominant capitalist system well the more that you can sever yourself from the tentacles of corporate power the freer you are so that becomes you know local agriculture public banks I mean you know the more mechanisms you can build - you know cooperatives you know there's injustice everywhere if you look one of the stories I even to this day with a hundreds of stories I wrote as a news reporter that I still look back and find a great deal of satisfaction having done took place when I was in high school and I was a scholarship student at a very elite boarding school in New England where the Rockefellers a--when and the men who worked in the kitchen lived up over the kitchen and no student was allowed to go there's one of the richest prep schools in the country and I'm so of course I went up there with a camera and they were living in squalor and so I thought perhaps the best time to publicize this would be in the commencement issue of the newspaper when all the parents and the trustees would be there which I did and when I that every of course they were shamed into doing something and they renovated the living spaces over the summer and when I came back the pot washers and kitchen staff had put a plaque on the wall in my memory and I you know I thought I was 17 years old and I thought wow that's what it means to be a journalist so it's if you look for it the problem is you know had so many schools like Princeton they walk past the grounds crew and the written they're invisible and when you live in privilege you have that luxury of making the oppressed invisible and it's to make them visible to lift up their voices and their experiences and their suffering and shame a society into carrying out justice so it's here on this campus without question you know I don't know what your debt burdens are like in American colleges they're obscene I mean you will find seniors in college with $100,000 of debt and I said you know you just need to get 10 of those people that's a million dollars and you need to go chain yourself to the president's door this is insane what we're doing throwing our young people into debt peonage and then they can't get jobs and they're paying $700 a month I mean debt peonage as any African American knows is a form of social control and of course every time I come to counted I see this creepy process I mean we do everything wrong and then 10 years later Canada does it I can't figure it out so it's here and I think once you engage in those struggles as I tried to say in my talk this is the best antidote to despair and hopelessness and often it's pure açaí mean you may know Barack Obama at midnight on last day of December in 2011 when he thought no one was looking signed into law section 1021 of the National Defense Authorization Act and what it did was overturn the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act which had prohibited the US military from being used as a domestic police force and so I sued him in federal court and no one thought we would win including my own lawyers and I did win and my feeling and suing him was I'm just not going to roll over and take it and the administration utterly freaked out I mean the lawyers from the NSA were like in the judge's chambers the day of the ruling trying to get the temporary indictment lifted it was overturned on appeal so it is law but it is you know taking on and challenging a monolithic power like that when it carries out an egregious form of injustice just taking it on is empowering and I mean every once in a while you actually succeed but what it did of course was gave widespread publicity to a very important ruling that now Donald Trump has the power to use which would have gone unnoticed and so it is that engagement with the struggle you know what Reinhold Niebuhr the great theologian called sublime madness as things get worse and worse it is the struggle itself that will keep us psychologically whole but if we grasp reality and remain passive then that despair and lethargy and despondency anomie will only eat away at us it's it's kind of counterintuitive when we are going to watch it on youtube when we did that March in Washington was snowing and most all of us had been in pretty serious combat and it's suddenly when we went to the White House it was silent and one there was one Vietnam veteran who was just beating the drum and I would say you know of that 133 of us are almost everyone was crying I mean I say that's my church right there and you walk away from that so empowered it doesn't make sense really but it I mean an irrational sense but it's it is it is that act of defiance that sustains us and the worse that's going to get any is going to get worse the more we don't resist the more it will eat away at us and that's just a fact I mean I go into that prison twice a week and you know people say well what keeps you going and I said anger I mean if you if you walk out of that prison you're not angry something wrong you don't have a heart and that's what Argos team said you know this College called Augustine that's no Hope has two beautiful daughters anger and courage anger the way things are and the courage to say that they don't remain the way they are and that's why especially at this moment in human history resistance is absolutely vital not only from a moral sense not only do we have a moral responsibility kamu writes about this I think quite well but but it is is going to be our greatest psychological protection [Applause] [Music]

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Keywords: Chris Hedges Best Speech In 2019, Chris Hedges Lecture, Chris Hedges 2019, Chris Hedges 2020, Chris Hedges speech, Chris Hedges 2018, Chris Hedges Lecture 2019

Id: zsfCNKrYzgk

Length: 97min 41sec (5861 seconds)

Published: Sun Feb 23 2020