Building Versailles: A King’s Obsession For Magnificence | Rise & Fall Of Versailles | Real Royalty

i'm alice loxton and i present documentaries over on history hit tv if you're passionate about all things royal history sign up to history hit tv it's like netflix but just for history you've got hours of ad-free documentaries about all aspects of the past you can get a huge discount for history hit tv make sure you check out the details in the video description and use the code real royalty all one word when you sign up now on with the show louis xiv so powerful he took his name from the sun itself so dominant he made the haughtiest aristocrats bend to his will so insatiable that no one mistress could satisfy him for long [Music] throughout a long and turbulent life louis sought magnificence in all things he strived for it in love in battle and in art but above all he wanted magnificence at versailles by creating a building so spectacular it would outshine any palace on earth [Music] taken from intimate memoirs and official records this is the story of how a king's obsession created one of the wonders of the world [Music] [Music] it started in a swamp [Music] it was here in a stretch of mosquito infested marshland that louis the 27 year old king of france decided to construct his new palace near a small and unremarkable country town called versailles his courtiers were far from impressed it was almost as though louis had deliberately picked the worst possible sight for his magnificent palace in order to prove to the world that his will was was greater than nature [Music] louis had a sentimental reason for choosing versailles it was the site of his father's old hunting lodge and as a boy he'd played and hunted here the original chateau of louie's father was on top of a hill the problem if you wanted to turn it into a whacking great palace was that you weren't going to be building on flat land louis was told this is not a great place for a big expansion of your father's chateau as a monarch with absolute power louis wasn't used to being told what to do and he didn't much like it [Music] still from the outset louis was thinking big he started by hiring the greatest architect of the age louis le vaux to transform the hunting lodge into the palace of his dreams [Music] louis was to devote much of his energy to his new project but he was always sure to make time for his other great passion although married to queen mary therese he had numerous affairs his current mistress was a young aristocratic beauty called luis de la valleere louie's attitude towards women was one of tremendous enthusiasm he really loved women he didn't just love them um for sex he loved their company he loved their conversation he loved their elegance he loved women who who were witty and refined um most of all i think he loved women because they teased him they made him laugh he loved he had a tremendous sexual appetite he would quite often if his mistress was too slow in taking her dress off have a turn with her ladies made while he was waiting or a passing servant in in the corridor versailles he made love the way he did everything else with enormous gusto a french king was expected to have a mistress and it sort of symbolized the virility of the nation and you know 100 years later poor louis xvi the french were furious with him because he didn't have a mistresses villa luis de la valia was louis the 14th first official mistress she was a lady in waiting at the court she was guileless charming daughter of a good family and she adored the king and it was irresistible because she convinced him quite genuinely that she loved him for himself and i think this is what the young king wanted to hear i think he had a very good time louise was very important to him he did love her they had two children together he made her a duchess but it was it was a young man's crush rather than a profound passion whatever his feelings for louise louis was always careful to fulfill all of his obligations to his wife his marriage to queen maritres was politically vital it had ensured peace between france and spain for many years and he needed to father children with her to ensure that his dynasty lived on louis did feel a duty towards the queen he he made love to her frequently and she would always have a special mass said the day afterwards and everybody would nudge each other at court because she looked very pleased as she came into the chapel um he was attentive to her polite to her they they had children together but she simply didn't have the looks or the education or the spirit or the charm to captivate a man like that she accepted his infidelity as did most royal and aristocratic women at the time as being part of of marriage luis mosquito-bitten courtiers also had to accept their king for what he was like all 17th century monarchs louis believed himself appointed directly by god here nobody could tell him what to do he was quite simply the only power in the realm and having had this consciousness since he was a very very small child i think it meant that he was without any arrogance or hubris of the opinion that he was pretty much a god himself [Music] as a kind of living god louis liked nothing more than being the center of everyone else's attention louis was brought up in a theater mad age as a young man he took dancing lessons which seemed to have completely transformed his self-confidence he was actually a very accomplished dancer and he clearly enjoyed greatly taking part in these performances which were mainly in front of a court audience the troop disastrous i think all his contemporaries were extremely impressed by him he was astonishingly handsome with his long golden hair and his almost jerubic face he was indeed god given as his mother anna austria called him louis liked dressing up and not just for fun it was part of his public image he chose as his role model the greek god apollo represented in classical imagery as the sun pronoun [Music] it's a very powerful symbol because it sheds its light everywhere it's obviously very beneficial but it's also a symbol of domination because all the other elements are subordinate to the sun these inner sense above everything [Music] the sun king seems to be an appropriate title it was one that was a piece of propaganda when he was young but like many bits of propaganda i think it became fat laveau's plans for the remodeling of versailles were complete and ready to present to his demanding boss [Music] louis certainly knew that what he wanted was a building which had that shock and awe effect there's absolutely no doubt that he wanted a building that would be sensational was impressive but had a major flaw he planned to destroy the old hunting lodge [Music] the idea of with the 14 was to keep always a little chateau of his father so that was a problem for an architect because architects prefer to destroy everything and to build a new new building so louis sent the architect away and he told him i want this little shadow preserved from [Music] with laveau sent back to the drawing board louis turned his attention to the landscape he wanted to expand the existing garden adding ornamental lakes and groves lined with dazzling fountains but he'd picked an awful sight there were no views it's hemmed in by the sights of a valley and also versailles wasn't naturally endowed the region with the sort of trees which louis wanted for his garden louise chief gardner was the century's most celebrated landscape designer andre lenort but the sun king did not want to wait for his earthly paradise or for his trees to grow from saplings louis xiv wanted results and he wanted them fast this was really a theme of the whole sort of project their site and the solution was to uproot mature trees from other parts of france and bring them in and a special contraption was invented a horse-drawn contraption which would allow these mature trees to be transported on as you can imagine these terribly bad roads from other provinces [Applause] with major new building work on hold louis instructed laveau to upgrade the interior of versailles on his inspection tours louis was accompanied by his entourage including mistress luis de la vallee but louise now had a rival [Music] mr [Music] foreign [Music] after a while he became quite bored with louise and she hung around at court desperate to try and get his attention back she never really did so i think she probably suffered quite a lot i think the king could pick and choose power's a great aphrodisiac and a crown even more so so naturally i think he picked very beautiful women [Music] louis liked to display his power after winning a war against spain he celebrated with a huge party in the gardens of versailles [Music] it was also a chance for the king to show off the woman who had now replaced louise as his favorite mistress her name was madame de montespo and she was one of the most beautiful women in france is such an attractive figure i think she was a tremendous goer she loved everything to do with pleasure she loved jewels she liked marvelous clothes she liked food flowers gardening and above all she liked sex you see and he did too so he found the absolutely the right mattress auntie for him and she knew about having wonderful feasts and about having entertainments so she was exactly the kind of person louis envisaged as being suitable same time she was so beautiful that ambassadors thought she contributed to the legend of the sun king the sun king's festivities were about more than pleasure they had real political significance louis was slowly turning his new palace into the most important and the most fashionable seat of power in europe the parties at versailles they've been described as pagan masses [Applause] fireworks rides along the canal in gondolas balls for 3 000 people under the stars plays ballets with a hundred dancers by lulu everything you could possibly imagine all at once in this tremendous circus of celebration for the king [Music] the great parties were intended to show the nobility and the rest of europe how powerful the king of france was what wonderful artists he had what wonderful musicians how superior his court and his culture were to every other court and culture in europe the king's former mistress louise eventually gave up trying to win him back after years of neglect she decided to enter a convent leaving behind the children she'd had with louis i don't think she felt guilt about leaving them behind because she knew that they were going to be very well treated so i don't think she felt that kind of guilt because i think her big guilt she wanted to expend with penance and fasting and all that in the convert and when she finally got away i think she was much happier she became a very hard-line nun you know hair cut hair shirt praying and repentance and generally ended her life more or less in the order of sanctity because louis was spending more and more time at versailles he decided to move his entire government there to accommodate the new officials lavo suggested a brand new idea keeping the old hunting lodge but enclosing it with massive new buildings on three sides the design was known as the envelope [Music] the chateau was preserved but it was enveloped in this new building in a completely different style which looked like a palace what he also did with leveaux was to build pavilions for his ministers now this was very important what this meant was that for the first time versailles could function as a seat of monarchy a place from which the king could govern building the envelope was a massive task requiring thousands of workers [Music] the largest number of workers were 40 000 people at the same time it was a very dangerous place also because the work to be done was not done in a secure way of course it was with accidents and people dying louis was impatient to get the job done quickly work went on day and night [Music] there was no health and safety regime and the workers who were most at risk were the ones who were working high up so for instance the roofers the carpenters we do know that there were a lot of accidents on [Music] and site were times when the um death rate the mortality rate was high and in order not to demoralize the workforce the corpses would be removed at night [Music] louis mistress madame de montespo was already married but that didn't stop her spending most of her time with the king and he made sure she got the vip treatment she had a suite of 20 rooms whereas the queen had to make do with 11. they were gorgeously appointed and he spent a lot of time in them they included a bathroom most unusual for the time in which apparently he and madame de montespond spent many happy hours despite her elevated status montesbar found it hard to share louis even with his own wife [Music] i don't think she was really jealous of the queen because after all she had everything of louis real love and she knew it but i think she made scenes about the other mistresses when they came along as the years passed and i think there are some men possibly louis among them who rather like it if a woman is jealous and shows signs of caring you know she certainly complained like mad if she felt he was straight from what was in fact an illegitimate relationship [Music] louis kept a close eye on the building works but one inspection visit brought a nasty surprise a mother angry at the death of her son killed on the site was waiting for him [Music] we're told that she just let fly at louis xiv i mean he was very surprised he said well is that me this was a courageous thing for this mother to have done because there were guards everywhere and of course as soon as she had said this she was very quickly hustled away for her punishment foreign [Music] le notre's ambitious plans were finally taking shape and louis's dream of creating the most spectacular palace in europe was slowly becoming a reality [Music] louie's great gardener his real gift was for rearranging the landscape basically and dividing it up on a grid and then you treat the units within the grid essentially as outdoor rooms and then you would bring in all sorts of other people water engineers sculptors architects essentially to furnish these rooms [Music] the envelope around the old hunting lodge was complete louise ministers were installed in their new apartments and the king began governing from versailles [Music] now louis decided he would make the palace his permanent home and insisted that leading french nobles come and live there too hello there's no question that for louis the nobility particularly the great court nobility were an essential aspect of his kingship they surrounded him with glory and status [Music] this is a state where the ultimate decider on granting favor or refusing favor is in the hands of the king if you were looking for a military command if you're looking for favors for many of your clients supporters and family then the way to achieve this was by getting access to louis and to a lesser extent by gaining access to the ministers around louie but housing all the nobles would mean yet more building work lewis finance minister jean-baptiste colbert worried about the cost the grand commandment [Music] louis wanted the nobility at versailles in order that he could keep an eye on them the message he wanted to give to his nobles was this you don't need to rebel to get what you want what you have to do is come and pay your court to me see [Music] the chat [Music] original architect louis laveau died before his project was complete his replacement jul mansar had ideas of his own martha had the great idea to have big wings on each side of the envelope to make some accommodations for the princes and the court so it was a huge design and i think he had a great idea of what would be a great palace for a great king [Music] mansar's most ambitious proposal was to build a fabulous gallery lined with mirrors [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] however magnificent the plans louie's experience with his builders was a familiar one everything took much longer and cost far more than the estimates and they made a terrible mess nothing is more false than these gracious pictures of versailles it shows the stately place with everything perfect you know everybody gliding about actually it was a huge building site [Music] all the court ladies complained about it the work went starting at 6am my dear the dust and the smell of wet plaster which got into their hair it's exactly like today exactly like what we feel on a tiny scale when our neighbors go building must be an amazing site i mean the first day in at versailles everybody stopped jostling jostling jostling for bigger rooms and better rooms in a better position in the meantime the lesser folk you know they were trying to get down from the attics get better rooms and always to get as near as possible to the king [Music] architecture at night there was this sort of great unrolling of mattresses all over the palace as servants and soldiers guards would you know they'd go to sleep on the floor the lavatory arrangements were pretty kind of basic servants would think nothing of relieving themselves in the corridors of versailles so you have this extraordinary attention on outward appearances and magnificent clothes but alongside you have all these smells i mean you could have been in a farm yard i think many of the nobility would have resented the chaos and lack of order and doubtless complained about this at length but i think one shouldn't underestimate the compulsive desire of most of the great nobility to attend at court to be around the king louie's desire for magnificence extended to every aspect of his life especially his wardrobe he dressed in the finest cloth and expected his courtiers to do likewise and when his hair began to recede he adopted the fashion for elaborate wigs a half inch of lace on a cuff a gold or a silver button whether your pearl was here on your collar or here this could mean life and death to the courtiers fashion was hugely important and it was a very important way for the aristocracy to distinguish themselves from the ordinary people louis influenced fashion to some extent when he was a young man he dressed quite flamboyantly lots of cavalier silks and laces and ribbons he was a bit on the short side so he introduced a fashion for high-heeled shoes his mistresses perhaps were more influential on fashion madame de montesport invented various outfits including one the glorious deservier which was a sort of tunic worn over trousers and she invented this because it was very easy to take off normally a lady's dress required two women to stand behind her to under all the strings and of course louie was an impatient man he couldn't be bothered waiting so she invented this outfit so that he could undress her discreetly and easily in private [Music] with so many courtiers now craving his attention louis kept them busy by turning his daily activities into public rituals when he gets up in the morning that's the royal lavay with a great queue of great nobles who hand him different articles of clothing at night it's all reversed it's the royal couche and he takes things off and gives them to nobles great nobles would quarrel with one another as to which of them had the right to hand him his shirt because it had to be the person of highest rank in the room they couldn't go off to the country on their estate and start raising armies meddling it meant that they had to stay there quarreling about whose turn it was to give the king his napkin even the king's meal times turned into a performance where the nobles stood and watched the king eat waiting for him to speak to them one of the phenomena of versailles was the site of leading nobles adopting these very deferential poses this was actually a very very powerful signal that the monarchy was back in charge for the court years flattery became a way of life for instance one courtier a great nobleman in his province louis says to him when is your wife's baby due and this nobleman says when your majesty wishes it as well as accommodating thousands of courtiers and officials versailles was also used by the king to promote france itself there was a deliberate intention to create a showcase for french manufacturers and to rival or outdo italy above all which was the great source of taste in the 17th century the magnificence of the interior of course it was all about the splendor of the monarchy and the splendor of louis xiv louis personally loved rich materials and fine craftsmanship but it was also a careful orchestration of louis xiv france's claim to lead europe in terms of taste and the arts as building progressed louis commissioned hundreds of paintings sculptures and other decorations many containing images of himself as the embodiment of french glory this was no accident [Music] if you compare louis with rulers before it is remarkable how he had professional advice so he's not presenting his image by himself there was a whole backup team of intellectuals writers this is a real innovation that there should be a small committee of people who are simply working on how to present the king's image in the most grand manner possible the great french painter charles lebron was recruited to the cause [Music] mr louis image makers liked art that presented him as a conquering hero drawing on figures from ancient mythology like jupiter and his favorite apollo the association with the images of very powerful men of the past were part of this strategy of being the best king and the most powerful and most important king of the time [Music] louie's public image may have included a fair amount of 17th century hype but he was certainly a remarkable man he goes hunting three times a day he goes to council meetings three times a day he's a very hard worker he makes love three times a day we must conclude the man had amazing energies [Music] louie's restless pursuit of glory and magnificence found expression in the gardens of their side but even the king could not change the geography of a region that was critically short of running water to power the hundreds of new fountains that lenot had installed [Music] and so when the king took a stroll his gardeners had to turn the fountains on as he approached and then off again once he had walked past [Music] the problem of getting supplies of fast running high pressure water were never adequately solved various attempts were made to find alternative sources from quite far away from versailles the celebrated machine of mali a series of vast water wheels which were intended to bring water up from the sun and deliver it to the palace of versailles this provided water but not enough the great and final scheme involved building a full-scale roman style aqueduct this was abandoned as being too expensive and the result of course was that the great gardens of versailles never had enough water to drive all the fountains simultaneously [Music] fortunately there was enough glass to furnish the palace's most ambitious development the result of six years intense work this was mansar and lebron's most stunning achievement versailles hall of mirrors [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] i think the effect of the gallery is more a dream [Music] wonderful light given by the mirrors and it's i think it's it's very impressive and and astonishing [Music] is undoubtedly one of the great palaces [Music] louis would have wanted us to think of the chateau as an integrated whole not to focus on specific items whether the hall of mirrors or the great canal and as an integrated unit it completely outshines i think almost every other palace ever conceived or built [Music] [Music] if we understand one we understand the other [Music] the king wishes to assert his authority and maintain his position he has to do it through display versailles is an ideal theatre set on which he can act out what he regards as his royal duties versailles from this point of view fulfills those requirements better than almost any other building that could be imagined louie's love affair with his palace lasted longer than any of his human relationships after 14 years nine pregnancies and seven children montesspon was beginning to lose her looks and her hold on the king madame de martin began to fall out of favor because inevitably after nine pregnancies her figure wasn't quite what it was she became rather blousy she drank too much she gambled too much she made a nuisance of herself with her tantrums and i think as happens to a lot of women the more she felt her man slipping away from her the more needy and clingy she became and the more needy and clingy she became the more she drove him away [Music] but i think louis was also undergoing quite a significant personal transformation he was becoming much more religious madame de montespond was a married woman committing adultery with an unmarried woman was one thing but double adultery was sacrilege it was a tremendous scandal and he was becoming conscious of the fact that his way of life was was really compromising the state and compromising his kingship louis turned to a very different woman [Music] madame de montano governess to his illegitimate children mantanong was pious quiet and intelligent qualities that a middle-aged louis had come to admire poor madame de mentor had to do everything she had to act as a cook a plumber a gardener as well as a teacher and a nursemaid it was exhausting and she did this so well that louis began to pay attention to her he noticed this this intelligent woman this calm presence slowly slowly madame dimensional began to seduce the king rejected mistress i think it was the rise of mantino in the first place which really riled her because she found she'd made a mistake she'd underestimated another woman mantinot was poor and a widow and innocuous and very pleasant and intelligent and she didn't spot that louis might actually fall in love with a woman like that you know and it might be a very seductive thing to him in quite a different way from her own seductive powers and i think for a couple of years at least she was extremely angry when louise long-suffering queen mary therese died he was free to marry again and he turned to the quiet governess she'd not only won his heart she'd convinced him she could help save his soul the 17th century mentality was very different the attention paid to salvation dying in a state of grace so you didn't go to hell was enormous and louis who in some ways was quite simple took this very very seriously and i think mantino persuaded him that she could help him towards his salvation as mandana was a commoner the king could only marry her behind closed doors [Music] he did need a secret church wedding a morganatic wedding as they're called in the presence of clergy and witnesses after that he's all right with god in the church he can go to communion it's all perfectly okay [Music] and it's interesting that louie never declared the marriage because she wasn't a princess he had his own values that is he would have his private life but in public he was solitary [Music] in public louis concentrated on running his palace and his court life at versailles became ever more formalized i think the establishment of the full court of versailles really turned it into the great social political power broking center of france versailles was exciting if you thought like a french nobleman because louis xiv was your host you would spend the evening in the physical presence of the king of france you would be admitted to his gaming table [Music] you would be invited to dance in front of the king now for nobles this was an enormously prestigious and enormously flattering thing [Music] the court of versailles could be seen as a cross perhaps between royal ascot and the dealing floor of a futures exchange a combination of a very socially elite group who already know each other and can interact with each other and at the same time a group of hardened professionals who have their own language and their own codes who know how to strike deals and to extract the best possible advantages from a particular situation [Music] versailles was the original hotbed of scandal the phrase with which everyone began their conversation was andi it's being said they're saying this they're saying that all day these whispers of of rumor would travel about the palace and people would send each other little bulletins by sedan chair to report on what was going on in in the different rooms and that of course made it a tremendously claustrophobic place to live you couldn't do anything without everybody knowing about it it was this extraordinary networking center everyone who was anyone in france was now at their side so to be excluded was disastrous for a french nobleman [Music] the worst thing that a quarter could hear from the king was he's a man i never see people would spend literally years trying to hear one word or have a gesture from the king [Music] with the nobility now so dependent on him louis could fully immerse himself in the role he was born to play he emerges as this absolutely consummate performer the whole regime at versailles hinged on your having this extraordinarily charismatic figure who could perform in all the right ways for this enormous audience which he had assembled around him but louis was only human and after years of good health he began to suffer from a serious medical problem an anal fistula m this was an extremely serious condition in the context of the 17th century the risk of it becoming gangrenous that the pus would seep into the rest of the body and in fact was very great indeed untreated it would almost certainly have killed the king the only way that it was likely to be cured was through invasive surgery such surgery had had a very poor success rate but louis instructed his doctors to go ahead his senior physician devised a new instrument especially for the operation the doctors involved in the operation practiced on a number of others who had anal fistulas beforehand but it was nonetheless still a very risky operation in the 17th century the doctors were much more likely to kill you than cure you huge effort was made at versailles to keep the details of this secret because it was felt so likely that the king wouldn't survive that the diplomatic repercussions of this would sweep through europe [Music] energy [Music] he was so stalwart during the operation he never spoke at all imagine the pain no anesthetic [Music] this extraordinary self-control he had he just gritted his teeth and conducted himself with great dignity and foreign and that night he took a council meeting extraordinary very pale sheen of sweat but he made it [Music] louis recovered his health but other troubles were looming his fame and success had earned him many enemies two years after his operation france began a costly war against spain england and sweden as the fighting dragged on summer versailles silva was quietly removed and melted down to pay the king's soldiers unable to win the war louis signed an unfavorable peace treaty conceding territory to his enemies the sun king was finally in decline and although he continued to make small improvements to his great palace he lost much of his enthusiasm [Music] successor after just four years of peace a new crisis threatened the spanish king died leaving his empire to louise grandson if louis accepted on the boy's behalf he knew the other european powers would try to stop him but if he refused the territories would go to france's rivals in austria he was in an impossible situation louis was damned if he did damned if he didn't faced with an issue which concerns the honor of his dynasty it's perhaps not surprising that he opts for the acceptance of the spanish offer but inevitably therefore provokes war with the other major european powers this the most grueling war of louis rain lasted for 12 years and brought france to the brink of ruin as louis grew old and frail he fell ever more under the influence of his devout wife and now shunned the lavish amusements that had once filled his beloved palace [Music] i think versailles became a chilly tedious place in many respects once la man got louie into her grip it became this sort of rather dreary world where whatever the king of france was doing you could set your watch by you could look at a clock at any hour of the day and know exactly where louis was and his whole life became this this endless choreography of etiquette and ritual with madame de montana sitting there in the corner like some sort of holy spider watching it all [Music] [Applause] [Music] was a foreign to louis when he needed it the most illness took the life of many members of his family including a son and grandson and he was haunted by the legacy of his wars i think louis was a tragic figure in his final days i think the tragedy began with the sudden deaths of so many of his nearest and dearest [Music] louis had mantnal by his side but she said about him that sometimes he would be alone with him shut the doors and then he would just weep about the way things had gone i think it was a very sad old age you know outliving his descendants and having led france into these wars which seemed so wonderful when he was winning them and became so ghastly when he wasn't aged 76 and after 72 years on the throne louis was once again taken seriously ill [Music] no one expected louis xiv to live as long as he did when louis finally weakens in the last year of his life it's a result of a gangrenous infection which gradually spreads from his leg to the rest of the left side of his body even louie's own death became a public performance [Music] in spite of their long intimacy mountainous wasn't actually at the king's side when he died and that was not the practice by her own wish she went off to a convent to be among ladies who would sucker her and sympathize with her leaving him to priest and ultimately to god [Music] he died rather slowly and so she came back once i think twice to be with him again but ultimately it was time for her to go [Music] the air to the throne was a really tiny child the little five-year-old boy and he's brought in to see his grandfather and his grandfather sort of tells you to be a good king but says i have loved war too much very sad dying words from louis xiv certainly true [Music] oh [Music] throughout his long reign louis sought to bring glory to himself and his country that lifelong devotion expressed in the extraordinary palace he built at versailles is the reason he's become part of the very essence of france he didn't just leave glorious monuments beautiful buildings fabulous paintings he left a sense of identity which has endured until today louis certainly embodies i think the idea of the greatness of france he was the king and you were the subject and there was never any doubt about that he imposed his will on the world so splendidly in in every respect [Music] he wanted to impress everybody and he i think he succeeded the scale of the vision is breathtaking no one did it like louis [Music] [Music] you

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Id: CvZIf2eAJaQ

Length: 59min 19sec (3559 seconds)

Published: Fri Mar 11 2022