British Country Birds

beautiful British birds are a much treasured addition to the nations countryside not that they're exclusive to rural landscapes town and city dwellers are also treated to a close up and personal view of these feathered delights that really are the most tangible link with wildlife enjoyed by the modern-day Brit for some species of bird a friendly association with humans is positively welcomed for others it's avoided at all cost needless to say for the average bird watcher or twitcher as they're often affectionately known it's the rare bird that's most desired keeping a record of birds that have been spotted can get to be a fairly competitive business but there's nothing that can match the satisfaction of catching sight of a rare specimen and being able to make an accurate identification from just the briefest of glimpses watching Birds is an occupation that usually begins early in childhood as household food scraps are thrown out onto lawns and patios in the hope of drawing in species like the Blackbird sparrow and the beautiful red-breasted Robin for the entertainment of the youngsters in harsh winters just this simple recycling of what would otherwise go to waste will ensure the survival of a number of species which is really good news for the more delicate birds that grace the gardens of Linton's no matter how you get started watching Birds one thing's for certain it's very addictive so don't say that you haven't been warned it's amazing how quickly people move from scattering out a few crumbs on a regular basis to constructing a bird feeder or bird table as it's more commonly known in Britain and erecting nesting boxes what's more the birds will quickly and enthusiastically show their appreciation for such efforts flocking into Gardens each day to see what there might be on offer although drawing birds into a location where you can see them day by day is wonderful giving you a real understanding of a bird hectic lifestyle in a country like Great Britain where even the most dedicated city slicker can reach parks and woodland with relative ease one of the great delights of bird-watching comes from getting out and about to see different species in their natural habitat if you're prepared to pull on walking boots and wander the many fabulous footpaths of the countryside the rewards are endless this is Yorkshire in the north of England where the Pennine way one of Britain's best-loved footpaths leads visitors over the Moors to a countryside where wildlife can flourish undisturbed by heavy traffic and pollution you can only reach such a classic beauty spot as this on foot and with clear air and good visibility it's about as good as it gets so don't forget the binoculars in the camera here's a completely different type of location showing off the tranquil beauty of a Bluebell would Bluebell flowers only carpet woods like these for a very brief spell with a blue haze and intoxicating perfume greeting anyone who passes this way to stand and listen to the birdsong is remarkable and as the migrant cuckoo famous for laying its eggs in the nests of other birds arrives in Britain just as the bluebells come into bloom it's definitely worth listening out for the distinctive cuckoo cry heralding form any country folk the onset of British summer time for many of Britain's indigenous species words like these are the perfect environment with food shelter and top-notch nesting sites in abundance learning to walk quietly through woodland will provide you with great bird-watching opportunities but you must listen carefully for calls and birdsong and watch attentively for the flutter of wings the varied coastline of Britain is also a very worthwhile location for bird watchers to visit seagulls may well be the noisy thought that immediately springs to mind but the coastal footpaths and wide flat estuaries where rivers meander to meet the sea will reveal a whole host of splendid bird life here at Weymouth a favorite seaside holiday destination on the south coast of England a great deal of thought has gone into creating nature reserves for bird watchers from all over the world to enjoy but don't get the idea that bird-watching in Britain is a fair-weather activity it's very definitely an all year-round occupation as the seasons change so do the bird populations the length and breadth of the country spring and summer will bring the species that spend the cold winter months in Mediterranean climates bringing a splash of color and hope of long hot sunny days to come sadly the British summer doesn't always live up to this promise but when it does with birds in profusion gracing a glorious blue sky cloudless day there's no better place on earth for a bird watcher to be the winter might bring cold winds and snow but for the migrant Birds from the Arctic the more southerly latitudes of the British Isles can be very inviting winter visitors do tend to be geese ducks and swans but they're spectacular in flight and are a much appreciated reward for the well chilled bird watcher that's ventured out on a cold winter's day this programme is entitled British country birds but the town dweller or holiday maker that's based in a city needn't feel that they're excluded from bird-watching this is the elegant city of Bath in the southwest of England just like every urban environment there are very built-up areas it'll be limited in the number of bird species that can actually be counted as resident but thanks to conservation programs by town and city planners things are improving greatly this is baths Royal Crescent a stunning architectural achievement from the past preserved with the greatest of care but notice how much effort has also gone into caring for the green spaces all around as well as neighbouring parks not only full of flowers but also fine trees which are a positive haven for so many bird species bird-watching is without doubt a skill that becomes well honed with practice and as you've just witnessed it matters little where in Britain you find yourself birds are all around it doesn't take very long for people to become in tune with bird movements and the various different species at first you may find yourself able to sub categorize any bird you see for example recognizing that you're looking at a member of the tit family or one of the finches with time comes the ability to recognize whether it's a blue tit or a great tit that you're observing but practice will make perfect and of course there's nothing quite so satisfying as knowing you've got it right having enjoyed a brief taste of what's on offer to the bird watcher that's already acquired a good understanding of British bird species it's time to sharpen up on those identification skills as with any quest for knowledge it's best to start with the basics and the birds that regularly appear in the majority of backyards our garden bird feeders even without the benefit of a garden just a window ledge will be an equally good place to put food out for the birds and okay you won't attract some of the rarest species that you'll get to see in this program but you never can tell what might turn up besides the house sparrow and chaffinch for example are two of the most common species to be found in Britain but they're no less beautiful or attractive to watch simply because they're in abundance to up your chances of seeing specific species of birds putting food out is a very successful activity also providing fresh water all year round is of vital importance not only for drinking but also for bathing a delightful sight for anyone lucky enough to witness this most frenetic piece of bird activity a bird feeder or bird table needs to be located with care first and foremost you want to be able to see what's going on without disturbing the birds that they're feeding you also need to appreciate that birds will approach even the most sumptuous banquet of their favorite food with the greatest of caution plenty of bushes tree branches fence posts or even a washing line strung across the garden will provide perches for the birds to sit upon as they decide whether to trust the situation some birds are more dominant than others and there is a distinct pecking order where the less assertive species having to sit and wait their turn before they attempt to take your offerings as well as putting food out on a flat surface hanging nuts seeds and the bizarre concoction of birdy treats that is a fat ball will attract species that would otherwise shy away regularity of food supply will definitely improve your chances of bird spotting with early morning and mid afternoon replenishment proving most effective particularly during the winter months birds will expend a huge amount of energy at night just keeping warm so a good breakfast is really appreciated and topping them up again for the chilly evening as the Sun sets will help them to maintain their body temperature you must also understand that birds fed in this way for any length of time will come to rely upon you consequently you have to be prepared to take responsibility for your actions once you've started it would be unfair to stop feeding them just as the cold weather begins and bird life gets very tough it's possible to scale down feeding in the summer months as alternative food supplies are then plentiful so what do you actually feed the birds as mentioned earlier the most common starting point is breadcrumbs which are perfectly acceptable but not a particularly nutritious type of food wholemeal bread has much greater food value which is of course equally is true for humans as it is for the birds the next progression is invariably to seed mixes that can be bought from pet stores sunflower seeds are a great favorite and black sunflower seeds are in a league of their own as an attractor and will make you extremely popular with your new feathered friends fruit and nuts especially peanuts will always be of great value when it comes to enticing birds into your gardens and keeping them there finches are notorious for disappearing off to the countryside at harvest time in search of berries and fruit so adding a generous supplement of windfall and apples to your bird table will certainly help to keep them in view of course not all birds are vegetarian with worms insects rodents and even other small birds making valuable contributions to a healthy diet best to take a Miss on anything with fur or feathers but it is possible to buy live foods such as mealworms and crickets from specialist suppliers some bird watchers will keep a culture of mealworms constantly ongoing but it will take a bit of getting used to nevertheless birds like the friendly little Robin will go crazy for mealworms and many of the best photographs of this species have been taken with the help of a mealworm bribe the feeding of birds is a huge subject and as your interest in bird-watching increases you'll soon become acquainted with the most effective offerings to make however this quick guide will certainly be enough for anyone who's just starting to birdwatch or who may be a temporary visitor to the British countryside now you know how to get the more adventurous British birds to come into your line of vision next on the agenda is a brief guide to identification one of the most frequently spotted birds in Britain is the black bird which is seen just about everywhere and is a great species to start with there's a famous children's nursery rhyme sing a song of sixpence a pocket full of rye four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie which dates back to a time when birds of every description were eaten but it's only the domestic cat that will find the Blackbird appetizing today however it will take the stealthiest most skilled feline hunter to catch a young specimen as black bird parents are fiercely aggressive attacking any pet cat that comes too close to their nest anyone that listens to the dawn chorus will quickly be able to identify the fluent melodious song of the Blackbird visually the male Blackbird is also very easy to identify with his jet black plumage and bright yellow bill but the females in all together dull a proposition with brown feathers are no distinctive yellow beak and in point of fact she's often mistaken for a thrush blackbirds are very common garden birds but originally this was a woodland species rural farmland and city sky scapes are equally popular locations for blackbirds and in winter the numbers have swelled by an influx of migrant birds from northern Europe blackbirds become scarce in the autumn when they disappear tumult but they soon returned with resplendent plumage for the winter moving on the following species are again some cases as common as the black bird but the birds featured towards the end of this section are rather shyer of human contact and it can often take consistent targeted feeding to persuade them to come into the garden when you first set eyes upon a chaffinch it looks as though it ought to be a very rare specimen indeed with a lovely blue gray crown bright pink breast and rich chestnut brand back the male is a stunning sight and although the females rather duller she's nonetheless a very pretty bird the chaffinch also has a wonderfully cheerful rollicking song that's an added bonus for the bird watcher particularly in the early months of the year in the autumn large flocks of chaff inches gather together and fly off to the countryside to enjoy the rich natural harvest through the winter months the resident chaffinch population which is actually in excess of seven million is quadrupled as an influx of migrating birds swell their numbers when it comes to celebrating Christmas the robbing is a great British favorite and with its pin thin spindly legs and warm glowing red breast it adorns an abundance of snowy Christmas cards sending season's greetings far and wide although this would suggest that this is a winter species it's not the case as Robins are visible all year round Robins are also extremely receptive to human contact and can even be tamed to feed from your hand Robins can be encouraged to nest in gardens by the addition of an open fronted nesting box but it's amazing where this resourceful bird will choose to nest as old watering cans buckets and even ancient gardening boots have been known to accommodate a family of Robins the story of the house sparrow is one that's becoming all too familiar in the British bird world once this little brown bird was common throughout the country but sadly in recent years it has declined dramatically in number as a species that's always been happy to live in close proximity with man the problem is most likely to have been caused by increasing levels of pollution with the urban house sparrow population having suffered the biggest losses although the house sparrow has often been taken for granted in close-up its plumage is stunning on a more positive note the house Sparrow is a prolific breeder and sightings of this noisy boisterous cheeky bird will continue to be frequent to our research is ongoing the blackened white magpie is undoubtedly the bad boy of British Gardens having a fearsome reputation for destroying the songbird population Magpies are highly skilled specialized scavengers and colonies of this harsh chattering species can be found thriving all over the country as the decrease in some vague numbers is in direct proportion to the Magpies increases there's obviously more than four incidents at work particularly as the magpie will scavenge the eggs and the young of smaller birds research is still ongoing but many gardeners will actively discourage Magpies preferring not to wait for conclusive proof both male and female Magpies have the well-defined black and white markings and even when they're silhouetted against the night sky they're exceptionally long tears will make them instantly recognizable the big black crow is a bird with a sinister reputation fast - it's scavenging lifestyle this opportunist with powerful beak an almost blue black plumage can make a meal of all manner of Wildlife casualties and has even been known to steal eggs and the nestlings of other birds in fact the crow will adapt to almost any circumstances finding food in the most unlikely places and this intelligent survivor will live very successfully in both town and country environment despite the threat that the adult crow can pose to the young of other species they do make extremely dedicated parents to their own offspring and crows also pair and remain faithful for life building large bulky nests high up in the treetops there's nothing more delightful than a family of blue tits in a classically beautiful country garden and as this is one of the most common birds in Britain many people enjoy the blue tits gymnastic antics from the comfort of their own sitting room windows not only does this stunning little bird provide great entertainment it's also of immense value to the organic gardener as the blue tit will voraciously consume a whole host of common garden pests hardly surprising then that most gardeners and bird watchers will do their utmost to encourage blue tits to visit a ready supply of peanuts at the birth table is sure to bring them in and the strategic construction of nesting boxes will frequently persuade them to stay as the name suggests the great tit is the biggest of all the British tips and is a delightful visitor to Gardens everywhere on a fairly regular basis it's not quite as communist species as the ubiquitous blue tit but sightings are frequent and identification is fairly straightforward mainly due to the size and the great tits distinctive large black cap this is predominantly a woodland bird but it certainly discovered the value of well-stocked garden bird tables in winter however the great tit will always do far more than just sing for its supper as they are extremely valuable when it comes to pest control scooping up caterpillars to feed their young that would otherwise destroy the keen gardeners precious plants a much prized visitor to gardenburger tables is the greenfinch and as its name implies the rich green plumage is this birds most distinctive feature this makes for straightforward identification of the male but as the female is much duller she can quite easily be mistaken for the house sparrow another species the Siskin can also cause confusion as it has similar coloring but this bird is quite rare and it's considerably smaller than the green Finch in the autumn green finches tend to flock together and head for the rich harvest pickings of the countryside making garden sightings more likely in spring and summer however keeping a bird table well stocked with peanuts and sunflower seeds will often persuade them to stay all year round the lovely markings of the Goldfinch and its beautiful melodic song almost proved to be its downfall in Victorian Britain as it was much prized as a caged bird fortunately the endangered status of this species was eventually realized and the practice outlawed but numbers are still small although they are recovering steadily male and female gold finches have stunningly colorful faces and their beautiful black and gold wings make a wonderful display in flight out in the wild weed seeds including thistle and dandelion are the mainstay of the goldfinches diet but twitchers that load their bird tables with black sunflower seeds are often rewarded with sightings of this elusive bird particularly in the summer months as some gold finches migrate south for the winter it's impossible to cover every species that's likely to crop up in the British countryside but there are some very good pocket-sized identification books and a copy of whichever one you choose is always well worth having to hand the next group of birds that we're going to look at is certainly less common than those species just on view but they're also rather unusual which can leave the novice bird watcher wondering what on earth they might have been looking at thrushes are charming speckled birds that are closely associated with the country locations the song thrush as its name suggests has a stunningly beautiful voice but it's the missel thrush that has the most unusual behavior traits and this is the one featured here there are a number of species that belong to the thrush family and the missile thrush is one of the more unusual visitors to garden bird tables it's actually the largest resident British thrush and it's quite distinctive with white underparts and speckled dark spots this is one bird that's very wary of human contact and anyone who inadvertently disturbs a missile thrush's nest will know all about it as this bird will defend its young extremely aggressively missile thrushes are spotted more frequently in country locations rather than urban environments and it's even known by the ancient name of storm in rural communities because during bad weather it will sing its heart out from the top of trees and church steeples the next bird the Kestrel is actually seen quite regularly and unlike many species it has no fear of roads and busy traffic at first glance the Kestrel looks rather exotic and is evidently a very effective bird of prey that can be watched with surprising ease many travellers along the British motorways are very surprised to catch sight of an elegant Kestrel a beautiful bird of prey hovering intently over a roadside verge before swooping down into the undergrowth at lightning speed this bird has a reddish-brown plumage streaked underparts and pointed wingtips but it's more commonly the roadside location that helps people to identify the Kestrel however the sparrow hawk Britain's other fairly common bird of prey can cause confusion but as it has rounded wingtips the two species can quite easily be distinguished kestrels are superb hunters and although they prefer roadsides they are equally successful in open countryside or in the towns their diet consists mainly of small rodents but during the breeding season fledglings such as the young house sparrow make welcome alternative meals moving on to the J and sightings of this bird are much less frequent but undoubtedly highly prized not only is this species quite rare and very shy it's also one of the most beautiful birds to be found in Britain it's unlikely that the average garden bird watcher will be lucky enough to see a J but those that venture out into woodland whether walking horse riding or cycling are in with a much better chance of spotting this elusive bird this beautiful creature is extremely wary and will fly off at great speed at the slightest disturbance so bird watchers must be as quiet as possible both male and female have a pinkish Brown plumage however their most distinguishing feature is the luminescent blue flashes on their wings jiae's rarely stray beyond their own territories particularly when acorns the mainstay of their diet are in plentiful supply it's only when the acorn crop fails that they'll move further afield in search of sustenance the rook has been included in this section because of its very dramatic appearance and loud harsh call which on a moonless night can send shivers down the spine of even the most weathered bird watcher our first view of a rook can be quite alarming as its a large black bird with a dramatic presence although this species is not dissimilar to the crow it does have distinctive bare white skin on its face and at the base of its sinister-looking bill with loose feathers on its thighs giving the rather comical impression that it's wearing baggy pants the call of the rook is also much harsher than that of the crow sounding eerie and echoing this is one of the most sociable species of birds as groups of rooks live together in colonies building spectacular collections of nests high up in the treetops as a scavenger the rook is extremely effective in both rural and urban environments now here's a spectacular looking bird that will certainly surprise anyone watching at a country garden bird table this is the greatest spotted woodpecker and although it will only appear close to woodland habitats it's not quite as rare as you might at first think particularly when plentiful supplies of nuts are put out and maintained males and females are similar to look at both equally vibrant however the crimson flash at the nape of the neck is unique to the male a juvenile greater spotted woodpecker can cause confusion as it has a red crown patch but this will disappear as the bird matures relying on old trees for the insects under the bark and for nesting the greater spotted woodpecker can often be heard loudly drumming and pecking repeatedly against a tree trunk long before he ever comes into view the last species worthy of mention is the pheasant a vibrantly colored bird that is the epitome of country life reared as a game bird on the last remaining country states in britain for winter shoots the pheasant is still an aristocratic source of both sport and food there's nothing more traditional looking in the British bird world than a male pheasant of strutting his stuff in a classic country environment with his bright colorful plumage and his elegant long tail he will attract a harem of females identification of the female is more difficult as they're a duller shade of brown but this is perfect camouflage to disguise her while she is sitting on the nest this is of vital importance as pheasants nest at ground level and this is the only protection that they have at their disposal although modern-day pheasants are often bred under artificial conditions for food and sport there are still many wild pheasants living in the countryside and they certainly appreciate a well-stocked garden bird table no program about the birds of the British countryside would be complete without a section on owls a creature often associated with wisdom and the ebb and flow of the traditional country way of life it's possible that you'll get to see an owl when you're out and about but sadly due to the destruction of their natural habitats numbers are in decline add to this the fact that these birds are in the main nocturnal and the odds really are rather heavily stacked against you this is a situation where the active pursuit of bird-watching across the country has actually made a positive contribution to the survival of our species that might otherwise be under threat our sanctuaries have developed and grown throughout Great Britain to cater for the injured birds that members of the general public and well-informed bird watchers are spotting out in the countryside once notified of an injured owl specially trained staff from the sanctuary are dispatched to collect it and as you can see for yourself the facilities here are first-rate ensuring that the birding question will get the best possible care let's just get you down okay he's been spray does he fight yeah yeah super nothing's going to come and try and eat me know what dip me yesterday you just felt a good little guy smells like you know fertilizer uh-huh my main concern is the egg right on the tail let's see if we can just get a turn reduce and pop you want you all back I'll have those feet so we don't get any damage daddy oh we all fear not we get something into this one he's ever little bit the senior eating okay yes check your package with some rabbit droppings look at his feathers we should get them out when he's cleaning up okay I'm gonna check your tail again I'm not overly happy that there are also occasions when abandoned chicks will be brought here requiring round-the-clock feeding which is a major commitment for everyone involved whenever possible however owls will always be returned to the wild no matter how attached their foster carers might have become this owl sanctuary near Cambridge on the eastern side of England is a charitable organisation relying on donations to carry out to their very valuable work also visitors are able to come and see the Owls that are here some birds stayin just temporarily and others never likely to cope with release which gives people a fantastic opportunity to see owls in close-up and learn more about these fascinating creatures we can also take a look at three of the owl species that you're most likely to see or hear out bird-watching in the British countryside safely protected in residence at the owl sanctuary the tawny owl is the bird responsible for the tu-whit tu-whoo hoot that has become synonymous with story time owls everywhere if you find yourself outdoors on the clear frosty winter's night this is a sound that you may well here as the owls noisily establish their territories when perching the tawny owl has a slightly squat appearance but if alarmed it will stretch upwards taking on a far more commanding presence you're definitely more likely to encounter a tawny owl than the much rarer barn owl as numbers are relatively widespread with woodland parks while timbered gardens and farmland or perfectly acceptable habitats the other species of owl that can sometimes be mistaken for a tawny is the little owl simply because the mottled brownish gray coloring is very similar however as the little owls name implies it is in fact a very diminutive creature not much larger than a fully grown black bird and about half the size of a tawny there is another distinguishing feature as the little hour will Bob its head up and down when preparing to disembark from a perch this is a species that you're more likely to see in daytime than any other owls as it will enjoy the warm Sun on a tree branch or strategically placed beam in an old farm building so when passing through this kind of location it's well worth keeping a lookout for sunbathing little owls the owl sanctuary is without doubt the most likely place for you to see a barn owl as they have become rather rare in flight this is a magnificent creature particularly at dusk when it will appear ghostly white however in close-up you can see that this bird's upper body is a pale sandy Brown also a heart-shaped face unlike other owls that have the classic circular silhouette will distinguish this species the best time to see a barn owl is at dusk or dawn when it's hunting for food over Meadows rough grazing land or roadside verges during the day will roost in old farm buildings with disused barns being a very popular choice as our tour around the British countryside in search of the many bird species that occupy the various habitats draws to a close it's time to head for the water in search of a selection of beautiful wetland birds that are an absolute delight to watch there has always been confusion when it comes to distinguishing between a Moorhen and a coot but when you know the difference is to look for it's not a problem there's something faintly comical about the attractive dark brown morhen with it's bright red forehead and yellow tip beak when it's squabbling with neighbors over boundaries corals can be very noisy as this charming little water bird is remarkably territorial although confusion between the morhen and the coot can be common out on open water they're fairly straightforward to distinguish however as the morhen spends considerable amounts of time amongst water side vegetation it's not always so easy a rear-view is helpful here as when the morhen moves there's a flash of white under tail feathers this species is widespread throughout resident on ponds lakes marshes and rivers they can also be seen regularly feeding in open fields often at surprising distances from the water the all-black plumage of the coot makes it an easy bird to identify with the added certainty of white forehead markings and bill coots are closely related to more hens but this species is definitely more aquatic even possessing lobe to toes for more efficient swimming coops are very noisy squabbling and squawking amongst themselves making it impossible not to notice them wherever they happen to be in residence water planets are the mainstay of the coots diet and their superb divers making them a joy to watch their habitat needs to be more specialized as deeper water is generally required making larger stretches of water such as gravel pits and reservoirs ideal nevertheless smaller ponds and rivers do make perfectly adequate locations if there are a few deeper patches of water as well as these noisy almost comical little creatures there are some very elegant wetland birds that are extremely graceful in their movements and seemingly far more sophisticated in their behavior the elegant dark crest and ear tufts of the great crested grebe make this a beautiful species to watch this bird is a British resident but the only time that identification is tough is during the winter when a migrant species the red-necked grebe arrives in Britain looking very similar when the great crested grebe loses its crest and ear tufts in Victorian times this species faced extinction as a result of its fine feathers which were much sought-after for decorating hats fortunately steps were taken to protect this group and a natural balance has been restored lakes reservoirs and gravel pits are the best locations to spot this species especially during the mating season when they put on delightful courtship displays the site of a grey heron at the water's edge is an absolute delight for the bird watcher and it will only move should a fish catch its eye at which point then longneck will extend at lightning speed to grab its prey this bird is unmistakable with gray and white plumage and distinctive black crest even in flight with head and neck drawn back legs stretched out behind and rounded wings flapping to a slow rhythm the Heron is easily identified as well as fish the Heron will also take frogs foals and unsuspecting young birds nests are large rather clumsy are made of sticks and can usually be found in trees reed beds and on occasion upon cliff tops leaving the Heron to preside over his territory will hopefully have gained a wide-ranging view of the type of species that the observant bird watcher can spot with the most basic of identification skills when starting out it is an activity that will become an obsession and that in itself is a very good thing and interesting birds and a desire to know more about their habitats and lifestyles will do much to ensure the survival of every bird species that you've seen in this program and of course the many more that live often unnoticed amongst the green and pleasant land of the British countryside

Channel: The Great British Channel

Views: 13,377

Rating: 4.90625 out of 5

Keywords: Documentary, Great British Channel, Great Britain, British Country Birds, VTD82186, Country Birds, Birds, Bird, Animals, Animal, Habitats, Habitat, Animal Habitat, Bird Identifying, Bird Watching

Id: vazZzIR5HSo

Length: 55min 19sec (3319 seconds)

Published: Mon Feb 08 2016