Britain's Greatest Machines - S02E01: 1910s - Triumph and Tragedy (2.0 Stereo, 360p)

and away we go they were the machines that made Britain great fast revolutionary and sometimes downright dangerous these are the stories of our engineering masterpieces that shook the world and drive the way we live today this is a decade of great leaps in technology an era of new wonders the evolution of engines electricity and communications changed people's lives and produced landmark historic triumph but overshadowing it all was tragedy back in the 1910s the combination of new machines and human incompetence all too often led to disaster the Titanic the largest ship the world had ever seen sunk efficient new weapons 16 million dead but at the start of the first world war there was still hope don't worry they said it will all be over by Christmas in the 1910s people worked up to 80 hours a week so time off was precious but thanks to the rapid evolution of the petrol engine there was now a new way to enjoy it this is a 1914 Leyland torpedo Shara bang the word Shara bang comes from the French char ball which means carriage with wooden benches fabulous speech based on earlier horse-drawn vehicles this machine was the forerunner of the coach the booze cruise even low-cost airliners what makes this vehicle so great is its size in the days of the horse a large carriage could maybe carry 12 people this carried 32 all thanks to huge increases in the power of petrol engines powering this machine we have a magnificent 4 cylinder 36 horsepower Leyland s 4 petrol engine and it's the 36 horsepower motor that makes this vehicle possible you can't tether 36 horses to the front of a coach and if you could you'd have a spot of bother controlling them for the first time a coach could compete with the trains and carry groups of people to places the railways didn't reach and it carried them in style when we hear the word Leyland we tend to think of the troubled car maker of the 1970s and 80s but look at this by Royal appointment in the 1910s Leyland was the rolls-royce of commercial vehicles this machine has been beautifully restored with its hand-painted coachwork and plush leather seats this majestic vehicle offered people a taste of luxury and excitement they had never experienced before the shara Bang kicked off motorised tourism and they must have been popular in all the photographs the vehicles are crammed with people you could hire them by the day and companies use them to give their workers a grand day out early in the morning at the village hall or the company works the excited holiday makers would get on board and away we go for many workers this would have been their first experience of a holiday these were cheery outings to local attractions a picnic in the country a town fair or a trip to the seaside by all accounts the passengers could get pretty rowdy some shower bangs were like travelling pubs with their own barrels of beer at the back Cheers people sang the FT played musical instruments and are even known to fall off drunk the shara bang often left a trail of chaos in its wake so with a large vehicle to control and a bunch of noisy high-spirited holiday goers in the back it made for a tricky Drive just like a coach driver nowadays a to the uninitiated driving one of these machines presents a few challenges not least trying to apply the brakes you have this lever here which acts only on the back wheels but instead of pulling it the conventional way it's slightly unconventional you've got to push it away from you in severe cases you would use the foot brake which acts on the gearbox if you're on a very steep hill with a very heavy load you've got a water tank over there where you can drip water onto that brake of the gearbox to keep it cool once of their destination the tourists would indulge in the pleasures of the time swimming in the daring new bathing dresses having their photo snapped watching vaudeville shows and of course plenty more drinking fortunately when the time came to go home the driver had a not too subtle way to get the passengers out of the pub the old bulb horn wasn't any good far too quiet so some Shara bangs were fitted with what's known as an exhaust whistle I pull this ring here it opens and valve on the cylinder head and the rising piston pushes the gasses out if I increase revs the Pistons moving faster we get more frequency hold on a second wait wait a great British machine that brought joy to a generation the 1910s was a decade of new wonders electric light advertising appeared for the first time in London music halls gave way to cinema creating the world's first international star Charlie Chaplin it was an age of hero's daring young men took to the skies in fragile machines held together by canvas and wire ernest shackleton explored antarctica captain scott made it to the South Pole and back home thanks to new technology thousands of ordinary people were embracing the spirit of adventure is it a car is it a bike this is in fact a cycle car this has to be one of the smallest cars I've ever driven in fact it's barely a car because it only has three wheels it may be small but this ingenious British vehicle changed motoring forever before the cycle car the few cars on the roads were mainly large limousines built for the wealthy and driven by their chauffeurs in the early 1900s or so the story goes the finance people at Daimler estimated that the worldwide demand for cars would never reach more than 1 million ever the limiting factor they declared was that you would never be able to recruit a million chauffeurs the arrival of cycle cars blew those calculations away they were cheaper more popular and arguably more revolutionary even than Henry Ford's mass-produced Model T the small manufacturers began to attach motorcycle engines to home built frames one of them was based here in Malden today we think of Morgan's as elegant expensive and traditional but in the early days under the leadership of Harry Morgan they were radical innovators Morgan didn't see why ordinary folks should be limited to where the shara banks and trains could take them so he set out to design and build a car for the people to go wherever they wanted whenever they wanted at his Factory in Malvern he and his team came up with their three-wheeled revolution and in 1911 he launched the aptly named runabout costing just 90 pounds equivalent to the price of today's cheapest cars it sold like hotcakes if you grow one of these you've probably couldn't afford a chauffeur you probably didn't want one instead you did something radical something fun you drove yourself so what were the secrets to this cycle cars success let's take a closer look at this fantastic runabout hi-tech bonnet stay you'll notice let's hope it doesn't fail me or I'm in trouble right independent front suspension petrol tank up here 964 CC v-twin air-cooled side valve [ __ ] engine no leaky radiator to worry about here now this unit powered the vehicle via the prop shaft and a two-speed chain transmission nice and simple which of course keeps maintenance costs down but best of all you got a proper steering wheel and room for a passenger just and all this for less than 90 quid Morgan knew that being cheap to buy wasn't enough it needed to be cheap to run as well in those days you would fill your car up from one of the new two gallon petrol cans bought at your local chemist or bicycle shop so how far can this little delight go on a tankful let's find out Chris booth the owner is coming along to make sure I don't wreck what is now an extremely valuable original oh yes despite its small engine and because it's so light this really is a very nifty vehicle it can cruise comfortably at 30 to 35 miles an hour might not sound much but back in those days it was enough to scare the natives in 1913 the official speed limit was an eye-watering 20 miles an hour with a three gallon tank driven sensibly you could get about 150 miles between stops which is just as well because in the 1910s there were no petrol stations the cycle car craze swept the country by 1914 it was reckoned that for every big luxurious chauffeur-driven car on the road there were a hundred smaller cars like the runabout people raced them in speed files hill climbs and long distance reliability tests there was even an international Grand Prix won by a Morgan three-wheeler Britain's roads filled up with little runabouts and for the first time in history powerful machines moved out of the hands of experts and into the hands of the masses transforming Britain into a nation of motorists and so was born the traffic jam in the early 1910s the peace and prosperity of the British people was under threat the german kaiser wilhelm ii was building up his army and the shadow of war loomed over the country britain began pouring money into manufacturing arms to make them she needed steel and to help produce it efficiently the country built one of its greatest and most iconic machines with dozens of moving parts it certainly looks like a machine but in fact it's a moving bridge all 2,600 tons of it the Middlesbrough transporter bridge spans the river tees and it's not just your normal bridge it's far more radical than that it's a cross between a bridge and a ferry and it's the longest operating transporter bridge in the world in the 19th century Middlesbrough had grown from a small hamlet to one of the largest manufacturers of iron and steel in the world the problem was that the city was separated from most of the ironworks by the River Tees they depended on a ferry to get the workers to work on time but in bad weather the ferry was often late or didn't run at all losing serious amounts of productivity the factory owners demanded a bridge but to build a conventional bridge tall enough for the sailing ships that had to pass underneath would have been prohibitively expensive the Hartlepool engineer by the name of Charles Smith came up with a solution he called it a ferry bridge Smith's quirky idea was to carry people and vehicles on a gondola slung below a tall steel bridge at ground level in 1910 construction began this extraordinary feat of engineering was completed in less than two years and in October 18 11 it was unveiled to the world with great ceremony almost 100 years later this amazing machine is still working exactly as it did on the day they turned the power on I'm a hundred and sixty-five feet above the river and below me attached to sixty wheels runs the upper carriage attached to this are 30 steel cables which carry the gondola below they are cleverly cross wired to stop the 65 tonne gondola blowing around in the wind as it makes the crossing in just 90 seconds it's a bit like an upside-down railway with the railway bit up here and the transport bit underneath back in 1911 when they'd finish building the bridge they tested it by driving a steamroller onto the gondola let's see if it's still up to the job shall we this 1916 evening and Porter steamroller weighs 14 tons and it's not easy to drive tricky steering and you don't stop it with a brake you have to put it into reverse if I get this wrong the gondolas barrier isn't going to stop me in this beautiful machine crashing into the Tees concentrate I said concentrate Betty yes the gondola can still take it and look at this two masterpieces of 1910s British technology reunited now to get it across the river the gondola is operated from a control room up on its roof Alan Murray the bridge master is going to show me how to drive it right Alan nice to meet you the transporter bridge is powered by electricity now back in 1911 electricity was a relatively new technology but it had one big advantage it meant the driver could control a gondola in the same way he would a tram so we're going to go to there to drive and there to break so that's our first notch but before you do that yep you have to stand on our Deadman panel that will give you the power so foot in there yes and we need to go to that notch to make it go okay up we go the lever control gives me three speeds in both directions I can increase the speed you can indeed I just notching up like a tram the electricity goes up through contacts two overhead wires strung across the bridge the wires run to the engine house on the south side of the river so I'm directly controlling to 500 volt DC westinghouse electric motors together they produce up to 60 horsepower to precisely control the cable winch which in turn pulls the gondola backwards and forwards across the bridge all the motors controls and even the switchboard are original in the last 98 years they have driven the gondola nearly 1 million miles and when we come in it's a dock you've got to watch for our state-of-the-art docking mechanism right come off power and then you're going now if you come into the brake now okay and just hold it after that the first notch because we're docking so slowly and breaking all of it all the way there we go we've got a high-tech system of lining up the red tape on the windows with a bit of wood nailed to the bridge oh there it is yep right between those two bit about fabulous and that's it foot off the pedal now you probably go there we go I've driven the Middlesbrough transporter bridge gobbler 1 steamroller safely delivered just as it was in 1911 this wonderful quirky machine played its part in the growth of British industry and the steel workers never had an excuse to be late for work again in the 1910s Britain was an industrial powerhouse we exported goods to every corner of the globe over a third of the world ships were British and throughout the land estuaries rang to the sound of shipbuilding but there was one ship that was to become more famous than any other yes RMS Titanic launched in Belfast in 1911 it was the largest ship in the world and a great British machine until the captain with great British incompetence sailed it into an iceberg fortunately inside Titanic there was another great British machine the device which made rescue possible and saved 700 lives was the ship's radio as Titanic began to sink with 2,200 people on board it sent out a distress call to hear what the Titanic's distress signal sounded like Tony Constable here is gonna reproduce part of it go ahead Tony coming through loud and clear what did you actually say that s Oh s ah help in the 1910s radio was as revolutionary as the Internet is today not all ships carried sets but those that did mainly used British equipment like this similar to the one on Titanic in these early days of radio you sent your messages using this key here as dots and dashes of Morse code this controlled the device at the heart of the titanic's transmitter the spark generator every time the operator tapped a key it created a short burst for a dot and a long burst for a dash the spark sent a voltage pulse up to the ship's aerial where it was transmitted as radio waves generating radio waves like this was easy the hard part was detecting them to pick up Titanic's distress call radio operators on nearby ships relied on a device called a magnetic detector there were other radio receivers at this time but the magnetic detector was the first one that was robust enough to work at sea it's this device that made ship's radio possible it was based on a discovery made in Cambridge by the great physicist Ernest Rutherford he discovered that a magnetically charged iron wire subjected to radio waves became demagnetized at his Chelmsford factory in Essex guglielmo marconi turned Rutherford's discovery into a working machine Marconi's genius was coming up with this constantly moving loop of wire that automatically remag 'not eise's every time it passes these magnets an incoming radio signal D magnetizes the wire which is immediately remag Nitai 'zed by the magnets so it can receive another signal this constantly changing magnetism creates an electric current which the operators headphones then transform into sound simple really and totally reliable as long as you kept the clockwork mechanism wound up when Titanic sent out her distress signal just after midnight it was picked up by another passenger steamship RMS Carpathia but Carpathia was three and a half hours away and by the time it arrived it was too late to save most of the people on board the sad part of this story is that another ship the Californian was even closer to the Titanic however the radio operator on the Californian had gone to bed for the night and when the third officer popped into the radio room just when Titanic was sending out her SOS signal there was silence he didn't notice that the clockwork drive of the magnetic detector had run down and so he never heard Titanic's distress call if he had only wound up the clockwork mechanism he could have saved all 2,000 people on board as it was Rutherford's discovery of the magnetic detector and Marconi's use of it in the ship's Wireless saved 700 lives the dramatic rescue alerted the world to the importance of radio and soon every ship would have won a Titanic tragedy shocked a nation that in the 1910s convulsed with social unrest workers repeatedly went on strike for decent conditions in London Sydney Street a gang of anarchists fired on the Home Secretary Winston Churchill and suffragettes fought to win win in the vote however in 1914 the country suspended its internal struggles and United to fight the Hun in August 1914 the First World War shattered Britain's peace and prosperity at first people remained optimistic don't worry they said it will all be over by Christmas it wasn't by Christmas the British Army were bogged down in the trenches the Allies had stopped the German advance but thanks to the ingenuity of new weapons they now faced a deadly stalemate for the infantry there was one weapon that outperformed all others the machine gun for the British that meant the Vickers machine gun capable of firing 600 rounds a minute the Vickers perfected an automatic reloading system dreamed up many years before in the early 1880s here a maxim an American inventor living in London had a Eureka moment whilst firing a rifle he developed a sore shoulder from the recoil of the gun he realized that with a bit of clever engineering he could use the energy of the recoil to throw out the spent cartridge and load the next the result was the world's first automatic machine gun the maxim gun in 1896 the British company Vickers bought Maxim's company and set about improving the weapon they reduced its weight by taking out all unnecessary parts and devised an ingenious mechanism to improve its reliability this muzzle booster on the front increased the guns recoil and helped it reload automatically as the bullet passes through this hole it's blocked for a fraction of a second the expanding gases created by the firing of a bullet now have nowhere to go they force this plunger back which [ __ ] the mechanism in readiness for the next round well let's give it a try shall we even firing blanks I get a sense of the awesome power of this weapon it could fire as many rounds in a minute as 40 men with rifles don't think I like to be on the receiving end in just 20 seconds I fired 200 rounds enough to kill 200 people with a range of two and a half miles this was one of the most lethal weapons on the fields of Flanders in fact it was so efficient but in 1914 the Vickers machine gun and its German equivalent made it almost impossible for infantry to cross no man's land unscathed it helped create the deadlock of trench warfare the stalemate that lengthened the war and cost millions of lives in 1915 Winston Churchill the First Lord of the Admiralty was looking for a mechanical way to break the deadlock on the Western Front Churchill wanted a machine that could cross the muddy cratered terrain of no-man's land while also being able to withstand the onslaught of machine gun fire we must crash the trenches in he said we must crush them in that is the only way so he set up a committee to build what he called landships attention quickly turned to a curious prototype from ten years earlier back in 1904 Grantham engineer David Roberts had devised a brilliant off-road alternative to wheels for a new tractor his chain or caterpillar tracks this is a 1/3 scale model of his steam-powered Hornsby chain track tractor the original weighed 40 tons but the tracks spread the weight over a large area of ground so it didn't get bogged down in the mud the vehicle looked like a winner and the version was offered to the army as an artillery tractor to pull heavy guns the army hardly lept up and down with excitement at the idea they bought a petrol version as a tryout but one Royal Artillery officer declared its noise and smell are abominable a team of eight horses is far superior under every condition and they drop the order but a few years later Churchill's landship Committee would turn Roberts idea into a revolutionary new weapon the plan was to combine caterpillar tracks with the armor of armored cars to make a machine that could withstand bullets and go over trenches the brains came in particular from two men Walter Wilson was an engineering genius working in the British Army while William Tritton was the general manager of fosters a small Lincoln engineering company after trying many ideas this is the vehicle they came up with little Willy the world's first tank it weighed 14 tons carried a crew of three and had a top speed of a little over three miles an hour in trials the new caterpillar track worked well and little Willy would be able to cross a muddy bumpy stretch of no-man's land without difficulty but there was a flaw so here we are across no-man's land approaching enemy trench whoops if a particular trench was too wide little Willy simply couldn't bridge the gap anti caterpillar tracks couldn't pull around to the trench it was back to the drawing board the new tank was much bigger long enough to cross trenches but as soon as you see it the thing that makes it immediately different is that the tracks were wrapped all the way around the hull and here's the clever bit the rhomboid shape of the tank gives this shallow angle of track at the front so as the tank dips into the trench this shallow angle of track pulls the tank out of the trench like so no problem and it really did work in practice the design became the standard for the classic tanks of the First World War Churchill had got his land ship and it evolved rapidly this is the famous mark 4 version at 28 tons it's twice the weight of Little Willie and it's 105 horsepower diamond engine powered it along at the slightly higher speed of four miles an hour it's this version more than any other that changed the face of modern warfare in 1917 British munitions factories went into overdrive to produce over 1,000 mark for tanks the mark for tank carried an eight-man crew squeezed in here for hours at a time tank historian David Fletcher is an authority on these pioneering machines what was it like inside this tank for the crews going into battle all the time you're going along in this thing the tank is being impacted by machine-gun bullets actually continually spattering like to be rain all around the sides of it right the conditions in here are horrified when that engines running the noise is so loud you can't hear yourself think never mind anybody else speak it's generating heat through the exhaust on a tremendous scale be about the same as a turkey in the oven for Christmas and there are fumes coming off the thing great clouds of carbon monoxide so a lot of people in the tank so half useless the crew needed all their powers of concentration just to drive this machine to turn it you had to slow down one track more than the other and it took four people to operate all the brakes and gears a terrible waste of manpower in battle the hail of machine gun fire was so intense that even inside the tank the crew were far from safe the only thing they had by wear personal protections this which is a leather facemask but a chainmail bit at the bottom but these things were issued in order to protect the eyes and face from tiny droplets of lead which would come in through the cracks in the armor or even bits of armor flaking off the inside when there was impact on the outside just try it on the size how quick look through and your seats the view is better than you think yeah you can't see more than you think you're gonna see through those slits but you know I suppose after a while once you perspire that it still slip down the front of the face slides down your face and then you can't see anything in November 1917 the British deployed 476 mark 4 tanks at the Battle of Canberra in France they broke through the German lines across two sets of trenches and advanced three miles into enemy territory it was a great breakthrough when news reached Britain the church bells rang in celebration but by 1918 the mark for tank was last year's model this is the mark five and behind its boiler plated exterior it's a whole new beast a four-speed manual gearbox and hand operated brake for each track meant that this was the first tank that could be driven by one person which freed up the rest of the crew to fight the enemy and at the heart of this machine created by brilliant young engineer Harry Ricardo is the first engine designed specifically for tanks and it's a monster this 19 liter 6-cylinder 4-stroke powerhouse delivers a hundred and fifty horsepower to the twin tracks but for me the best thing about this fantastic 90 year old engine is that it still runs and they've allowed me to start it up so here we go there's that starter motor solenoid gaun of the sleeve valves that created all the smoke in our overhead valves and crosshead Pistons sounds absolutely gorgeous - thank you the tank didn't win the first world war on its own but by breaking the deadlock of trench warfare it tipped the balance in our favor for the first time we had a weapon that was technologically more advanced than anything the Germans had it boosted British morale and struck terror into the hearts of the enemy it was and still is a great British machine in November 1918 the end of the war brought rejoicing on the streets during the conflicts British engineers had pushed back the frontiers of technology and created a formidable array of new weapons and vehicles some of the most extraordinary advances were in the development of flight and this decade of triumph and tragedy would end with a British aircraft making an heroic voyage that would transform air travel forever the person who would make it happen was a young pilot called John Alcock while flying for the British during the war all [ __ ] aircraft crashed and he found himself stuck in a prisoner of war camp while he was there he dreamed of achieving something extraordinary he knew that no one had ever flown a plane across the Atlantic and he knew that the Daily Mail were offering a ten thousand pound prize to the first person to do it all [ __ ] became determined to win that prize back in Britain after the war he approached the Vickers aircraft company at Brooklands fired by his enthusiasm they agreed to let him pilot one of their planes and this is a replica of their aircraft the Vickers Vimy it's absolutely extraordinary that anyone would even dream of flying across the Atlantic in this it's a giant biplane for goodness sake it's got an open cockpit in canvas wings this is the world's largest flying biplane it has a 70 foot wingspan and stands over 15 feet high the Vimy was developed during the war as a bomber to carry out night raids over Germany it was made possible by massive increases in the power of petrol engines all [ __ ] original was equipped with two rolls-royce eagle eight engines each capable of delivering a thumping 360 horsepower and just 16 years into the development of aircraft a lot of thought was going into aerodynamics wherever possible the aircraft is streamlined to reduce wind resistance and if you look at the struts and wires they're not round but they're shaped like Aero foils the undercarriage doesn't retract like a modern aircraft the best they can do with the original was to cover the wheel with canvas to cut down turbulence from the spokes this replica was built in the 1990s but the maintenance costs are so high that it's heading for retirement in the Brooklands Museum at least that's the plan so the first exercise it seems here is to actually get the aircraft out of the hair today it's due to make its last ever flight a few experts here who are who are lending their wisdom to this initial task what we really need is a giant pair of scissors to cut off those flaps there and then it would come out easily it's a bit of geometry and physics and coordinator team power the inches to spare besides Eleni and the uncoordinated pull could cause a problem this magnificent replica is historic in its own right it has flown thousands of miles along the pioneering routes the original flew 90 years ago the Vimy is released from the hangar oh well here I am at last in the Vimy cockpit and my first impressions are that you'd have to be very friendly with the person you're sitting next to because if you're going to fly the Atlantic in this machine you're going to be it like close close quarters for quite a long time and inside here the most distinctive feature is this two-thirds of a steering wheel to steer them across the Atlantic everything on this aircraft is controlled by wires the elevator flaps which point the plane up and down the ailerons that roll the aircraft from side to side quite so a low gearing on those actually and the rudder for turning and instead of Bombay's the fuselage is filled with petrol tanks it all feels very vulnerable in 1919 all [ __ ] and his navigator Arthur Brown needed to move fast several other teams were hoping to grab the transatlantic prize everyone realized the best way to get across the Atlantic was to fly with the strong prevailing winds from west to east so first they had to take the aircraft to pieces and ship it to Newfoundland by the time all [ __ ] and brown arrived a tents by two other teams had ended in failure with their aircraft ditching into the Atlantic their chance of success looked slim so here we are old fuel that all the preliminaries done nice weather to fly in the gloomy is about to take off excellent very exciting on Saturday the 14th of June 1919 Alcock pushed the throttle on the twin rolls-royce eagle engines and powered the Vimy into the sky and so the Vimy takes to the skies it may look fragile in our cake today but back in 1919 this was cutting-edge technology laden with 865 gallons of fuel sandwiches and beer the plane only just lifted off the ground all [ __ ] turned the Vimy and headed out over the Atlantic for Europe one thousand eight hundred and ninety miles away in the open-cockpit the crew were exposed to the noise of the engines and the full force of the elements flying as high as 12,000 feet they had to wear electrically heated suits to keep themselves warm early on they lost radio contact they hit fog and sleet and for four hours the aircraft was covered with a sheet of ice at one point they flew it to such a heavy cloud that Allcock completely lost his bearings the plane went into a spinning nosedive and only straightened up 50 feet above the sea Brown said later it appeared as if we could stretch downwards and almost touch the great white caps that crested the surface it was an epic flight on the 15th of June 1919 after 16 hours of flying much of it through the night all [ __ ] and brown crossed the coast of Ireland they brought the plane down on what they thought was a field it turned out to be a bog it wasn't the most elegant of landings but they'd made it to the small crowd of locals who greeted them Allcock announced yesterday I was in America I'm the first person in Europe who can say that on June the 14th 1919 man was Admiral of the ocean air five days later Winston Churchill presented Allcock & Brown with the 10,000 pound prize they were the first people to fly non-stop across the Atlantic the nation was ecstatic on a triumphant tour of London crowds mobbed the two heroes but there was a third British hero the Vimy the aircraft that made it all possible it would be eight years before another aircraft crossed the Atlantic and another 20 before the first commercial flight but the Vickers Vimy had paved the way the Vimy was the crowning achievement of a decade of triumph and tragedy for the first time large numbers of people got to handle powerful machines the destructive power of some of them unleashed unprecedented horrors but in the hands of the people the latest mechanical wonders also promised a world of new opportunities the century of the machine was underway you

Channel: eirik1231

Views: 789,588

Keywords: National, Geographic, Britains, Greatest, Machines, Season, 1of4, 1910s, Triumph, and, Tragedy

Id: eWSMJFeBfj4

Length: 47min 26sec (2846 seconds)

Published: Sat Feb 09 2013