Black Hoof, The Primary Chief of the Shawnees

[Music] [Applause] [Music] well hey I okay Tucker what ah I see do not understand did you come with Boone through the warrior path or maybe you came down the Spill ayt bay in the misha bush in the large boat i do not see much in the way of response here perhaps you came to see a savage or a demon of the forest or you've heard stories of how I murdered people or maybe you've heard I sold my people out perhaps you have heard that I moved them away to satisfy the light men but see you do not understand the whole story because my story covers a long period of time and for many people it would be several lifetimes and only if you hear the whole story might you begin to understand it even a little bit so I must take you back a long long time ago even before our old people were here in this hoe oh hi O country they were not even known as the shaman oh then and they lived in a place that was very warm and it was beyond the large salt water which lies in the direction that warmer weather as although that is hard to believe today and they raise crops and they hunted game and they lived very peaceably and they were under the leadership of two brothers but you see a larger tribe a larger nation moved in nearby and they began to conduct warfare on them and they would capture their people and torture the young men that they caught and they would carry away their children and their women and so you see the people came to these two brothers and they said we must move away from this place for you see we cannot live under these conditions and so the one brother said well then let us build large rafts and we will float across that great salt water that lies in the direction of that star that does not move in the sky and we will float across that great blue water and perhaps we will find another land where we can live peaceably but you see half the people were afraid of that great thought water and so they said no no to the other brother let us not go across the great salt water let us instead walk towards the Setting Sun and when we have gone around that salt water then we will turn towards the star that does not move and we will walk until we find a good place to live and so you see the tribe split and they went their separate ways and the ones who were on the water floated for many days and pretty soon they saw white sand along the horizon and they came ashore but you see that sandy ground was not good to farm and so they decided they would have to move on further to the north and so they began to walk again now as they walked they came to another river a very large River and we call this epoch a seabed the blue water today is probably not as blue you call it the Cumberland and when they got there they could not get across and they said we're going to have to build more rafts again to get across this river and so they began to build the raft but why they were building there were warriors that came up on the other side of the river and they began to shake their weapons at them and to cry out and their Warriors said we're going to have to fight again but as they were doing that they realized they were speaking the same language they understood what those other men were saying and so you see the two brothers and their groups came back together again down near the Cumberland River and they formed back up into a single nation and they looked for a place to live now while some of my people were living in that area there was a great chief who came to the leadership position of the tribe and he was well respected by his people he was a great leader in war and he was a very fair leader and they wanted to have a child because he said I want a son who will follow me as a warrior and a chief perhaps he will become a great leader of his nation and they had a son but you see the son was very sickly and they thought that he might die so they went to the medicine man they said what should we do to make this child better because we want someone to follow in his father's footsteps and the medicine man said take him out into that salt water that you crossed many years ago and dunk him beneath the waves and then pick him back up and bring him back up across that white sand beach and bring him back to the village and he will become well not only will he become well but he will grow up to be very strong and very fit his eyesight will never fail him and he will become a great warrior and he will become a leader of his people and so they did so and he did grow up fit and he was known to be able to walk or to run long distances and he was a great hunter because his eyesight was always very sharp and so you see they named him cut to Hakata which in shawnee means the black hook and that is who stands before you today in fact I did leave my people and so you see they walked to the north into those lands across the maka Hope KC Bay which is what we called your Cumberland River and the reason we called it the maka ho kcp was because a maka hooky if you have a tree and there's a large growth on the side of the tree that growth is the maka hooking and the way that we mark the place to cross the river was we would say go to the tree with the maka hooky and after a while they begin to call it the maka ho KC fake the river with the tree with the large growth and I'm sure you have seen some of these sycamore trees they grew so large that even a man on a horse could write inside some of them when they were hollow and warriors would camp inside them to get out of the weather and this tree was so large that when we came to that crossing spot if you were a great warrior when you got there instead of crossing the river right away you would begin to whistle and you would walk around the tree and if in fact you could walk around that tree with only one breath in the whistle then you were truly great warrior and so we crossed the mock ahokay cpa and through that land you called tennessee and on into the land that we named king tucky and I mentioned Boone earlier and I asked if you came with Boone because he went back after having visited that land and said here is a land that is empty there is no one here it is there for us to take and the game is rich and the ground is good and we shall raise crops but you see it was not an empty land how otherwise did it get its name Kentucky that is Shawnee and so you see the people who followed him did not fully understand there were already people there there were already villages there there already families there and children and we were farming and we were hunting the game we were living a very good life we were raising the three sisters do you know what the three sisters are I see some who do and some who do not the three sisters are the three crops we raised they are the corn the beans and the squash and the reason that we call them do you have brothers do you share chores at home do you have sisters well Sharon the chores with your brothers is good enough if you see with these crops we plant the corn first and when the corn is the height of my knees then we plant the beans next to it and the beans will coil around the corn stock and when the beans begin to grow we plant the squash or the pumpkins and they have very large leaves and they cover the ground so that the grass and the weeds do not grow so you see they all three grow better together and they help each other out just as you and your brothers should do and you will all grow better because of it and so we raised the three sisters and our farmers were very happy with that place now I say our farmers but you probably do not understand that our farmers were the women the women decided where to grow the crops they decided when the land was played out and when they would change where it was they decided where to build the wigwam the wigwam belonged to them as did the hoe that they used to tend the crops if we were fortunate enough to have an axe to split wood with which we traded to the white man for if I wanted to use it I had to ask my woman's permission because the axe belonged to her you see our women had a very large say in the life of the village if we decided to go to war the young men as they are always want to do would gather in the council house and they would beat upon their chests and they would talk about the great deeds that they would do in warfare they would begin to get together to run from the council house and to strike the war Post with their tomahawks or with the butts of their taki Hwa or their pea magia tucking their muscular their rifle but you see before they went we would call in the two elder women of the tribe and they would have the last say their vote was final because if I go off to war and I do not come back who suffers the women and their children and so you see they had that final vote now in the year that Boone crossed the mountains 1775 if we went to the colonies could the women vote could the women own property could they make the business could they make business decisions so you see I think we were more progressive than white society was at that time but perhaps maybe your culture learned from ours but we were much ahead of you at that time perhaps we are not as different as maybe you thought but Boone brought the people over the mountains and they came down the spell a white thief Bay in the large flat boats and they crossed from that place called Pennsylvania and they walked into the Ohio country and we begin to fight now if you came home and found somebody camped in front of your log cabin and they were inside your house would you not fight so how can you say that my people were wrong to have fought against these people coming into their land but you see they wanted to own the land ownership property it is always at the bottom of the disagreements the white men have we have no concept of private property my woman owns the goods in the house but that is all how can you own the land you may as well own the air that you breathe or the water that you drink I think someday some man will try to sell you water to drink and so you see our cultures did not even look at it the same way and what we began to see was that the white men would come into the country we take a much bigger ax than my tech Hawk and they would begin to put blaze marks on trees now blaze mark is where you strike a tree and you remove the bark and it shows white down through the forest for a long way and the white man would blaze a tree and he would walk for many paces towards the star that does not move perhaps many days and he would blaze another tree and then he would turn towards the Rising Sun Blaz another tree turned towards the warmer weather blazed another tree turn towards the Setting Sun and end up back where he started and then he would go to where the white men gathered and they called it a land office and he would register that as his property and they would draw pictures of it on the talking leaves and he would say this this is my property because I have blazed the trees I have registered it and you Indians stay out of it so you see we fought and we fought in Kentucky and the white men it became apparent there were two groups there were the French and then there were the in glaze and they would come to us and say you must fight for us because you see these other white men mean you no good they want your land and the other group would say but we are here to just trade furs with you because if we trade furs with you you can get those things that make your life so easy I'm a Europeanized Indian because I'm not wearing hides and furs I have a linen shirt on it's much better in this weather you have today in cold weather I wear wool I trade for the iron iron tomahawks iron knives my fire lock came with trade from the in glaze it all made me a better hunter it made me and my family more comfortable we we became more use to interaction between our peoples and in times of peace it was not a bad life but each group came to us and said you must fight for us because these other people mean you no good and so we picked aside and we fought on the side of the French in what you call the French and Indian War I still do not understand that the French and the Indians did not fight each other and so you see in the French and Indian War the white men fought against each other and we assisted mostly the French and I took a small group of warriors for I was still not a chief and I went from Kentucky into Pennsylvania to a place that you call the Monongahela perhaps you know it better today that what occurred there was Braddock's defeat and my warriors and I we fought alongside for a change the Iroquois nation because usually we fought against them but you see where were both on the side of the French and we shot them down like quail because they marched in the bright red coats with a nice white belt crisscross across their chests haha made a very good aiming point and as we fought they began to retreat and the Redcoats were beginning to run but you see there was a group of men among them who called themselves the Virginia militia and they were being led by a very big man and he wrote a great white horse and he was rallying these Virginia troops and I could see that he might turn the tide of the battle and so I said that man must die and so you see I loaded my pea Mejia taki my rifle you see the rifle is much more accurate at long distance than the taki Y the musket and is very good for that kind of warfare and I loaded it and I watched that man on the white horse and I primed my fire lock and when he came riding back past I aimed at him right and I fired now my eye is very good and I am a great hunter but that man did not fall and so I reloaded my pea Mejia taki and I fired at him again and he still did not fall and I shot a third time and when he did not fall then I said to my warriors the Creator has a reason for this man to live else I would not have missed him so there must be something great in his life that he is going to do so you see at that time the Lee who would become the leader of the Shaolin own nation had his first meeting with who would become the leader of the United States your first president and I would find out later that my first shot passed through his hat and my second shot passed through the coattails of his coat and my third shot clipped the reins of his horse he was meant to be and I found out later many other Indians fired at him on that same field in fact his coat was shot full of holes but he was not touched and I always believed that the creator has a reason for each man to live and if you listen you will understand that reason and so we fought against thee in glaze and they won the war and the English and the French met to decide who would stay and who would go and what to do with the Indians and did they invite the Shalini to come to the treaty talks did they invite the Iroquois No and so we were left on our own and the people continued to pour over the mountains and so we fought and we were pushed from Kentucky across the space a white thief a and into this country called the Ohio and we were promised after the Battle of Point Pleasant we were led by corn stock and I had become a chief by then and I fought there also I would fight against the whites and the Americans in every battle on this continent until 1794 so it was decided at the treaty talks they did talk to us then because you see the ballot Point Pleasant was not an overwhelming victory for the white troops it was more of a draw and so they talked to us and we signed a treaty that said not just us Shawnee but the other tribes also would move north of this Pele whitey bay and we would remain there and the whites would remain south and east of the spell a ye bay and they would not cross and they would not bother us but you see we began to see those blaze marks appear on trees again and the men who floated down the river on the large flat boats the ma'sha'allah Gaja they would shoot at us if they saw standing on the bank it was great sport to them and so you see we rated the villages south of the river because we knew that they were going to come across the river and soon the white men begin to fight amongst themselves again and this time it was a group who called themselves the colonists and the in glaze they called themselves the British now they still wore those nice red uniforms and they both said to us you must side with us because these other people mean you no good and so you see by this time my men and I had become warriors all year round you would call us today mercenary soldiers you might call us light infantry probably at that time the best light infantry in the world because we could live off the land wherever we went and we traveled light and we could disappear into the forest and the in glaze the British convinced us to fight for them because you see we saw the white men trying to come across the river and so we began to raid the villages in Kentucky and Virginia and we raided Martin station and we raided Rutles station and we defeated them there and we carried them away to Detroit and sold them to the British but you see it did not discourage them because a man named George Rogers Clark who had captured Vincennes from the British he came up through Kentucky and he stopped in the village of Frankfort and he had his hundred and seventy-five regulars with him men called the Illinois regiment they were in uniforms blue uniforms with white facings very military looking but he needed more men so he recruited militia from Kentucky but they were so engrossed in owning property and taking custody of land he could not get them to volunteer so in Frankfurt he stationed a guard and he closed the Land Office and then he got his thousand men and he marched towards Ohio now Clark will tell you that it was a great surprise to the shawnee when he showed up at our villages I will tell you now I had spies watching him from the time he was in Kentucky and he crossed the river and they would report to me every day and my village was at a place called pick away not that place you know today as Piqua but a location up on the DNA seep a Athene they seep they means the river with round rocks you call it today the mad river and so you see they came north and their intention was to burn our village of chalica the first you are probably very familiar with old Challa Gotha it was once a pic away say to you today call it old town and when he got there there was no one there well of course there was no one there I had warned the people ahead of time and they had escaped to the north and so he burned their corn he burned their wigwams and then when it began to rain his men had to sleep out in the rain because they had no place to go and in the morning when they got up they could not make their tucky laws work because they were wet and so he said what you must do is pull the loads and then reload them with dry powder and shoot them to dry them out but you see they're military men and so they all lined up in neat rows and they fired their muskets all at once and their horses panicked and pulled their picket lines and they ran off to the forest and through the briars and the stickers do you think we were really surprised and so they spent the rest of the day chasing their horses excuse me they finally caught their horses and they advanced to the north and they came to the Athene a CPA and Clark split his men into three groups his intention was to attack with the center group and the cannon from the middle and to surround us from the sides so that we could not get away he did not want to have treaty talks with us he wanted to kill us now you see I had already sent the women and children and the old men out and all who remained with me were three hundred warriors three hundred warriors not from just a Shawano but from the Miami the Ottawa the Wyandotte the Delaware the Mingo because we were all being pushed to the north and so I hid my men in the cornfields eight hundred acres of corn from your present-day city of Springfield to the present-day village of Enon all along the low ground and we fired on them from the corn and they were surprised that we were there and Clark sent Colonel Logan to the east with 1/3 of his army and the great Scout Kenton who said he had been there before he had run the gauntlet in this area and he was supposed to find a way across the river and over the cliffs and when we tried to retreat he would cut us off and kill us all but you see the great Scout Kenton became lost and so they did not find their way across the river and they did not find their way to the top of the cliffs but when Clark rolled his six pound British cannon up in front of our fort began to fire we knew where the opening in the cliff was and we xscape to the north and were gone and we live to fight again but Clark will tell you it was a great victory but then he moved back into Kentucky and back to Vincennes and we fought the rest of the war and the Americans won and the Americans in the collar and the English met and they had treaty talks and do you think they invited the shawnee to the treaty talks black hoof did they invite little turtle of the Miami tar hey the crane of the wyandotte know and so you see we were left once again to have to fight for our land and this would last until your general until your President Washington sent a general we called the man who does not sleep and you call him mad Anthony Wayne and we met him at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and at Fallen Timbers we were beaten and we retreated to the north to a British fort called fort Miami's near what you call Perrysburg today and we knew the British would take us in and they would take care of us and defend us against these Americans against this man who never sleeps but you see they locked the gates and they would not let us in and I did not forget that we retreated on to the north and when Wayne called for us to meet at Greenville and have treaty talks I went and I signed that treaty why should I not sign it I was born in 1720 this is 1794 1795 when I signed the treaty everything I have seen indicates the white man always gets what he wants if for no other reason then he just keeps pouring more numbers over the mountains but I had that treaty read to me and it said something very significant to me it's that not only will my people not fight against these Americans my people are now American citizens I'm an American citizen and as such this United States will defend us and if need be we will fight for the United States and I am black who if I am cata Hakata and I am speaking in front of the Creator and he will hold me to my words when we burned tobacco the smoke drifts up and it carries our words to the Creator and it says what I am about to say what I am about to agree to I must be held to because I'm an honorable man and I've buried the hatchet with these Americans so you see when the warrior took comes ax in the war of 1812 sided with the British I did not see it that way we belong to the United States and it to us and my people will fight for them and what your history books ignore is the fact that I took five hundred warriors from the Shawnee tribe with me and their families and I went to General Harrison and I said I do not want to fight against other Shawnee but if the British and their Indians come south from the lakes I know that your men are away to war and your villages and your homes are undefended and as I said when I signed that treaty we will fight for the United States and I and my warriors will meet the British in their allies before they get to these villages and we will fight for you now we never had to do that but I did provide scouts we called them spies to the American troops and we always tracked where the British and their Indian allies were at and we provided men to keep the American troops from getting lost in the land that they did not understand and I went to Washington before that in 1802 after I had signed the treaty and I said to your President Jefferson I can I can train my people to live the same as your people I can make them good neighbors we will agree to this concept of property and you might call it reservations but we will form reservations in Ohio you need to provide us with three things you need to provide us with a grist mill you need to provide us with a sawmill and you need to provide a blacksmith for each village and we will learn to farm again we once knew how and our women will learn to weave and this is the hard fact I will train my men to farm tell a man who has been a warrior all his life and followed the warrior way that he is now going to do women's work but you see we did and we were successful and we raised these new crops wheat and oats and we raise cattle and we raised hogs we were good neighbors we were good citizens and at Lewisburg and Wapakoneta and hog Creek which is just south of Wapakoneta we were successful farmers and our women kept house and wove cloth and it was a good life and it went on until 1828 and I visited Jefferson again in Oh 506 and 1809 and after the visit in 1809 I went to your Congress and I spoke to them and in my speech to Congress I spoke English and I observed that the white people were being inoculated against smallpox and I said I need one more thing from your government send this medicine that prevents smallpox and send a doctor with me when I return and I will inoculate my people against smallpox and we did and in 1828 the Jackson administration took over and your President Jackson said my President Jackson said we cannot trust the white people to be fair to these Indians when they live next to them so let's send all the Indians west of the Mississippi the father of waters I did not sign that treaty but you see my people wanted to go and so I made sure that they got to this place called Kansas and I escorted him there in 1828 I was 108 years old I was always able to walk great distances and the preacher JB Finley said about me and his eyesight never failed even into old age and in 1831 I returned to Wapakoneta Ohio because you see there was nothing in Kansas for me I'm an old man and when I got back to my two-story cabin that I lived in in this little town called st. John's when I got there there was no one there my family was gone my wife had died years before there were no children in the yard there were no young men to listen to the great chief black hoof you see the creator said to me cata Acosta you've been a great warrior you've been a fair man and you've dealt well with both your enemies and your friends and your your time here is done and I pass from this world at the age of 111 I'll be glad to answer questions [Applause] today we recognize two comes in the history books we call him a chief he was not a chief he didn't even come from a Chiefs division or set of the Shawnee tribe we call him Patriot he fought for the British he tried to murder me they declared me a witch which made me eligible for assassination who is the Patriot I fought for the Americans I made sure that my people arrived safely in Kansas I saved the culture the Shawnee to come to died and so did I later to what I did not know was that in 1860 the Kansas Land Act would transplant my people again from Kansas to Oklahoma and I think that would certainly have broken my heart and so the more I found out about him the more I admired him he lived from 1720 to 1831 and he saw this land when there was no White's here so he was a period of where you saw traitors too when the whites began to push them out and to when he was forcibly removed to Kansas he dealt with presidents he spoke to Congress why is he not in history books he had so much prestige during his lifetime I'm going to revert back again here there was a man named Belle and he always said you spell it like Beale but it rings like a bell and he was captured at the Battle of the river raisin and the British allowed their Indians to prepare him for burning at the stake and I was always on the outskirts of these battles I was 92 years old I walked into that village and I took Belle by the arm and I let him south and the lake Indians would not touch me because I was cocked a Hakata the black hoof and I said to Belle this war is over for you I think it is time you go home and he said I live in blue licks Kentucky I said I once lived and this Kapooka thicky Kentucky that means the blue water and blue lakes and so you see we both came from the same place at one time in our lives and I said I could tell you much about blue licks and he said when this war is over come visit me and in 1816 barefooted 96 years old I walked from Wapakoneta Ohio to blue eggs Kentucky I said I'm looking for Leonard Bell and I met with him he was still alive and he introduced me to his friends and we toured the area and we told stories and at the end of two days barefooted I walked back to Wapakoneta Ohio I was fascinated by this man and and so I I've kind of taken it on as a personal thing to to talk about him to tell about him because in the Shawnee nation we don't have history books we have oral history oral stories and that's the way knowledge is passed on and what better way to pass on his story and now you see you are all part of that Shawnee culture now it is up to you to pass those stories on to the younger people and we should always learn from the mistakes in the past and from the things that have gone on I do not place fault at the foot of the white culture I don't blame Boone because you see the real heroes in that story were those who fought for their land but also those who followed Boone they had no idea where they were going they didn't know anything about the land they were going into except what people told them and those were long hunters you couldn't work them very well trust them sometimes they may as well been going to the moon and they followed him without question to what could have been their death so you see there were good points to all these cultures the clash of these cultures the British against the French the Indian against the whites the blacks who came over the mountains with the white sometimes escaped to the Indians the Shawnee would would adopt him into the tribe once you were adopted it didn't matter whether your hair was blond or your eyes blue your skin black or white you were Indian you were Shawnee and you should be honored to be so so you see that's what makes us Americans that's what makes us a highlands so it makes us Kentucky because we are the mix of all those cultures Shawnee men you could compare them to the male birds in the forest you know Cardinals the the bright chili one is the male and the Indians felt the same way about it the men were very likely to wear lots of silver they would paint themselves up in the mornings whether we were at war or not I'm wearing a peacetime paint scheme today so to speak some will say that the two red stripes from my eyes note that I am a Shawnee the rest of it is probably for decoration the dot tattooing was quite often done by both male and female and you also see versions of it very early on when the British first came ashore in the colonies or not in the colonies then but in the American continent the the woodcut you see of the Indians that met them they had dot tattooing very extensively on their faces and on their bodies it was done by pricking the skin with a sharp instrument a lot of times a fish bone rubbing charcoal into the wounds and then when it healed over it would heal over with a black dot during warfare is psychological the whites referred to us as demons of the forest and so why not appear to be a demon of the forest so lots of scarlet and black for that that kind of paint so it can be both cosmetic and it can have meaning to a lot of times you'll see a tear drop from the eye of a warrior and it may signify either people he has lost or things that he has done that he's not particularly proud of so the answer is both that question comes up a lot there is no secret Shawnee silver mark but that the Shawnee had a real desire to have silver they'd like to work with it they traded extensively with the Europeans for the silver and if you do archaeological digs today on shiny sites you find a lot of remnants of silver trade items earrings I have on the silver button off the front of an officer's coat he didn't need it anymore they were fascinated by crosses not necessarily because of the religious aspect but it into some it represented a dragonfly and dragonfly sometimes were a signal of they would come and take your spirit to heaven so you would see those used a lot too as decoration rings on fingers the women if I were a well-to-do warrior or chief what a lot of times adorn my woman with trade silver also the women did not wear an extensive amount of paint usually two dots on the cheeks and maybe the part in their hair but they did they didn't paint up like like the men did we were the peacocks yes that's a turkey wing and it and a dress tomahawk a presentation tomahawks served somewhat the same purpose did you not pay attention when I pointed at you it was a symbol of rank if you walked into a room and there was a warrior or a chief standing there with either a turkey wing on his arm or a very fancy pipe tomahawk on his arm he would use it to gesture when he talked things like that but it right away signified there is a man of distinction we'd better pay attention to what he's doing and say in fact to come sat.1 time was very offended because no one was supposed to bring weapons into a talk and he walked in carrying a presentation great tomahawk they took it away from him that was a huge insult because he was not carrying his weapon it was it signified here's a man of distinction he's worth listening to now they did use tobacco and they would use the smoke from tobacco to signify and before I started my talk I should have sprinkled tobacco out of my my pouch both sprinkling the ground tobacco if you cannot smoke it somewhere and smoking the tobacco as I said earlier in the talk signifies this this smoke is a messenger and it will take my words to the Creator if it takes my words to the Creator I'm held to those words and so it's very important and signifies it's very important no I know that's all the history all the history books say that to begin with he was not of the proper cept either either McCoach a or chalica which is where the Chiefs came from you call it Chillicothe today McCoach a is the same as you've been to the castles and makka qi castles they're not because of some scotsman they're named after that because the McCoach a village was up there in that area when when they moved into that area and built or got ready to build those homes and stuff you had McCoach a chalice ah well gala kiss poco and pick away those were the the existent sets SE pts of the the tribe in the 1800's they still existed in the 1700 they still exist today they still each have little bit different functions within the tribe they also have different political outlooks and they tend to split up into their own little groups so what we have today is three federally recognized Shawnee tribes in Oklahoma the absentee Shawnee the eastern Shawnee and the Shawnee of Oklahoma and those sets tend to divide up in separate tribes so it even carries through to today although it is becoming more mixed now the black hoof was was from the McCoach a division and so he was hereditarily eligible for being a chief it didn't make it automatic so you had to establish yourself he was what's called a civil chief during most of his lifetime the war chief was blue jacket and and so they worked together now blue jacket would later on adopt a little bit of the view of Tecumseh although he died before the war of 1812 he died in 1809 so we don't know what he would have done during during the war of 1812 but Tecumseh was not from those divisions even though he lived in Challa Gotha during part of his life there's also some indications he lived in a pickle a village part of his life too so perhaps you may have been pick away division in which case he would have been raised in the thought that they were the experts in spiritual things and that's probably why his brother considered himself to be a holy man 4245 among the whites it was committed men lived to be about 40 average and women lived to be just a little over 30 yeah it was unusual he was married for 40 years which and he was married to one woman he did not have a polygamous marriage which was unusual among Indian chiefs he did not believe in polygamy so there were a number of things about him that were unusual and we have to say that you know he yes he did yes he did and hey and quite often he would be asked to speak for all the gathered tribes at various treaty talks and gatherings and stuff or he would do a wrap-up afterwards and kind of consolidate everybody together he was also known to be capable of biting sarcasm and and he could he could eat you up if he if he targeted you with that more than likely though at some time later he would backtrack a little bit and smooth it over he was very influential man very convincing when he when he spoke [Music] [Music] [Music]

Channel: Robert Wickline

Views: 4,694

Rating: 4.9191918 out of 5

Keywords: Shawnee, indians, Tecumseh, Black Hoof

Id: w4P73JSca2k

Length: 60min 7sec (3607 seconds)

Published: Fri Jul 07 2017