Andrew Jackson - Good Evil & The Presidency - PBS Documentary

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He learned to fight in the Revolutionary War He used what he's learned to kill a man gambling death He led the American army to the most surprising victory in its history but He also launched an unauthorized invasion of Florida he added vast regions of the south to the United States but it was land he brutally rested from Native Americans Americans he was the founder of the Democratic Party but his enemies accused him of being an American Napoleon his name was Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson is made possible by major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities democracy demands wisdom by the Ahmanson foundation committed to the creative pursuit of quality education in the arts by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and by contributions to your from viewers like you thank you in 1859, as America was rushin towards Civil War, James Parton, the first historian to attempt a biography of Andrew Jackson arrived at the hermitage Jackson's beloved home he was escorted through the mansion by Hannah Jackson who had been Andrew Jackson's slave from the time she was 10 until Jackson died. Partin knew that many Americans considered Andrew Jackson the country's greatest leader since the founding fathers. Parton wrote during the last 30 years of his life. He was the idol of the American people. Columbus had sailed, Washington fought, Jefferson written fifty years of democratic government had passed, and the result of it all was that the people of the United States honored Andrew Jackson before all other living men. Andrew Jackson, in my mind, is one of the great presidents; and it's not surprising that he was so loved. In fact, it is said that when the Civil War broke out in 1861. People wanted to vote for Andrew Jackson hoping he would come back and save the Union. He was that beloved for all of his flaws, for all of his contradictions, Andrew Jackson did more than any other American of his generation to enlarge the possibilities of American democracy in doing that seeing himself as president, as the Tribune of the people, he did more than anyone<font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> change to enlarge the</font> possibilities of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the American presidency</font> but Jackson was also<font color="#CCCCCC"> one of the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> most</font> controversial presidents in<font color="#CCCCCC"> American</font> history his policies on issues like <font color="#E5E5E5">Indian Removal and slavery provoked</font> fierce opposition<font color="#CCCCCC"> not</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> only in his</font> lifetime<font color="#CCCCCC"> but beyond Andrew</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson for</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">African Americans</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is not sort of figure</font> that one who<font color="#E5E5E5"> was very dear</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he wouldn't</font> form part of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the the ranks of the great</font> men of<font color="#E5E5E5"> American society because never in</font> his reign as president<font color="#E5E5E5"> in his terms as</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">president</font> did he ever attempt to expand the rights of people<font color="#CCCCCC"> on the contrary he did</font> everything<font color="#E5E5E5"> he could</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it seems to me to</font> constrict those right to<font color="#E5E5E5"> limit those</font> rights<font color="#CCCCCC"> people talked about</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew</font> Jackson's<font color="#E5E5E5"> black moods people talk</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> about</font> Andrew Jackson's<font color="#CCCCCC"> red hot temper</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> but the</font> color<font color="#E5E5E5"> of this story is green and it's</font> the<font color="#CCCCCC"> grain of envy and it's the grain of</font> coveting Indian lands at the Hermitage<font color="#CCCCCC"> Parton discovered a</font> portrait of<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson finished just before</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">he died</font> it was<font color="#E5E5E5"> completely unlike the many heroic</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">portraits of the great man and the</font> vulnerability it captured<font color="#E5E5E5"> brought to</font> life partners<font color="#E5E5E5"> most insightful</font> description of Jackson he was a <font color="#CCCCCC">democratic autocrat</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> an urbane</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> savage</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> an</font> atrocious<font color="#CCCCCC"> saint Americans have always</font> looked<font color="#E5E5E5"> at Andrew Jackson and seen</font> themselves<font color="#CCCCCC"> but over the years</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> they've</font> looked at Andrew Jackson and<font color="#E5E5E5"> seen</font> different<font color="#CCCCCC"> versions</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of themselves</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> at one</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">time they saw the frontiersman the poor</font> boy made good<font color="#CCCCCC"> the classic self-made man</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">today some Americans look back at</font> Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> and they see the slaveholder the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Indian oppressor</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> even the Indian hater</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">so the debate</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> about Andrew Jackson is</font> very<font color="#E5E5E5"> contemporary one he's an</font> inescapable<font color="#E5E5E5"> quintessential American but</font> of what kind is he<font color="#CCCCCC"> a man whom we should</font> admire or is he a man whom<font color="#CCCCCC"> we should</font> despise is he a man whom<font color="#CCCCCC"> we should</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">celebrate</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> or is he a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> man for whom we</font> should<font color="#CCCCCC"> apologize Thomas Jefferson he</font> could never speak on account<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">rashness of his feelings</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> I have seen him</font> attempted repeatedly<font color="#CCCCCC"> and as often</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> choked</font> with rage in the 1760s<font color="#CCCCCC"> Andrew Jackson's parents</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">traded desperate poverty</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in Ireland</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> for</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">an equally hard life on the Carolina</font> frontier<font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew never met his father</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">before</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> he died when his wife was</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">pregnant</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with Andrew leaving the boy</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> his two<font color="#E5E5E5"> older brothers to fend for</font> themselves<font color="#E5E5E5"> when the Revolutionary War</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">began in 1775</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the Carolina frontier</font> became a dangerous<font color="#CCCCCC"> place</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with one farmer</font> siding with the Patriots<font color="#E5E5E5"> and his</font> next-door<font color="#E5E5E5"> neighbor</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> with the British it</font> was a brawling<font color="#E5E5E5"> violent way to grow up</font> you made a living with your hands and <font color="#E5E5E5">with your spirit your military spirit to</font> defend yourself<font color="#E5E5E5"> and your hands to pull</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">something out of the soil</font> so you had a constant<font color="#E5E5E5"> wariness</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a</font> constant threat<font color="#CCCCCC"> of violence</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and I think</font> that's one of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the many reasons Jackson</font> became<font color="#CCCCCC"> a man who was so prone to</font> violence<font color="#E5E5E5"> he grew up with it he didn't</font> know<font color="#CCCCCC"> anything else during the revolution</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the fighting in the Carolinas was the</font> most vicious of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the entire war both</font> sides<font color="#CCCCCC"> executed men they captured and</font> committed atrocities against<font color="#E5E5E5"> civilians</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">outnumbered and desperate</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the Patriots</font> relied on<font color="#E5E5E5"> young boys who knew every</font> twist and turn<font color="#CCCCCC"> in the woods to carry</font> orders through the one of them was Andrew Jackson there was a famous<font color="#E5E5E5"> story about young Andrew</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 13</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">years old being commanded by his by the</font> British officer who<font color="#E5E5E5"> captured him to</font> clean his boots<font color="#E5E5E5"> and Jackson refused to</font> take<font color="#E5E5E5"> such a servile job and the officer</font> slashed him across the<font color="#E5E5E5"> face</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> with</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a sword</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">and Jackson put his arm up to defend</font> himself and<font color="#E5E5E5"> he carried the scars all his</font> life<font color="#E5E5E5"> the war inflicted other even more</font> horrible scars on Jackson one of his brothers died of heatstroke <font color="#CCCCCC">while in battle and his mother and other</font> brother died of<font color="#CCCCCC"> disease in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> boys eyes</font> it was the British who<font color="#CCCCCC"> were to blame</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> for</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">leaving him suddenly alone in the world</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">for Andrew</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson the American</font> Revolution was<font color="#CCCCCC"> a formative</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> psychic</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> as</font> well as political event<font color="#CCCCCC"> for the rest of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">his life he would despise the British</font> Empire he would grow<font color="#CCCCCC"> up</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> feeling</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> as if he</font> owed the British a kind<font color="#E5E5E5"> of repayment for</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">all that the British had done to him</font> personally<font color="#CCCCCC"> and to his</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> family</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Andrew Jackson</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> with that kind of a</font> background<font color="#CCCCCC"> you would expect</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> him to be a</font> very<font color="#E5E5E5"> angry and frustrated young man and</font> he was<font color="#CCCCCC"> and he made quite a reputation</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">for himself as a man who is</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> getting</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> into</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">trouble causing all kinds of problems</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font> fellow resident<font color="#CCCCCC"> of the town of Salisbury</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">described the young troublemaker this</font> way<font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew Jackson was the most roaring</font> rollicking<font color="#E5E5E5"> horse-racing</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> card playing</font> mischievous fellow that<font color="#CCCCCC"> ever lived in</font> Salzburg<font color="#CCCCCC"> he got a small inheritance from</font> a grandfather back<font color="#CCCCCC"> in Ireland and he</font> went<font color="#CCCCCC"> down to Charleston to collect it</font> and spent the whole thing in a<font color="#E5E5E5"> week on</font> horses and<font color="#E5E5E5"> liquor and maybe some girls</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">too but</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it was all gone pretty</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> fast</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> he had to trudge back to the<font color="#CCCCCC"> upcountry</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">of South</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Carolina</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to somehow pull his</font> life together again<font color="#E5E5E5"> there are a lot of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">15 year-olds</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> who would not</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> have</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> made</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and it wouldn't have surprised anybody</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">if Andrew Jackson just went down the</font> tubes<font color="#E5E5E5"> and was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> forgotten at that point</font> but all the people<font color="#CCCCCC"> who knew</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> him when</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">was a boy and a young man said he had</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">passion fire determination audacity and</font> refusal to<font color="#E5E5E5"> be crushed by the kinds of</font> things that might wipe out anybody<font color="#E5E5E5"> else</font> after<font color="#E5E5E5"> apprentice in with a lawyer</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson became a lawyer himself</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> at the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">age of 20 and when he was offered</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a job</font> as a prosecutor<font color="#CCCCCC"> on the frontier he</font> jumped at the opportunity to join the waves of Americans<font color="#E5E5E5"> heading</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> west</font> when the<font color="#E5E5E5"> revolution ends particularly</font> for young men like<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson with very</font> little going<font color="#E5E5E5"> for them in the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> East</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> there</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">is this</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> huge expanse of territory</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Kentucky and Tennessee to be precise</font> that<font color="#E5E5E5"> there was the place</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> you could</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> start</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">off one</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of the attractive</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> features of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">this frontier experience was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> all of</font> these new<font color="#E5E5E5"> places were in need of</font> founding fathers so to speak and<font color="#E5E5E5"> they're like a job placement at a</font> new founding father needed for<font color="#E5E5E5"> County</font> and Tennessee and and people like Jackson could apply I mean basically you show up and<font color="#E5E5E5"> say I'm here to create a new</font> community in 1788<font color="#CCCCCC"> three months before</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> George</font> Washington was<font color="#CCCCCC"> elected the first</font> president<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> United States</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson arrived at a</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> new settlement on</font> the edge of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the American West it's name</font> was Nashville Tennessee besides<font color="#CCCCCC"> practicing law</font> Nashville's newest citizen bred horses <font color="#E5E5E5">speculated in land</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and most</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">significantly fell in love with Rachel</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Donaldson robots</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> daughter of one of</font> Nashville's most prominent<font color="#CCCCCC"> families</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Rachel returned Andrews feelings but</font> their<font color="#E5E5E5"> relationship faced an</font> insurmountable<font color="#E5E5E5"> barrier</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Rachel was already married to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a man from</font> Kentucky named<font color="#E5E5E5"> Lewis</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> robots</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> when</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson</font> arrives<font color="#CCCCCC"> his this wild kid and Rachel</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> you</font> know was sort of wild herself she<font color="#E5E5E5"> should</font> never have<font color="#E5E5E5"> married Louis</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Robards</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and she</font> finds I think companionship and a kind of kindred<font color="#E5E5E5"> spirit</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in Jackson and they</font> fall in love<font color="#E5E5E5"> but in most of 1790s</font> America women<font color="#E5E5E5"> literally belonged to</font> their husbands<font color="#CCCCCC"> I think it's very</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> hard</font> for<font color="#CCCCCC"> us to understand</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that there was a</font> time in<font color="#CCCCCC"> the history of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> our country where</font> it was virtually impossible<font color="#E5E5E5"> for</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> people</font> to divorce the woman became a part of <font color="#CCCCCC">the husband</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and she</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> had no separate</font> legal<font color="#E5E5E5"> rights</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> whatsoever from</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> her husband</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">so in the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> event a woman who wanted to</font> leave the household she had to leave<font color="#E5E5E5"> her</font> children<font color="#CCCCCC"> behind</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> because the children did</font> not<font color="#E5E5E5"> belong to her she had no legal</font> ownership<font color="#E5E5E5"> to children to property a</font> woman had no legal<font color="#CCCCCC"> identity whatsoever</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">except as a part of her husband</font> most unhappy couples lived in loveless marriages rather than flout the law but <font color="#E5E5E5">Andrew and Rachel were not the kind</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">people who let social convention</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> stop</font> them from<font color="#CCCCCC"> following their hearts these</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">two hapless people</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> up until this point</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">find each other and the opportunity and</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the desire merge for a really</font> extraordinary<font color="#E5E5E5"> decision which</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> is for the</font> two to elope<font color="#E5E5E5"> to Natchez the two young</font> lovers headed south along<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Natchez</font> Trace trail their goal was the wild and wooly town of Natchez<font color="#CCCCCC"> on the Mississippi</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">River which was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> governed by Spain by</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">running off with Andrew</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Rachel was</font> making it clear<font color="#CCCCCC"> that she was never going</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">back to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> her husband no matter what the</font> consequences for a woman<font color="#CCCCCC"> to choose to leave her</font> husband especially<font color="#E5E5E5"> one who came from</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Rachel Donaldson's background was an</font> extraordinarily courageous decision on her part because in Rachel's case<font color="#E5E5E5"> she</font> knew<font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> she was essentially setting</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">herself up to be condemned by the</font> society<font color="#E5E5E5"> that she lived in and</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the shadow</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of this decision would haunt them</font> through the rest<font color="#E5E5E5"> of their days</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">beginning the couple's daring elopement</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">was worth it for</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> they made an ideal</font> match where others could<font color="#E5E5E5"> not tame him</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">she could there's one incident that</font> occurred<font color="#E5E5E5"> when they were floating down</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the Mississippi River and there were</font> some people<font color="#E5E5E5"> that annoyed Jackson</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> I</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> don't</font> recall exactly what it is they did<font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font> he took a<font color="#E5E5E5"> rifle and he starts</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> shooting</font> at them<font color="#CCCCCC"> and right away they ran down</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">into</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> cabin and told</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Rachel</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> she said</font> please<font color="#E5E5E5"> tell mr. Jackson I would like to</font> see him she could handle<font color="#E5E5E5"> him she was the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">right</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> person for him</font> with<font color="#E5E5E5"> Nashville still a frontier town</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">with few</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> churches and fewer courts</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Rachel and Andrew were able</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to return</font> home<font color="#CCCCCC"> after six months</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and be accepted by</font> most of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the community as man and wife</font> but Rachel's husband was not so forgiving<font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he took his case against</font> her to the state legislature<font color="#E5E5E5"> where he</font> won permission to sue for<font color="#CCCCCC"> divorce</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> on the</font> grounds of<font color="#E5E5E5"> adultery</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in 1793 the courts</font> granted<font color="#CCCCCC"> Louis</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the first divorce in the</font> history<font color="#CCCCCC"> of the state</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of Kentucky not</font> long after Rachel and Andrew were quietly married<font color="#CCCCCC"> in Nashville Rachel</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">hoped that if she and Andrew were loving</font> and faithful the fact<font color="#E5E5E5"> that she had</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> been</font> branded a Scarlet woman<font color="#E5E5E5"> would soon be</font> forgotten but her new husband was interested in politics<font color="#E5E5E5"> and her adultery</font> would one day be a central issue in<font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">race for president of the United States</font> for all his<font color="#E5E5E5"> wildness the young Andrew</font> Jackson also<font color="#E5E5E5"> had the determination</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">vision</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and charisma of a born leader and</font> in 1796<font color="#E5E5E5"> the state of Tennessee</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> sent him</font> as its lone representative<font color="#E5E5E5"> to Congress</font> but the<font color="#CCCCCC"> learnin statesman who filled the</font> nation's capital didn't quite know<font color="#CCCCCC"> what</font> to<font color="#E5E5E5"> make</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of the fiery frontiersman</font> Jackson was so passionate when<font color="#E5E5E5"> he came</font> to<font color="#E5E5E5"> Congress in the 1790s the Thomas</font> Jefferson<font color="#CCCCCC"> remembered that he would get</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">on his feet</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and become overwhelmed with</font> his emotions<font color="#E5E5E5"> literally choked with rage</font> could not get out of<font color="#E5E5E5"> word and red-faced</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">had to sit down</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> again if the Washington</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">elite</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> were unimpressed with the</font> passionate mr. Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> the feeling was</font> mutual Congress was stifling for Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> it was</font> a place where<font color="#CCCCCC"> people</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> met in committees</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and did backroom deals and Jackson</font> despised backroom deals it was a place <font color="#CCCCCC">where</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> people traded</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> favors with one</font> another in order to<font color="#E5E5E5"> get what they wanted</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and Jackson thought that was hideously</font> corrupt after just over<font color="#CCCCCC"> a year in Congress</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Jackson resigned declaring</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> I was born</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">for the storm and a calm does not suit</font> me raising<font color="#CCCCCC"> racehorses now became his</font> favorite pasta and betting enormous sums on those<font color="#CCCCCC"> horses in match races</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> became</font> his passion<font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew Jackson loved horses</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">violence whiskey he was also someone who</font> if you<font color="#CCCCCC"> were his friend</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">you were his friend forever if yours</font> enemy<font color="#CCCCCC"> god help you in 1805</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson won a</font> huge sum of<font color="#E5E5E5"> money when his</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> opponents</font> horse<font color="#E5E5E5"> came up lame but a dispute over</font> how the payoff was made<font color="#E5E5E5"> led to an</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">escalating series of insults between</font> Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> and a young Tennessee and named</font> Charles Dickinson later his friends insisted that<font color="#E5E5E5"> Dickinson had said</font> something<font color="#CCCCCC"> about</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Rachel Jackson</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> here's something<font color="#CCCCCC"> else</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that Jackson is</font> very<font color="#E5E5E5"> sensitive about because his whole</font> marriage<font color="#E5E5E5"> to Rachel had been under a</font> cloud from<font color="#CCCCCC"> the beginning and anybody to</font> raise that point<font color="#E5E5E5"> in any direct or even</font> indirect way would trigger a very violent response on May 30th 1806<font color="#E5E5E5"> Charles Dickinson and</font> Andrew Jackson met on a<font color="#CCCCCC"> dueling ground</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Dickinson was reputed to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> be the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> best</font> shot<font color="#E5E5E5"> in Tennessee and when the signal</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">was given</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to fire he fired first but to</font> his shock<font color="#E5E5E5"> he apparently missed</font> then Andrew Jackson took<font color="#E5E5E5"> careful aim</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> mortally wounded<font color="#E5E5E5"> Dickinson only then did</font> Jackson's second notice<font color="#E5E5E5"> that he</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> was</font> bleeding<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson had in fact been shot</font> in the<font color="#CCCCCC"> chest</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with the bullet lodging</font> next to his<font color="#CCCCCC"> heart when he</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> shocked ii</font> asked how he could<font color="#CCCCCC"> possibly</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> have fired</font> back accurately<font color="#CCCCCC"> jackson replied i should</font> have hit him<font color="#E5E5E5"> if he had shot me through</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> brain jackson carried the bullet for</font> the rest of<font color="#E5E5E5"> his</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> life</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it was unmistakable</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">evidence of how unsuited he was to the</font> give-and-take<font color="#E5E5E5"> of politics but his future</font> in a different<font color="#CCCCCC"> arena</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> could not have</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> been</font> brighter Sam Houston the reputation of <font color="#CCCCCC">general Jackson will adorn the proudest</font> brightest pages in the nation's<font color="#E5E5E5"> history</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">he wears the laurel wreath which his own</font> valor in 1812<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> United</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> States declared war</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">on Great Britain Andrew Jackson had been</font> yearning since he was<font color="#E5E5E5"> 13</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> for another</font> shot<font color="#CCCCCC"> at the British and having been</font> voted<font color="#E5E5E5"> commander of the Tennessee militia</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">his dream</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> had now come true</font> to inspire fellow<font color="#E5E5E5"> Tennesseans to join</font> his army<font color="#CCCCCC"> he declared</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> who are we and for</font> what are we<font color="#E5E5E5"> going to fight</font> are we the titled<font color="#E5E5E5"> slaves</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> had George the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">third the military conscripts of</font> Napoleon the<font color="#CCCCCC"> great</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> or the frozen</font> peasants of the<font color="#CCCCCC"> Russians are no we are</font> the Freeborn<font color="#E5E5E5"> sons of America the</font> citizens of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the only</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Republic now</font> existing in<font color="#E5E5E5"> the world and the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> only</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">people on earth who possess rights</font> liberties<font color="#E5E5E5"> and property which they dare</font> call their own but the mission Jackson in<font color="#E5E5E5"> his men were ultimately given was far</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">from glamorous tramping and slogging</font> through<font color="#E5E5E5"> the forests and swamps of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> southeast until they had<font color="#E5E5E5"> found and</font> defeated Creek Indian warriors who were allied<font color="#E5E5E5"> with</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the British</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> well Jackson is</font> in an enviable position he<font color="#CCCCCC"> has one of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">four armies assigned to punish the</font> creeks<font color="#E5E5E5"> he is poorly supplied his troops</font> are very poorly trained<font color="#E5E5E5"> they have very</font> short enlistments<font color="#E5E5E5"> and it's cold and wet</font> and<font color="#E5E5E5"> they want to return</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> home</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> things are</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">not going well</font> after<font color="#E5E5E5"> months in the field</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson supply</font> lines broke down fearing starvation<font color="#E5E5E5"> some</font> of his soldiers<font color="#E5E5E5"> Newton ate and began to</font> walk home to Tennessee but Andrew Jackson threatened to kill them if they took another<font color="#E5E5E5"> step it was not an idle</font> threat<font color="#CCCCCC"> for on two other</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> occasions</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson had men under his command</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">executed I see in Jackson's Indian</font> campaigns a ruthlessness<font color="#CCCCCC"> that is</font> frightful<font color="#CCCCCC"> to behold</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> he seemed possessed</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">almost with a determination</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to go on no</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">matter what finally</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in March</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of 1814</font> Jackson cornered the<font color="#E5E5E5"> main</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> creek force it</font> was camped<font color="#E5E5E5"> on a peninsula called</font> Horseshoe Bend because<font color="#CCCCCC"> it was protected</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">on three</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> sides by the Tallapoosa</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> River</font> with<font color="#CCCCCC"> the fourth side protected by a</font> mammoth breastwork of logs they had built the creeks were convinced that their position<font color="#CCCCCC"> was impregnable</font> but then<font color="#E5E5E5"> Cherokee waters fighting with</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson's swam across the river to the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">creek village and set it</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> on fire</font> Jackson saw his chance<font color="#E5E5E5"> and ordered his</font> men to storm the barricade after brutal hand-to-hand fighting <font color="#CCCCCC">Jackson's forces took the barricade</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> from</font> that point on after the barricade was breached<font color="#E5E5E5"> it's no longer a battle</font> it is a Search<font color="#E5E5E5"> and Destroy mission it is</font> a slaughter of the<font color="#E5E5E5"> 1,000 Creek warriors not one</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">surrendered</font> it was Andrew Jackson's first great child but<font color="#E5E5E5"> to his friend Sam Houston and</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">fought beside him it was also</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a tragedy</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the Sun was going down and it's set on</font> the ruins of the<font color="#E5E5E5"> Creek</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Nation</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> where but</font> a few<font color="#CCCCCC"> hours before</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a thousand brave</font> warriors had scowled on their assailants <font color="#E5E5E5">there was nothing</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> be seen</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> but</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> volumes</font> of dense<font color="#E5E5E5"> smoke rising heavily over the</font> corpses of painted warriors the burning <font color="#CCCCCC">ruins of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> their fortifications more</font> Native Americans were killed<font color="#E5E5E5"> in the</font> Battle of Horseshoe Bend<font color="#E5E5E5"> than on any</font> other day<font color="#E5E5E5"> in</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the history of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the United</font> States one<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the American participants</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">who went down to the river that night to</font> fill his canteen<font color="#E5E5E5"> said it very very</font> nicely<font color="#E5E5E5"> the Tallapoosa might very well be</font> called a river of blood<font color="#E5E5E5"> because as the</font> dead and dying<font color="#E5E5E5"> made it to the river</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the Tallapoosa was turned red</font> Horseshoe Bend<font color="#E5E5E5"> was one of the only</font> victories in a war<font color="#E5E5E5"> that was turning out</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">to be</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a disaster for the United States</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> British had captured Washington DC</font> following the Battle of Bladensburg <font color="#E5E5E5">which military historians have called</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the worst</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> disgrace</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in American</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> military</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">history</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> when the American militia</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> broken</font> ran hardly firing a shot<font color="#E5E5E5"> the British</font> then moved in<font color="#E5E5E5"> burned the White House and</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> Capitol so the war had</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> been going</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">very badly with Britain threatening to</font> further humiliate<font color="#CCCCCC"> America by conquering</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">New Orleans the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> army was desperate to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">find a general</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> who could get his men to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">stand and fight the general finally</font> chosen<font color="#E5E5E5"> was incredibly tough on his men</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and yet his men were fiercely loyal</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font> him<font color="#CCCCCC"> a riddle explained by his nickname</font> Old Hickory<font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew Jackson became Old</font> Hickory<font color="#CCCCCC"> when he was coming back from the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">front down in Mississippi and he decided</font> that<font color="#E5E5E5"> he would walk while the wounded row</font> and so he walked all the way home and his men loved him<font color="#E5E5E5"> for it it was</font> example of amazing spiritual leadership <font color="#E5E5E5">and they started calling him Old Hickory</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">because they</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> thought</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he was as tough as</font> a Hickory stick Old Hickory<font color="#CCCCCC"> had never</font> had a day<font color="#CCCCCC"> of formal military</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> training in</font> his life and yet the Battle of New Orleans<font color="#E5E5E5"> would be depicted in song story</font> and art for the next 100 years <font color="#E5E5E5">Verne Andrew Jackson and his men were</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">about to shock the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> world to even out the</font> odds with the British Jackson enlisted the aid<font color="#CCCCCC"> of the French</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> pirate Jean</font> Lafitte<font color="#E5E5E5"> Choctaw Indians and the free</font> blacks of New Orleans<font color="#CCCCCC"> then he masked</font> them<font color="#E5E5E5"> beside his men on a narrow stretch</font> of<font color="#E5E5E5"> ground between a swamp and the</font> Mississippi<font color="#E5E5E5"> River</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> On January 8th 1815 a</font> huge wave<font color="#CCCCCC"> that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> battle hardened British</font> troops swept down on Jackson's irregular instead of<font color="#CCCCCC"> turning and running as the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">British had watched American troops do</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">in numerous battles before Jackson and</font> his men marched into<font color="#E5E5E5"> the pages of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">American history they really thought</font> that once these professionals came watching towards these<font color="#CCCCCC"> frontiersman</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">they'd all run and to their surprise</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">they not only didn't run</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> they stood and</font> fired one<font color="#E5E5E5"> folly after another right into</font> the<font color="#CCCCCC"> faces of these poor oncoming British</font> soldiers<font color="#E5E5E5"> and just mowed them down</font> Jackson had proved that America could stand up<font color="#CCCCCC"> to the world's greatest</font> military power<font color="#CCCCCC"> and win the victory</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font> he won<font color="#E5E5E5"> was almost unbelievable</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the British lost hundreds of men dead on</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> battlefield</font> Jackson's casualties in the main battle were<font color="#CCCCCC"> 8</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> killed and 13 wounded it was</font> astonishing<font color="#CCCCCC"> it's still astonishing</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> as</font> news of<font color="#CCCCCC"> the victory spread across the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">country America was swept up in a wave</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">of patriotism</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> unrivaled in its history</font> I think the whole<font color="#E5E5E5"> character of the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">American people changed after the war of</font> 1812<font color="#CCCCCC"> prior to that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> time you asked the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">person who or what they were they would</font> say I'm a New Yorker<font color="#E5E5E5"> I'm a Virginian I'm</font> from Connecticut I'm from Massachusetts <font color="#CCCCCC">after New Orleans they said I am an</font> American Americans pride in the victory was stoked by a flood<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> images of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> battle<font color="#E5E5E5"> for</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a new invention</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> aquatint</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">engraving enabled artists to make</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">multiple color copies of the same</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> image</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">much</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> faster than ever before</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a delighted</font> American public bought up thousands of <font color="#E5E5E5">pictures</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of the glorious</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> American</font> victory at New<font color="#E5E5E5"> Orleans and at the center</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">of many of these new engravings</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> was the</font> new American<font color="#E5E5E5"> hero Andrew Jackson</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Andrew</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson was really one of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">first national celebrities songs were</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">written about him clubs were</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> founded for</font> him<font color="#E5E5E5"> January</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 8 the anniversary of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> Battle of New<font color="#E5E5E5"> Orleans towns would have</font> Jackson dinners<font color="#E5E5E5"> and banquets he was a</font> cultural force<font color="#E5E5E5"> before</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he was a political</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">force the festivities were boisterous</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">for Americans had more than</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> just the</font> Battle of New Orleans<font color="#E5E5E5"> to celebrate after</font> 1815 the<font color="#E5E5E5"> Americans were very much free</font> to work out their own<font color="#E5E5E5"> destiny without</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">interference from Europe this meant that</font> they were enthused<font color="#CCCCCC"> and excited and I</font> thought they<font color="#E5E5E5"> could accomplish anything</font> they wanted<font color="#E5E5E5"> to it also lent a sense of</font> urgency<font color="#CCCCCC"> they believed that if they</font> didn't get it<font color="#CCCCCC"> right now they might</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> not</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">get another chance that this was the</font> time this was the<font color="#E5E5E5"> place on which a new</font> world was<font color="#E5E5E5"> going to be</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> created they had</font> to<font color="#E5E5E5"> make sure</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that it was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the right new</font> world<font color="#E5E5E5"> this turbulent age would become</font> the only<font color="#E5E5E5"> period in American history</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">known</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> by the name</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> single man the</font> Jacksonian era yet as the era began Andrew Jackson was once again<font color="#CCCCCC"> living</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> on</font> a farm<font color="#E5E5E5"> in Tennessee</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> with no</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> clear future</font> in American politics<font color="#CCCCCC"> for Rachel Jackson</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">having</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew home was a break from what</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">was in many ways a lonely life</font> she and Andrew<font color="#E5E5E5"> had proven unable to have</font> children<font color="#CCCCCC"> and her dream of spending her</font> life surrounded<font color="#E5E5E5"> by</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> loving husband and</font> large family had<font color="#E5E5E5"> not come true I think</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">that when</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Rachel ran off with Andrew</font> Jackson she thought that<font color="#E5E5E5"> she</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> was going</font> to get a husband who<font color="#CCCCCC"> was devoted to her</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">and that they would</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> have this warm</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">circle around the family</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> fire every</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">night</font> with<font color="#E5E5E5"> children running about very similar</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to the household she had grown</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> up in but</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">instead she's married a man who's got</font> tremendous ambition so instead of having this quiet family home which<font color="#E5E5E5"> I think was</font> at the heart of<font color="#E5E5E5"> Rachel's desires instead</font> she's married<font color="#CCCCCC"> to a very</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> ambitious man</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">who pursues national politics becomes a</font> military<font color="#E5E5E5"> leader and in her own words</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">spends less than the fourth of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> his</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">nights</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> under his own roof as he waited</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to see what Avenue for his ambition</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">might open next</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Andrew Jackson tended to</font> his farm and<font color="#E5E5E5"> his</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> horses and became a</font> wealthy<font color="#CCCCCC"> man his</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> admirers were soon</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">touting the political appeal of a</font> penniless orphan who had pulled himself up<font color="#CCCCCC"> by his</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> own bootstraps</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> but the real</font> story<font color="#E5E5E5"> of how Andrew Jackson became</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">wealthy man was more complicated</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Frederick Douglass</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> general</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson has</font> to own that he owes his farm<font color="#E5E5E5"> on the</font> banks of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the mobile to the strong arm of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the nigra</font> you you for millions<font color="#E5E5E5"> of poor white Americans</font> many of<font color="#CCCCCC"> whom had come from</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Europe</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">seeking a better</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> life</font> the ideal America<font color="#E5E5E5"> was one in which they</font> could prosper to give them that opportunity<font color="#CCCCCC"> General Andrew Jackson had</font> forced the Creek<font color="#CCCCCC"> Nation</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to see vast</font> amounts of<font color="#E5E5E5"> land in what would become</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Alabama and Mississippi to the United</font> States the treasured myth<font color="#E5E5E5"> was that this</font> was a place where<font color="#CCCCCC"> white Americans could</font> improve their<font color="#CCCCCC"> luck by relying solely on</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">their own hard labor</font> the harsh reality was<font color="#E5E5E5"> that it was black</font> Americans who were often<font color="#E5E5E5"> doing much of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> labor Jackson himself</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> founded a</font> plantation in northern<font color="#CCCCCC"> Alabama on land</font> from which he had just<font color="#E5E5E5"> driven the creeks</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> work the land he brought in slaves</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson firmly believed that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the slaves</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">were put on this earth to labor</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> whites are<font color="#E5E5E5"> here to rule in to govern and</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to lead</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> society and they are at the top</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of the pecking order</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> they are at the top</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of the social</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> order they</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> are at the top</font> of<font color="#CCCCCC"> the political order and therefore</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">they're the ones who rule superior</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">White's lead inferior blacks follow</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Jackson named his biggest parcel of land</font> near Nashville<font color="#CCCCCC"> The Hermitage at the</font> height<font color="#CCCCCC"> of its operation well over 100</font> slaves at the Hermitage called<font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew</font> Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> master he would have been</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> very</font> paternalistic person<font color="#E5E5E5"> and he would have</font> made<font color="#E5E5E5"> the slaves think he was their</font> mother and<font color="#E5E5E5"> father</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and got all wrapped</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">into one but to enslave</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> another person</font> another human being<font color="#CCCCCC"> you can't be a good</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">person</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> you have</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to be a pretty tough</font> vicious mean person to<font color="#E5E5E5"> hold another</font> person<font color="#E5E5E5"> or 140 people in slavery</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> for all</font> of their<font color="#E5E5E5"> lives when one of Jackson's</font> slaves escaped<font color="#E5E5E5"> he offered a reward to</font> anyone who<font color="#CCCCCC"> would give the man</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 300 lashes</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">300 lashes could kill a man</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> because of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the infection from 300 lashes</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> on his</font> back perhaps they would put<font color="#E5E5E5"> some grease</font> into the wound<font color="#CCCCCC"> some ointment</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> into the</font> wound<font color="#CCCCCC"> they may pour some</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> whiskey on it</font> you know<font color="#E5E5E5"> and which would make the man go</font> into shock<font color="#E5E5E5"> but he could die from those</font> wounds<font color="#CCCCCC"> he certainly would be</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> healed for</font> a long time and that<font color="#E5E5E5"> would remind all</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the other slaves</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> here's what you gonna</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">get if you try to run away from this</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">place</font> though a few<font color="#E5E5E5"> white Americans were</font> starting to<font color="#CCCCCC"> question the morality of</font> enslaving<font color="#E5E5E5"> blacks the fact was that</font> slavery was vital to American prosperity <font color="#CCCCCC">and men like</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew Jackson could not</font> envision<font color="#E5E5E5"> a</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> world without it human</font> slavery was a<font color="#CCCCCC"> powerhouse</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the early</font> American<font color="#E5E5E5"> economy slave grown products</font> were the<font color="#E5E5E5"> most valuable exports that the</font> United<font color="#CCCCCC"> States produced slave grown</font> cotton<font color="#E5E5E5"> slave grown rice slave grown</font> tobacco<font color="#E5E5E5"> spilled out of the plantations</font> of the<font color="#E5E5E5"> south crowded</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> onto boats</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> enriched</font> the harbors of<font color="#E5E5E5"> New York and Boston and</font> then fed an appetite of a hungry and shivering world<font color="#E5E5E5"> and that's where the</font> money<font color="#E5E5E5"> came from so the people who owned</font> the slaves<font color="#E5E5E5"> and the people who bought and</font> sold the produce that<font color="#CCCCCC"> the slaves made</font> were<font color="#E5E5E5"> the richest people in the country</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">and it was the desire to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> get more of</font> those riches<font color="#E5E5E5"> that drove Americans into</font> the best cotton country<font color="#CCCCCC"> in the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> world</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">country</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> possessed by</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the creek</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">in</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the Choctaw and the Cherokee and the</font> Chickasaw Indians the relentless demand for Indian land on which<font color="#CCCCCC"> to grow cotton</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">created intense conflict with Native</font> Americans some of the bloodiest fighting was in southern<font color="#E5E5E5"> Georgia where white settlers</font> were battling Seminoles and<font color="#CCCCCC"> creeks</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> who</font> were staging cross-border raids from Florida with<font color="#E5E5E5"> Florida still owned by</font> Spain<font color="#E5E5E5"> President James Monroe called up a</font> man he knew he could<font color="#CCCCCC"> depend on to defend</font> America's borders but General Jackson <font color="#E5E5E5">had even bigger plans Jackson really was</font> simply<font color="#E5E5E5"> concerned with Indian insurgency</font> in Florida he was really concerned<font color="#CCCCCC"> about</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the growing numbers of free and escaped</font> blacks who were<font color="#CCCCCC"> they are free</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">escaped slaves who were there who were</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">armed</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and potentially dangerous and a</font> magnet<font color="#E5E5E5"> for other slaves it's a threat to</font> hit to the plantation economy<font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> combination of an Indian slave alliance had haunted Americans from the 18th century onward<font color="#E5E5E5"> and this was something</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">that concerned Jackson</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> terribly without</font> orders<font color="#CCCCCC"> from Washington</font> Jackson launched an invasion of Florida <font color="#E5E5E5">and competent during the invasion he</font> captured two British men who he believed were inciting attacks on Americans <font color="#E5E5E5">ignoring the ruling of his own military</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">tribunal he had both men executed</font> when news of the unauthorized invasion reached Washington<font color="#E5E5E5"> the Speaker of the</font> House Henry Clay declared that Jackson <font color="#CCCCCC">had the makings</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of an American Napoleon</font> he called on Congress<font color="#CCCCCC"> to censure Jackson</font> being censured would have disgraced <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson but his conquest of Florida was</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">enormous</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Lee popular with most</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Americans</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and Congress refused to censure the</font> great war hero Henry Clay<font color="#CCCCCC"> I fail</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to see</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> how the killing</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> two thousand English persons</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> at New</font> Orleans qualifies<font color="#E5E5E5"> a person for the</font> difficult<font color="#E5E5E5"> and complicated duties of the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">presidency</font> in 1824<font color="#E5E5E5"> James Monroe was retiring after</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">two terms as president Andrew Jackson</font> thought he was an excellent candidate to be the next occupant<font color="#CCCCCC"> of a white house</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">but he was not the only</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> one with his eye</font> on<font color="#E5E5E5"> the job John Quincy Adams was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> son</font> of John Adams America's second president he had<font color="#E5E5E5"> spent much of his childhood in</font> Europe with his father and was now <font color="#CCCCCC">Secretary of State his worldview was as</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">different from</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson's</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> as his</font> upbringing<font color="#CCCCCC"> he was a politician with</font> imagination he imagined an America that <font color="#E5E5E5">was much</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> more economically developed he</font> imagined an America with much<font color="#E5E5E5"> broader</font> educational opportunities for<font color="#CCCCCC"> everybody</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">he imagined an America in which the</font> rights of Indians and black<font color="#E5E5E5"> people and</font> women<font color="#E5E5E5"> were actually respected Treasury</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Secretary William Crawford</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and Speaker</font> of the House<font color="#E5E5E5"> Henry Clay were also</font> candidates for<font color="#E5E5E5"> president as in every</font> previous election<font color="#E5E5E5"> the candidates did not</font> campaign<font color="#E5E5E5"> and in some states residents</font> did not even<font color="#E5E5E5"> get</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to vote for</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> president</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">instead the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> state legislature</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> chose that</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">state's members of the electoral college</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">in the early</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> years of the Republic</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">voters were not</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> called on to choose the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">President of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the United</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> States choosing</font> the president<font color="#E5E5E5"> was quite honestly and</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">quite deliberately an elitist operation</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the people who were thought to be the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">insiders</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in state government became the</font> presidential electors<font color="#E5E5E5"> and they chose the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">president based on which set of</font> Washington insiders they thought was the <font color="#E5E5E5">best and the people were basically</font> expected to accept<font color="#E5E5E5"> that decision without</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">plate in an election controlled by</font> Washington<font color="#E5E5E5"> politicians the frontiersman</font> from<font color="#E5E5E5"> Tennessee seemed certain to finish</font> last when Andrew Jackson's name was first <font color="#CCCCCC">floated about as a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> candidate</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> for the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">presidency</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> all kinds</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of leading</font> politicians were<font color="#CCCCCC"> aghast</font> they understood him to be a wild-eyed military chieftain<font color="#E5E5E5"> a hot-tempered</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">individual who had executed a couple of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Brits down in Florida</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> without authority</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">or or apparent reason and as Jefferson</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">said he was the most unfit man</font> imaginable for the office of the presidency<font color="#CCCCCC"> to counter the view that</font> Jackson was unfit to be President<font color="#CCCCCC"> one of</font> his<font color="#CCCCCC"> advisors John Eaton</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> published a</font> series<font color="#CCCCCC"> of letters that proposed an</font> entirely new rationale for what was important in a president in the selection of a chief magistrate<font color="#E5E5E5"> of this</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">union</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it is</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> not necessary that we should</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">look exclusively to the mental</font> qualifications<font color="#E5E5E5"> of a candidate it is</font> strength of character<font color="#CCCCCC"> a perseverance and</font> steadiness of purpose<font color="#E5E5E5"> that makes the</font> distinguished man what John Eaton does in the letters<font color="#E5E5E5"> of Wyoming is simply</font> stand on its head<font color="#CCCCCC"> the conventional</font> understanding<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the qualifications of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font> president the very qualities that made a candidate before<font color="#E5E5E5"> John Quincy Adams being</font> the the ideal<font color="#E5E5E5"> experience in courts of</font> Europe<font color="#E5E5E5"> experience and diplomacy</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">experience as his father secretary in</font> the in various<font color="#CCCCCC"> offices</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of government all</font> of<font color="#CCCCCC"> this is proof of corruption proof of</font> insider status<font color="#E5E5E5"> proof of being out</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font> touch with<font color="#E5E5E5"> the people whereas Jackson's</font> complete absence of<font color="#E5E5E5"> a resume becomes his</font> primary<font color="#E5E5E5"> qualification for</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> office</font> when the votes<font color="#E5E5E5"> were</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> counted in 1824 the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Washington establishment was stunned to</font> discover that Andrew Jackson<font color="#CCCCCC"> had won</font> both the most popular and electoral votes but<font color="#E5E5E5"> with four men dividing up the</font> electoral vote<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson did not win a</font> majority<font color="#E5E5E5"> and the election was thrown</font> into the House<font color="#E5E5E5"> of Representatives</font> Speaker of the House<font color="#E5E5E5"> Henry Clay had</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">finished last and was out of the running</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">but he had enough support to play</font> kingmaker<font color="#E5E5E5"> clay believed with all of his</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">heart</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that Andrew Jackson was unfit to</font> be President<font color="#CCCCCC"> so he</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> threw his support</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font> John Quincy Adams<font color="#CCCCCC"> and with it</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Adams was</font> elected president<font color="#E5E5E5"> Adams then immediately</font> offered clay the job of Secretary of State outraged<font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson supporters began</font> railing against what they were convinced was a corruptbargain between Washington</font> insiders to steal the presidency from>Andrew Jackson one newspaper</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> which had</font> endorsed Jackson declared expired at Washington on the 9th of February 1825 <font color="#E5E5E5">the virtue liberty and independence of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the United</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> States</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> caused by poison</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">administered by the assassin hand</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font> John Quincy Adams<font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> usurper and Henry</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Clay</font> what they were absolutely convinced of was that the popular<font color="#E5E5E5"> will had been</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">thwarted the election had</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> been stolen</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Washington insiders had cooked up the</font> whole thing<font color="#CCCCCC"> and they had to make sure</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it</font> didn't happen<font color="#CCCCCC"> again</font> by 1828<font color="#E5E5E5"> when Andrew Jackson ran against</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">John Quincy Adams</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a second time the</font> Jacksonians were ready<font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> launch the</font> first true<font color="#E5E5E5"> political campaign in</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">American history their strategy was</font> driven by<font color="#E5E5E5"> the fact that most states had</font> finally<font color="#E5E5E5"> given the vote to all white</font> males to inspire those men<font color="#CCCCCC"> to get out</font> and vote<font color="#CCCCCC"> for the first</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> time in their</font> lives<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson's campaign</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> took</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> advantage</font> of the latest<font color="#E5E5E5"> media revolution</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">lithography to flood America with</font> lithographs<font color="#CCCCCC"> of the hero of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the Battle of</font> New<font color="#CCCCCC"> Orleans</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> if you're going to elect the</font> president by<font color="#E5E5E5"> appealing</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to the people as</font> a whole<font color="#CCCCCC"> you change the ground rules</font> completely because you have to win the popular vote<font color="#CCCCCC"> down there at the</font> grassroots at the militia<font color="#CCCCCC"> grants in the</font> taverns in<font color="#E5E5E5"> the fairs in the streets all</font> across<font color="#CCCCCC"> the country</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> so somehow you have</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to be able to reach those</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> people</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> you've</font> got to fire them up the Jacksonians plan was to rally <font color="#E5E5E5">average Americans around a new idea</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that</font> they should<font color="#CCCCCC"> choose the President of the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">United</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> States so they organized</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> all</font> kinds<font color="#E5E5E5"> of popular demonstrations rallies</font> conventions assemblies of people who would get together and<font color="#CCCCCC"> hurrah for</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson they would pass some set of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">resolutions and then</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> they would all</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> have</font> a barbecue and<font color="#E5E5E5"> they all have a drink and</font> they would start<font color="#E5E5E5"> to cheer and pretty</font> soon<font color="#E5E5E5"> you get the sense</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that everybody</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in</font> this precinct is for Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> and they'd</font> send a results<font color="#E5E5E5"> of that to the newspaper</font> and<font color="#CCCCCC"> try to publicize it as much as they</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">could</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and this was the kind of tactic</font> that<font color="#E5E5E5"> didn't require finagling behind</font> closed doors<font color="#CCCCCC"> it could take place</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in the</font> boondocks it could<font color="#E5E5E5"> happen in rural</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Tennessee rural Alabama rural New York</font> and this kind<font color="#E5E5E5"> of stirring up popular</font> vote and giving the<font color="#CCCCCC"> people the notion</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">that they should choose the president</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> not the caucus members in Washington</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">that revolutionized American politics</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the people have not been willing to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> give</font> up the choice of<font color="#E5E5E5"> president ever since</font> the revolutionary new style of campaigning soon made Jackson into the heavy favorite but then his opponents discovered the skeleton inside<font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew</font> and Rachel's closet the man behind the mischief was a <font color="#E5E5E5">confidant of henry clay's who edited a</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Cincinnati newspaper he</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> uncovered and</font> printed the court record of Rachel Jackson's divorce proceedings which revealed that<font color="#E5E5E5"> Rachel had lived with</font> Andrew while she was married<font color="#CCCCCC"> to another</font> man the story of Rachel's adultery<font color="#E5E5E5"> was soon</font> on the front pages<font color="#CCCCCC"> of newspapers across</font> the<font color="#CCCCCC"> country</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson is called the Western Bluebeard</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Rachel is the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> American Jezebel and it</font> said the touch of a profligate woman like<font color="#E5E5E5"> Rachel is going to pollute anyone</font> how can someone like this be put in the White House and over the women in <font color="#CCCCCC">Washington</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> society Jackson blamed Henry</font> Clay for the attacks on Rachel and he would later<font color="#CCCCCC"> say that it was one of the</font> great regrets of his life that<font color="#CCCCCC"> he did</font> not shoot clay instead Jackson's campaign<font color="#E5E5E5"> fired back with</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the charge</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">while Adams was US envoy to Russia</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> he</font> had<font color="#E5E5E5"> procured an American whore for the</font> Russians on this and other stories<font color="#CCCCCC"> they</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">told about</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Adams were lies whereas the</font> story that the Adams people were telling <font color="#CCCCCC">about Jackson was true but taken</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">together they all made the campaign of</font> 1828<font color="#E5E5E5"> quite possibly the dirtiest</font> campaign in all<font color="#E5E5E5"> American history</font> the viciousness<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the campaign would</font> have consequences<font color="#CCCCCC"> no one could have</font> foreseen<font color="#CCCCCC"> rachel was now</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 57 and had</font> become<font color="#E5E5E5"> deeply religious she found it</font> impossible to<font color="#CCCCCC"> accept that people across</font> America were now<font color="#E5E5E5"> publicly calling her a</font> whore<font color="#E5E5E5"> and worse just because she had</font> fallen in<font color="#CCCCCC"> love</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with Andrew Jackson</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> so</font> many years ago to a friend she wrote who has been so cruelly tried as I have our enemies have dipped their arrows in wormwood and gall and sped them at me Almighty God<font color="#CCCCCC"> was there ever anything to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">equal it to think that 30 years have</font> passed I've come to see<font color="#E5E5E5"> Rachel Jackson's life</font> as the plot of a<font color="#CCCCCC"> Grand Opera you have a</font> young<font color="#E5E5E5"> woman who makes a mistake in her</font> first marriage<font color="#E5E5E5"> and then chooses to</font> escape that with a very courageous protector but by<font color="#E5E5E5"> doing that she's made</font> perhaps<font color="#E5E5E5"> the biggest mistake of her life</font> because<font color="#E5E5E5"> this whole story of Rachel as a</font> fallen woman explodes on the scene again <font color="#CCCCCC">and becomes the moral wedge issue of the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">1820 campaigns</font> when the election of 1828<font color="#CCCCCC"> was over and</font> the votes were<font color="#CCCCCC"> counted</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew Jackson</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the war hero who had dramatically</font> expanded America was elected<font color="#CCCCCC"> president</font> in a landslide<font color="#CCCCCC"> in January of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 1829</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">boarded a steam boat</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to begin his</font> journey<font color="#E5E5E5"> from Nashville to Washington DC</font> had many stops along the<font color="#E5E5E5"> way</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">townsfolk</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> planned joyous celebrations to</font> honor the first man<font color="#CCCCCC"> of humble origins to</font> become<font color="#E5E5E5"> president but Andrew Jackson</font> declined<font color="#CCCCCC"> every single invitation he</font> received for he<font color="#E5E5E5"> was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> too bowed down with</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">grief just after the election</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Rachel</font> Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> had died of a heart attack</font> Jackson was devastated by Rachel's death from<font color="#E5E5E5"> that day forward he carried her</font> miniature<font color="#E5E5E5"> and would speak to Rachel</font> every night before his he went to sleep <font color="#E5E5E5">whether he was at the Hermitage</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> or in</font> Washington<font color="#CCCCCC"> and when he was home at</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> Hermitage<font color="#E5E5E5"> each evening he would go and</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">visit Rachel's grave and yet Rachel's</font> death was seen by some<font color="#CCCCCC"> as a political</font> godsend<font color="#CCCCCC"> for Jackson everyone</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> around</font> Jackson knows<font color="#CCCCCC"> rachel is going</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to be a</font> problem<font color="#E5E5E5"> in the White House because the</font> women in<font color="#CCCCCC"> Washington will not accept her</font> socially<font color="#E5E5E5"> and Rachel choosing shall we</font> say to die at that<font color="#E5E5E5"> moment</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> freeze him</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">focus on all the challenges he'll have</font> in the White House<font color="#E5E5E5"> in many ways she's</font> like<font color="#E5E5E5"> Madame Butterfly</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> who</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> realizes that</font> it's only<font color="#E5E5E5"> through her death that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> she'll</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">be able to give her lover what he needs</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">but that was not how Andrew Jackson saw</font> it in his eyes his enemies had made an unforgivable attack on his wife <font color="#CCCCCC">they blame</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> John Quincy Adams for not</font> putting a stop to<font color="#CCCCCC"> it</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and he blamed Henry</font> Clay<font color="#E5E5E5"> for initiating Jackson actually</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">believed that they killed her and so as</font> far<font color="#CCCCCC"> as he was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> concerned they were her</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">murderers over the next</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> eight years</font> Jackson's anger at his enemies<font color="#E5E5E5"> would</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">combine with his passionate personality</font> and strong convictions<font color="#CCCCCC"> to produce one of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the most turbulent presidencies America</font> has ever experienced Daniel<font color="#E5E5E5"> Webster when</font> General Jackson comes he will bring a breeze with him<font color="#E5E5E5"> which way it will blow</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> I</font> cannot tell on March 4th 1829<font color="#E5E5E5"> thousands of farmers</font> and tradesmen<font color="#E5E5E5"> who</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> had never</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> been to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Washington</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> DC</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> before</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> poured into the</font> White House<font color="#E5E5E5"> they had come to celebrate</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the inauguration of the first president</font> whose life story<font color="#E5E5E5"> they could identify</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Andrew Jackson his whole family is wiped</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">out in the revolution he's an orphan</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">he's</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> angry but he decides to make</font> something<font color="#CCCCCC"> of himself</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and he becomes the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">president of the United States</font> it's an extraordinary career<font color="#E5E5E5"> it's what</font> America<font color="#E5E5E5"> we like to think is all about to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson's</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> working-class supporters their</font> presence at the inauguration celebration was proof<font color="#E5E5E5"> that America was entering a</font> far more democratic age and that was <font color="#E5E5E5">precisely what</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> were</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the Washington elite</font> prominent socialite Margaret Bayard Smith described how the inauguration <font color="#E5E5E5">party turned into a right what a scene</font> we did<font color="#E5E5E5"> witness the majesty of the people</font> disappeared and a rabble<font color="#E5E5E5"> a mob was</font> scrambling<font color="#E5E5E5"> fighting romping cut glass</font> and<font color="#E5E5E5"> China</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> amount of several</font> thousand dollars<font color="#CCCCCC"> was broken in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> struggle<font color="#CCCCCC"> to get the punch</font> ladies fainted<font color="#E5E5E5"> men were to be seen with</font> bloody noses<font color="#CCCCCC"> and such a scene of</font> confusion took place as is impossible to <font color="#E5E5E5">describe those who got in could</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> not get</font> out by the<font color="#E5E5E5"> door again but had to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">scramble out</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of windows the president</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">after having then nearly pressed to</font> death<font color="#CCCCCC"> and almost suffocated by the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">people in their eagerness to shake hands</font> with Old Hickory<font color="#E5E5E5"> had to retreat through</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the back way</font> the riot deeply alarmed the Washington <font color="#E5E5E5">establishment as men</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> like Henry Clay saw</font> it<font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson's motley supporters had</font> demonstrated<font color="#E5E5E5"> why the founding fathers</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">had not trusted the masses to choose the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">president</font> now clay and his allies worried<font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font> Jackson a man<font color="#E5E5E5"> famous for his dictatorial</font> disposition<font color="#E5E5E5"> would use the support of</font> this same mindless mob to turn himself into America's first<font color="#E5E5E5"> imperial president</font> it's hard for<font color="#E5E5E5"> us</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to imagine how much</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">that generation worried that a republic</font> could so easily be<font color="#CCCCCC"> taken over by a</font> strong man<font color="#E5E5E5"> by a military chieftain by an</font> emperor napoleon of course had just recently<font color="#E5E5E5"> done that in France Henry</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Clay</font> was<font color="#E5E5E5"> convinced</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that King Andrew was the</font> farthest<font color="#E5E5E5"> thing</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> from the deliberative</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">statesman that a republic required that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">he</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> was in fact a dangerous egomaniacal</font> potential<font color="#CCCCCC"> emperor</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> president Jackson's</font> plans would only<font color="#CCCCCC"> stoke Clay's fears</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> for</font> over the<font color="#CCCCCC"> next eight years he would</font> attempt to do nothing<font color="#E5E5E5"> less than reinvent</font> the presidency<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson as president was</font> not<font color="#E5E5E5"> unlike Jackson as a general he</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> was</font> the leader he thought of<font color="#E5E5E5"> himself as a</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">leader he would he understood the</font> separation<font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> powers under</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Constitution but nevertheless he thought</font> that the<font color="#E5E5E5"> President had a very</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> particular</font> role as the man who<font color="#E5E5E5"> had been</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> elected by</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">all</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of the people to lead government in</font> a<font color="#E5E5E5"> way that no previous president could</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">have even thought</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> alone</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> execute</font> Jackson's first<font color="#E5E5E5"> assault on the</font> Washington<font color="#E5E5E5"> establishment was to fire</font> dozens of federal<font color="#E5E5E5"> employees including 13</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">district attorneys charging</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that they</font> were either incompetent<font color="#E5E5E5"> or corrupt</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> or</font> both<font color="#E5E5E5"> most of these</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> high-level government</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">bureaucrats were regarded as untouchable</font> some of them had been<font color="#CCCCCC"> there since</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> George</font> Washington's day Jackson within a few weeks<font color="#E5E5E5"> fired</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font> number<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> them he removed more</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">government officials than all of his</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">predecessors put together</font> but while the president claimed<font color="#E5E5E5"> pure</font> motives for the firings<font color="#E5E5E5"> his opponents</font> took one look at<font color="#CCCCCC"> the replacements</font> Jackson hired and proclaimed it<font color="#CCCCCC"> the work</font> of the devil some of these people were personally unsavory<font color="#E5E5E5"> some of them had scandals and</font> their backgrounds<font color="#E5E5E5"> and as his opponents</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and even Jackson's some of Jackson's own</font> supporters<font color="#E5E5E5"> thought he was undercutting</font> the competency and efficiency<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font> government<font color="#E5E5E5"> by naked</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> ly rewarding people</font> for<font color="#E5E5E5"> no virtue other than being willing</font> to say and do<font color="#CCCCCC"> anything to get him</font> elected<font color="#CCCCCC"> and so he was turning</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the United</font> States government into his own<font color="#E5E5E5"> personal</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">political machine</font> but just as Andrew Jackson was starting <font color="#CCCCCC">to look invincible the Washington elite</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">snared his administration in a sex</font> scandal <font color="#CCCCCC">Jackson's friend and Secretary of War</font> John<font color="#E5E5E5"> Eaton had long been friendly with</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font> woman<font color="#CCCCCC"> named Peggy O'Neil Peggy was</font> married to an officer in the<font color="#CCCCCC"> Navy</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> but it</font> was whispered among<font color="#E5E5E5"> the ladies of</font> Washington<font color="#E5E5E5"> that she was not entirely</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">faithful in 1829</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> news arrived that</font> Peggy's husband had died<font color="#CCCCCC"> on board a Navy</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">ship instead</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of going into mourning</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Peggy</font> almost immediately married<font color="#E5E5E5"> John Eaton</font> and that was when the rumor<font color="#CCCCCC"> began racing</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">through</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the capital that the naval</font> officer had committed<font color="#E5E5E5"> suicide after</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">finding out that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the Secretary of War</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">was having an affair</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> with Peggy</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to the</font> ladies of<font color="#CCCCCC"> Washington it was proof that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson's depraved</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> rabble</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> who is going</font> to<font color="#E5E5E5"> sully the cabinet</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> just as it had</font> defiled<font color="#E5E5E5"> the White House</font> the problem with Peggy Eaton part courtesan part<font color="#E5E5E5"> common tart</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> is she had a</font> scandalous<font color="#E5E5E5"> sexual past</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and whenever</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> you</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">see women and sex in this period you</font> know it's<font color="#E5E5E5"> about fear</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and there was a lot</font> of fear<font color="#CCCCCC"> in Washington and anxiety</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> about</font> the coming of<font color="#CCCCCC"> democracy the ladies of</font> Washington maybe couldn't do<font color="#E5E5E5"> much about</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">that but they could do something about</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Margaret Eaton and they decided</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> close</font> their<font color="#CCCCCC"> doors to her it was a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> decision</font> with stunning political consequences in the<font color="#CCCCCC"> capital's early years the social</font> gatherings<font color="#E5E5E5"> hosted by politicians wives</font> were a key<font color="#CCCCCC"> venue for Washington's movers</font> and shakers<font color="#E5E5E5"> to discuss politics and form</font> alliances but now<font color="#E5E5E5"> prominent Washington</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">wives including</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> those of Jackson's</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> other</font> cabinet secretaries<font color="#E5E5E5"> began demanding that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">their husbands boycott all gatherings</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font> which Peggy Eaton was invited suddenly it became almost impossible<font color="#CCCCCC"> to conduct</font> politics in Washington supposedly because<font color="#E5E5E5"> of a single</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> scarlet</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> woman if you</font> read the press you would imagine that Margaret Eaton was some Cleopatra or Madame pompadour<font color="#E5E5E5"> they called Peggy Eaton</font> the doom of the Republic and they imputed all kinds<font color="#E5E5E5"> of power to her that</font> she<font color="#CCCCCC"> really didn't</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> have but what was</font> behind<font color="#E5E5E5"> it was not so much</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> fact as this</font> terrible anxiety<font color="#E5E5E5"> and fear about this man</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">who could abuse power</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and somehow Peggy</font> Eaton symbolized that fear the simplest way for<font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> president to get</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Washington</font> functioning again<font color="#CCCCCC"> was to tell John Eaton</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to accept</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Peggy's social isolation</font> but for<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson the attacks on Peggy</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">were</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> painfully reminiscent of the</font> mudslinging against Rachel<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> president's wounds<font color="#E5E5E5"> from</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the loss of his</font> wife<font color="#E5E5E5"> were still raw each night he read</font> from her prayer book<font color="#E5E5E5"> and then went to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">sleep thinking</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> about her</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and the more he</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">thought</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> about Rachel</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the more determined</font> he became to stop the same thing from happening<font color="#CCCCCC"> to Peggy</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and so for two years</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the president spent more of his time</font> defending<font color="#E5E5E5"> Peggy Eaton than on any other</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">matter for us today the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Eaton affair can</font> only be compared to<font color="#E5E5E5"> Monica Lewinsky but</font> actually it<font color="#E5E5E5"> was even more serious</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">because in the end of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> course</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> President</font> Clinton<font color="#CCCCCC"> did not lose his office</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> but as a</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">result of not Margaret Eaton herself but</font> what she symbolized the<font color="#E5E5E5"> cabinet broke up</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">which was the first time this had ever</font> happened<font color="#E5E5E5"> in United States history and</font> the last to put<font color="#E5E5E5"> an end to the scandal</font> John Eaton and the other members<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font> Jackson's cabinet resigned<font color="#E5E5E5"> enabling the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">president</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to replace them with men not</font> caught up<font color="#E5E5E5"> in the feud</font> the press lampooned the cabinet secretaries as rats<font color="#CCCCCC"> fleeing Jackson's</font> sinking ship <font color="#E5E5E5">Andrew</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson disunion</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> by armed force</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">is treason are you ready to incur its</font> guilt if<font color="#CCCCCC"> the eatin affair had an</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> air of</font> melodrama<font color="#CCCCCC"> it was also a sign</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font> tragedy was waiting<font color="#E5E5E5"> in the wings vice</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">president</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> John C Calhoun</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> whose wife had</font> battled Jackson<font color="#CCCCCC"> over Peggy Eaton was</font> simultaneously involved in another <font color="#E5E5E5">crises one that threatened to bring the</font> nation<font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Civil</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> War John</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> C Calhoun from</font> about 1830 on was obsessed for the remainder<font color="#CCCCCC"> of his life</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with one</font> fundamental<font color="#E5E5E5"> problem and that was the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">problem of protecting slavery in a</font> nation where<font color="#E5E5E5"> slaveholders were becoming</font> a<font color="#CCCCCC"> minority</font> how could slavery be perpetuated in the face of<font color="#E5E5E5"> an indifferent or even hostile</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">north the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> crisis was triggered not by</font> slavery but taxes Congress eager<font color="#E5E5E5"> to</font> protect<font color="#E5E5E5"> northern factories had passed a</font> law which imposed a high tax<font color="#E5E5E5"> on the</font> cheap imported cloth used by southern plantation owners to clothe their slaves determined to<font color="#E5E5E5"> eliminate the tax and</font> protect slavery Calhoun began promoting<font color="#E5E5E5"> nullification</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">under which every state had the right to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">disregard within its</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> borders any law</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it</font> considered unconstitutional nullification appealed<font color="#E5E5E5"> to Calhoun and</font> other South Carolinians<font color="#E5E5E5"> because it was a</font> way of<font color="#E5E5E5"> asserting states rights and</font> clearly<font color="#CCCCCC"> that was a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> fundamental threat to</font> the entire idea of a federal system<font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font> it went straight<font color="#E5E5E5"> to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> heart of the</font> fundamental American<font color="#E5E5E5"> question of who was</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">sovereign</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> was the federal government</font> sovereign<font color="#E5E5E5"> was the state or the state's</font> sovereign<font color="#E5E5E5"> where the people stopped these</font> were all incredibly complicated questions<font color="#E5E5E5"> that consumed the Jackson</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">White House and Jackson's Washington</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">nullification sphere cysts supporters</font> were<font color="#CCCCCC"> congressmen from</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> South Carolina</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> its</font> bitterest opponents were northern congressmen who were convinced it<font color="#E5E5E5"> would</font> lead to the breakup<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the Union and</font> then there were those whose positions were unknown<font color="#E5E5E5"> including President Andrew</font> Jackson on April 13th 1830<font color="#CCCCCC"> all three factions</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">were represented at a dinner in</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Washington DC in honor of Thomas</font> Jefferson's<font color="#E5E5E5"> birthday John C Calhoun and</font> the nullifiers<font color="#E5E5E5"> had been plotting for</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">months to use the event to convert those</font> sitting on the fence<font color="#E5E5E5"> to their cause</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> in their<font color="#E5E5E5"> eyes Jackson a fellow slave</font> owner was a natural ally<font color="#CCCCCC"> Andrew</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson</font> had<font color="#E5E5E5"> his own plans</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> for the dinner and as</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">he arrived he felt the same thrill he</font> had<font color="#CCCCCC"> always</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> felt before a battle as the</font> evening<font color="#E5E5E5"> began the nullifiers endeavored</font> to build support<font color="#E5E5E5"> by making</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> toast after</font> toast to the importance of states rights then suddenly President Jackson raised his glass looking<font color="#CCCCCC"> Jhansi</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Calhoun</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">straight in the eye</font> he made his toast<font color="#E5E5E5"> our federal union it</font> must be preserved<font color="#E5E5E5"> those seven words sent</font> shockwaves through Washington for all now<font color="#CCCCCC"> knew where Andrew Jackson stood he</font> would not tear apart the nation<font color="#CCCCCC"> he had</font> helped<font color="#CCCCCC"> build</font> for<font color="#CCCCCC"> vice-president calhoun jackson's</font> opposition to nullification<font color="#E5E5E5"> was</font> intolerable the two men soon stopped speaking then in<font color="#E5E5E5"> november</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of 1832 the state of south</font> carolina<font color="#CCCCCC"> formally nullified the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> tax and</font> added<font color="#E5E5E5"> that if the federal government</font> challenged<font color="#E5E5E5"> its right</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to do so</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> South</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Carolina would withdraw from the Union</font> it's hard for<font color="#E5E5E5"> us</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to understand how</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">serious nullification was it nearly led</font> to<font color="#CCCCCC"> Civil War people</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> troops in South</font> Carolina<font color="#E5E5E5"> were marching Jackson himself</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">wanted to lead the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> federal</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> army into</font> South Carolina<font color="#CCCCCC"> they were fortifying</font> forts<font color="#E5E5E5"> in Charleston Harbor this was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> very</font> close<font color="#CCCCCC"> to an all-out civil war and it was</font> Andrew Jackson's duty to stop that instead<font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> reacting in anger as he had</font> so often before<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson issued a</font> presidential<font color="#CCCCCC"> proclamation</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in which he</font> appealed to the<font color="#E5E5E5"> people of South Carolina</font> seduced<font color="#CCCCCC"> as you have been my fellow</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">countrymen by ambitious deluded and</font> designing men I call<font color="#CCCCCC"> upon you in the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">language of truth and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with the feelings</font> of<font color="#E5E5E5"> a father</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to retrace your steps</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> say we</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">too are citizens of America Carolina is</font> one<font color="#E5E5E5"> of these proud States her best blood</font> has<font color="#E5E5E5"> cemented this happy</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Union and then</font> add if you<font color="#E5E5E5"> can without horror and</font> remorse<font color="#E5E5E5"> this happy Union we will</font> dissolve<font color="#E5E5E5"> this picture of peace and</font> prosperity we will deface these fertile fields we will deluge with blood disunion by armed force<font color="#E5E5E5"> his treason are you ready to incur</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">its guilt and that's when he said the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">union is perpetual</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it is not a union of</font> states<font color="#CCCCCC"> it</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is a union</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of people</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and once</font> you're in<font color="#CCCCCC"> that union you can't get out</font> and I as<font color="#CCCCCC"> the chief executive have sworn</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to enforce the laws both those ideas</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> are</font> adopted by Abraham<font color="#CCCCCC"> Lincoln in his</font> inaugural the whole thing is set up by Jackson with both sides preparing<font color="#E5E5E5"> for civil war</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the most skilled negotiator in Congress</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Henry Clay succeeded in winning passage</font> of a compromise bill<font color="#E5E5E5"> that dramatically</font> lowered the<font color="#CCCCCC"> tariffs Jackson signed it</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">South Carolina</font> agreed to abide<font color="#CCCCCC"> by it and war was</font> averted<font color="#CCCCCC"> or Andrew Jackson</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the story of</font> nullification<font color="#E5E5E5"> contained a dire</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> warning</font> if Americans kept arguing<font color="#CCCCCC"> about slavery</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">a civil</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> war was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> inevitable</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and so the</font> president began appealing to northerners <font color="#E5E5E5">to stop agitating against</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> slavery but</font> that was not what the abolition movement had in mind in 1835<font color="#E5E5E5"> the New York</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">abolitionists lewis and author Tappin</font> realized that the steam-powered<font color="#E5E5E5"> printing</font> press<font color="#E5E5E5"> made something</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> brand-new</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">American politics possible</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a mass</font> mailing<font color="#E5E5E5"> and so they sent pamphlets</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font> thousands<font color="#E5E5E5"> of influential</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> people in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">south such as ministers to try and</font> convince them to speak out against slavery the first batch of<font color="#E5E5E5"> pamphlets</font> arrived in Charleston South Carolina but the<font color="#E5E5E5"> postmaster never delivered them</font> to<font color="#E5E5E5"> the addresses instead they were taken</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to the town square</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and burned</font> Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> and Jacksonians paranoia about</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">slavery as is seen in this whole</font> incident about abolitionist literature being sent<font color="#CCCCCC"> into</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> South</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> like all</font> paranoia<font color="#E5E5E5"> has some foundation in</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> reality</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">their fear</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> is that the word would</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> get</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">out of the slave population and within</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">sight slaves to revolt and this is a</font> concern that<font color="#E5E5E5"> they all have in this</font> period<font color="#E5E5E5"> particularly as you get into the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">early 1830s</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in the wake of the the nat</font> turner rebellion<font color="#E5E5E5"> anytime rebellions have</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">taken place slaveholders</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> have become</font> increasingly<font color="#E5E5E5"> paranoid</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and there and the</font> instinct is<font color="#E5E5E5"> to squash their articulation</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of these sorts of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> expressions</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> as quickly</font> as<font color="#CCCCCC"> is possible</font> tampering<font color="#E5E5E5"> with the mail was a serious</font> federal crime<font color="#E5E5E5"> but President Jackson</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">tacitly</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> encouraged postmasters to</font> destroy the pamphlets and he demanded <font color="#CCCCCC">that Congress</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> outlaw mailing them saying</font> they were incendiary the<font color="#E5E5E5"> tappan</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Flyers</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> provide an interest in</font> insight into what we could say is the Jacksonians view of democracy<font color="#CCCCCC"> because of</font> all things the ability<font color="#CCCCCC"> to petition</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> ability to<font color="#E5E5E5"> get word</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> out about</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> your</font> position<font color="#E5E5E5"> is a fundamental tenant of all</font> democratic societies so in that sense then Jackson and his people<font color="#E5E5E5"> are</font> attempting<font color="#E5E5E5"> to squash a clear democratic</font> voice<font color="#E5E5E5"> in this period Elias Boudinot</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> Cherokee Nation what sort<font color="#E5E5E5"> of hope have</font> we from a president who<font color="#CCCCCC"> has an</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">inclination to disregard laws and</font> treaties we have nothing<font color="#E5E5E5"> to expect from</font> such a president like<font color="#E5E5E5"> Thomas Jefferson</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Andrew Jackson</font> fervently believed that it was small self-employed farmers who had made America great<font color="#CCCCCC"> and he believed that the</font> key<font color="#CCCCCC"> to keeping it great</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> was to continue</font> expanding<font color="#E5E5E5"> West so that each new</font> generation<font color="#CCCCCC"> could have farms of their own</font> in Jefferson's vision<font color="#CCCCCC"> the frontier was</font> the place<font color="#CCCCCC"> that each generation</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> would</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">replicate the ideal</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Republican community</font> the problem<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> course is that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the native</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">people are</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> already living out there and</font> with one<font color="#E5E5E5"> eye</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> americans managed to not</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">notice them but with the other eye they</font> couldn't fail to<font color="#E5E5E5"> notice them</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> because as</font> soon as<font color="#E5E5E5"> you got there you</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> were in</font> conflict<font color="#E5E5E5"> with them and that creates the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the fundamental</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> tension that becomes the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">story of Indian Removal in 1830 Jackson</font> won approval<font color="#CCCCCC"> force of an Indian Removal</font> Act that appropriated half a million dollars so that Native Americans<font color="#CCCCCC"> living</font> east of the Mississippi could<font color="#E5E5E5"> be removed</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">to land west of the Mississippi in</font> support of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the Act Jackson said what</font> good man would prefer a country covered <font color="#E5E5E5">with forests and ranged by a few</font> thousand savages to our extensive <font color="#CCCCCC">republic studded with cities towns and</font> prosperous farms occupied by more<font color="#E5E5E5"> than twelve million</font> happy people and filled with<font color="#CCCCCC"> all the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">blessings of liberty civilization and</font> religion<font color="#CCCCCC"> but</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Native American tribes such</font> as the Cherokee<font color="#E5E5E5"> had an entirely</font> different<font color="#E5E5E5"> view than white men of how to</font> relate to<font color="#CCCCCC"> the land the Cherokee way is</font> to share is<font color="#E5E5E5"> to be harmonious they really</font> were<font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> spiritual people</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> they had a way</font> of<font color="#E5E5E5"> life that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> would perhaps put most</font> Christians to shame they exercised that way of life<font color="#E5E5E5"> daily every morning the</font> whole village would go to the water for a<font color="#E5E5E5"> blessing and at this going</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to water</font> ritual this old man sung this song <font color="#CCCCCC">hee-yaw Connie hit a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> her you you Connie</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">he walkie Akane he WA</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> saucy</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Akane</font> he<font color="#E5E5E5"> or neither see</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Akane</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> he</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> unnie</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> hey ho</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">ah candy so when I sang that song</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it</font> would<font color="#E5E5E5"> have been the same sound</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that you</font> would have heard in the 1700s so that was all disturbed because<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the contact</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">with the whites</font> soon after the creation<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> United</font> States<font color="#CCCCCC"> many in the Cherokee tribe</font> decided<font color="#E5E5E5"> that their one hope of saving</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">their land was to take Thomas</font> Jefferson's advice and embrace the white man's way of<font color="#E5E5E5"> life the Cherokees in fact</font> took exactly<font color="#CCCCCC"> the advice that Jefferson</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">offered they settled down they put on</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">European clothing</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to developed an</font> alphabet they learned<font color="#E5E5E5"> to read</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> write</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">they set up town meetings</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and a mayor</font> and city council<font color="#CCCCCC"> on all those</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> things and</font> they still had<font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> go because</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the problem</font> was they were sitting<font color="#E5E5E5"> in Georgia and</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Georgia was to be ours not to Hertz they</font> could not coexist with Georgia<font color="#E5E5E5"> preparing</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">to expel the Cherokee to Christian</font> missionaries<font color="#E5E5E5"> brought a case to the</font> Supreme<font color="#CCCCCC"> Court</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that challenged Georgia's</font> jurisdiction over the Cherokee Nation the Supreme Court ruled in the Cherokees <font color="#E5E5E5">favor but Andrew Jackson declared the</font> decision of the Supreme<font color="#CCCCCC"> Court has fell</font> stillborn Jackson encouraged Georgia to ignore the verdict<font color="#E5E5E5"> on the grounds that the Cherokee</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">were not really a nation a writer to the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Cherokee newspaper of the Phoenix</font> remembering that warriors from<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Cherokee Nation had played a key</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> role in</font> the Battle of Horseshoe Bend<font color="#E5E5E5"> that had</font> launched Jackson on his road to fame at this request<font color="#CCCCCC"> asked of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> General Jackson</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">when the thunders of his cannon were</font> heard in<font color="#E5E5E5"> the southern</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> forest</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and he will</font> say they are a nation these<font color="#CCCCCC"> unfortunate people</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> who flocked to</font> the standard<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the brave commander at</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Horseshoe</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and nobly fought are now</font> repaid<font color="#CCCCCC"> with ingratitude</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and oppression</font> solely on the basis of the color<font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font> their<font color="#CCCCCC"> skin</font> thousands of Cherokee families were evicted<font color="#E5E5E5"> from their homes by American</font> soldiers<font color="#CCCCCC"> and forced onto what became</font> known<font color="#CCCCCC"> as the Trail of Tears one of the</font> Christian<font color="#E5E5E5"> missionaries who traveled</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> with</font> them wrote I have no language<font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> express</font> the emotions which render our hearts<font color="#E5E5E5"> to</font> witness this season of cruel oppression <font color="#E5E5E5">in Georgia multitudes were not allowed</font> to<font color="#CCCCCC"> take anything with them but the</font> clothes they had on well furnished <font color="#E5E5E5">houses</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> were left to pray to plunderers</font> who like hungry wolves<font color="#CCCCCC"> follow the</font> progress<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the captors and rifle the</font> houses and strip the helpless for what crime then was<font color="#E5E5E5"> this whole nation</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> doomed</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">to this almost unheard-of suffering the</font> period of Indian Removal really is a black mark<font color="#E5E5E5"> on American history America</font> which started out as a<font color="#E5E5E5"> shining city on a</font> hill<font color="#E5E5E5"> sinks to the bottom</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of darkest</font> depths in Indian Removal Andrew Jackson and<font color="#E5E5E5"> other Americans willing to do what</font> it took<font color="#CCCCCC"> to separate Indians from</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> their</font> land<font color="#CCCCCC"> if it meant</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> ignoring treaties if it</font> meant ignoring principles of international law<font color="#CCCCCC"> if it meant ignoring</font> common decency<font color="#E5E5E5"> and a sense of justice</font> than it was done with smallpox<font color="#E5E5E5"> and cholera rampant on the</font> Trail of Tears<font color="#E5E5E5"> more than two thousand</font> Cherokees died Andrew<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson had tried</font> to<font color="#E5E5E5"> convince Native Americans that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he was</font> their great white father but the Cherokee now had a different<font color="#E5E5E5"> name for</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">him they call him Jack Cena and other</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Jerky's people here</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and we say that</font> would<font color="#CCCCCC"> laugh Jackson the devil</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Jack Cena</font> he's devil iced Andrew Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> unless</font> you become<font color="#E5E5E5"> more watchful you will find</font> that the most important powers of <font color="#CCCCCC">government have passed into the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> hands of</font> the<font color="#CCCCCC"> corporations</font> when it came to Indian Removal and slavery<font color="#CCCCCC"> President Jackson's view</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is</font> mirrored those of many other Americans but<font color="#E5E5E5"> there was one issue where</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he was</font> truly<font color="#E5E5E5"> a visionary</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in his concern for how</font> average Americans would fare as the economy became ever more<font color="#E5E5E5"> industrialized</font> the world we know was taking shape<font color="#CCCCCC"> in</font> those<font color="#E5E5E5"> years and the questions that were</font> so urgent<font color="#E5E5E5"> then are continued to be</font> urgent<font color="#E5E5E5"> it was the nature</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of capitalism</font> it was how<font color="#CCCCCC"> people were going to make</font> their livings<font color="#E5E5E5"> and there's nothing</font> scarier nothing more fundamental<font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font> people than how they're going<font color="#E5E5E5"> to feed</font> themselves and clothe their families and <font color="#E5E5E5">make their way</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in the world for</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">centuries</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> learning a craft such as</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">shoemaking had enabled</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> workers to make a</font> decent<font color="#CCCCCC"> living but across the country</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">artisans like shoemakers were suddenly</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">losing their jobs to factories all of a</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">sudden it's a job that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> can be done by a</font> child by a woman by<font color="#CCCCCC"> an unskilled man</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> for</font> pennies but think what happens to the shoemaker<font color="#E5E5E5"> the shoemaker who has spent</font> all of his<font color="#E5E5E5"> life learning</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the skills of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">making a whole</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> shoe</font> his skills<font color="#E5E5E5"> have</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> become worthless and as</font> a result he feels<font color="#CCCCCC"> worthless and if you</font> look at how<font color="#E5E5E5"> much money he's got in his</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">pocket</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> he</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> may be worthless that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> way also</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">he's he's broke</font> in the early<font color="#E5E5E5"> years of Andrew Jackson's</font> presidency<font color="#CCCCCC"> these working-class Americans</font> created a new way of<font color="#E5E5E5"> giving</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> voice to</font> their concerns<font color="#E5E5E5"> the minstrel show on the</font> surface it was simply an expression<font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font> racism and proof<font color="#E5E5E5"> of how little white</font> Americans really knew about<font color="#E5E5E5"> black</font> Americans but the hidden<font color="#E5E5E5"> secret of the</font> minstrel<font color="#CCCCCC"> show</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> was that it was not</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> just</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">about how whites saw blacks but</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> also</font> about<font color="#E5E5E5"> how they saw themselves of course</font> you're putting on<font color="#E5E5E5"> that mask to make fun</font> of<font color="#CCCCCC"> african-americans but</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> by virtue of</font> putting on that mask you've also<font color="#CCCCCC"> enabled yourself to speak of</font> yourself<font color="#E5E5E5"> the songs of the theater at the</font> time revealed that the audience is <font color="#E5E5E5">feeling squeezed by a new America it's</font> being squeezed by<font color="#E5E5E5"> an America that seems</font> to be<font color="#E5E5E5"> coming more</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and more for</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the rich</font> instead<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the common</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> people</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> so we can</font> look to the<font color="#E5E5E5"> stage and we can find a</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">place in American society</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> where that</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">working-class</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> could express in a</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">powerful and gripping way what it felts</font> about what this world was<font color="#E5E5E5"> doing to them</font> out there for a<font color="#E5E5E5"> working-class white America</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">putting on the mask of a slave was a way</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">of saying</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> I feel like a slave the</font> minstrels also talked about the man<font color="#E5E5E5"> they</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">hoped would free them they sang</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> their</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">some who at our party rail call us the</font> ragtag<font color="#E5E5E5"> and bobtail</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> but we have some</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">within our pale who we are sure will</font> never fail to<font color="#CCCCCC"> vote for General Jackson</font> for Andrew<font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> central question</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of his presidency</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> was what he could do</font> to<font color="#E5E5E5"> prevent these average Americans from</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">being exploited</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> by</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the rich and powerful</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the answer Jackson hit upon was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">destroy an institution that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> he thought</font> was giving the wealthy<font color="#E5E5E5"> an unfair</font> advantage<font color="#CCCCCC"> it's real title was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the second</font> bank of the<font color="#E5E5E5"> United</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> States</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> but</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson's</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">supporters called it the monster</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Bank</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Andrew Jackson dislikes all banks and he</font> said at one<font color="#CCCCCC"> point but</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> he particularly</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">disliked the Bank of the United</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> States</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">as established by Congress</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> after the war</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">of 1812 the reason was simple</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it had too</font> much power<font color="#E5E5E5"> outside</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of any kind</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of public</font> accountability<font color="#E5E5E5"> the bank was an enormous</font> economic<font color="#E5E5E5"> institution they could really</font> control credit<font color="#E5E5E5"> and therefore control</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">American economy itself for Jackson that</font> meant that<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> American economy was</font> being run by<font color="#E5E5E5"> people who are not</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> elected</font> that these<font color="#CCCCCC"> unelected bankers had their</font> hands on<font color="#E5E5E5"> the levers</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of power</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and could</font> control people's lives their destinies <font color="#E5E5E5">and indeed control the political system</font> itself <font color="#E5E5E5">to Jackson one of the monster banks</font> worst sins<font color="#CCCCCC"> was that it was funding</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> new</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">style businesses that were beginning</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font> wrap their chemicals<font color="#E5E5E5"> around</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> both the</font> economy<font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> government these new</font> businesses were called corporations the problem with corporations<font color="#E5E5E5"> as far as</font> Jackson was concerned was they had no body<font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> be kicked or sold to be damned</font> they were<font color="#CCCCCC"> faceless anonymous</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> machines</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">that were</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> motivated only by making</font> profit for their shareholders<font color="#E5E5E5"> and as a</font> result they<font color="#CCCCCC"> could grow much much larger</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">than</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the average</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> consumer the average</font> worker the average citizen but Jackson's opponents thought corporations would help America become more<font color="#E5E5E5"> prosperous and</font> they thought his plan to blow up the bank<font color="#E5E5E5"> verged on insanity</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> board was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> bank<font color="#CCCCCC"> that guaranteed that the paper</font> dollars<font color="#E5E5E5"> in Americans wallets were worth</font> something Jackson took<font color="#E5E5E5"> a kind of fundamentalist</font> view of money and credit<font color="#E5E5E5"> gold and silver</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">dollars were real money paper was in</font> some sense<font color="#E5E5E5"> fake those who were perhaps</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">more astute economists than Jackson</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">thought that this position</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> was just</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">short of Neanderthal the United States</font> had been<font color="#CCCCCC"> built on credit</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> as Henry Clay</font> said in the Senate<font color="#E5E5E5"> we have</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> always</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> been a</font> paper money<font color="#CCCCCC"> people we won the revolution</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">on paper money</font> clay and<font color="#CCCCCC"> his allies in Congress decided</font> to put some heat<font color="#CCCCCC"> on</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Old Hickory near the</font> end<font color="#E5E5E5"> of Jackson's first term they passed</font> a bill<font color="#CCCCCC"> extending the bank's charter clay</font> calculated that the president would have no choice but to<font color="#E5E5E5"> sign the bill because a</font> veto<font color="#CCCCCC"> would</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> be seen by the American</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">public as so irresponsible it would cost</font> Jackson re-election but<font color="#E5E5E5"> clay had made a</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">fundamental miscalculation about the</font> character of<font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew Jackson</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a character</font> that was exemplified by an event<font color="#CCCCCC"> that</font> took<font color="#E5E5E5"> place in the midst of the battle</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">over the bank at the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> President's</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> request</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> navy surgeon was brought to the White</font> House to operate on a painful<font color="#CCCCCC"> shoulder</font> the problem was a simple one<font color="#E5E5E5"> there was a</font> bullet<font color="#E5E5E5"> in it</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 20 years before during the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">War of 1812</font> Major General Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> became embroiled</font> in a feud<font color="#CCCCCC"> between one of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> his officers</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and a prominent Nashville family instead</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of mediating the dispute as might have</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">been</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> expected of a man</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of his stature</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">General Jackson took part in a</font> full-scale gun battle during<font color="#E5E5E5"> it he was</font> shot at point-blank<font color="#CCCCCC"> range and almost</font> died this saga<font color="#E5E5E5"> defined the character of</font> Andrew Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> he could not pass</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> up a</font> fight and when he fought<font color="#E5E5E5"> he was willing</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to risk everything</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of the bank</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he</font> declared<font color="#CCCCCC"> the bank</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is trying to kill me</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">but I will kill it on July 10th 1832</font> Jackson vetoed the bill reauthorizing the<font color="#E5E5E5"> bank the president's address in</font> defense of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the veto was perhaps the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> most</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">important of his life for he had to</font> explain<font color="#CCCCCC"> to the American people not with</font> bombast but with words from his heart<font color="#E5E5E5"> why he so</font> fervently opposed the<font color="#E5E5E5"> bank it is to be</font> regretted<font color="#E5E5E5"> that the rich and powerful too</font> often<font color="#E5E5E5"> bend the acts of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> government to</font> their selfish purposes when the laws undertake to<font color="#CCCCCC"> make the rich richer and</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> potent more powerful the humble</font> members of society the farmers the mechanics and<font color="#E5E5E5"> laborers who have neither</font> the<font color="#CCCCCC"> time nor the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> means of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> securing like</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">favors to themselves have a right to</font> complain<font color="#CCCCCC"> of the injustice</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of their</font> government we can at<font color="#CCCCCC"> least take</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a stand</font> against any prostitution of our government<font color="#E5E5E5"> to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the advancement of the few</font> at the expense<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the many</font> to help<font color="#E5E5E5"> rally support</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> for Jackson's</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">re-election campaign in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 1832</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">president and his closest</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> advisor</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Martin</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Van</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Buren came</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> up with one of the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">boldest strokes</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in American political</font> history<font color="#E5E5E5"> they founded the Democratic</font> Party Jackson thought of the<font color="#E5E5E5"> democracy</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">as it</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> was called wasn't called the</font> Democratic Party was called the democracy<font color="#E5E5E5"> thought of it as the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">association of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the vast majority</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font> Americans the<font color="#CCCCCC"> majority that should</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">govern to make sure that they would</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">govern there are all sorts of ways in</font> which ordinary<font color="#CCCCCC"> people can participate</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jackson thinks that's important because</font> the ordinary<font color="#E5E5E5"> people have to associate</font> more because they don't have<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">resources that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the rich</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and the</font> well-born do<font color="#E5E5E5"> for years</font> Jackson's opponents had lampooned his frontier roots by portraying him as a jackass<font color="#E5E5E5"> to their shock the Jacksonians</font> began embracing<font color="#CCCCCC"> the symbol well the</font> donkey has assembled<font color="#E5E5E5"> a Democratic Party</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">started out as a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> satire as an attack on</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the rubbish</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> sort</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of Beverly Hillbillies</font> nature of the<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson's Democratic Party</font> but interesting people<font color="#CCCCCC"> like Henry</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Clay</font> and others didn't quite understand<font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">in urban</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> settings the donkey may have</font> been a figure of<font color="#E5E5E5"> fun but for people in</font> rural America which was most of America at the time the donkey was essential to <font color="#E5E5E5">daily life and it was someone you could</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">rely on and Jackson</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and the Democrats</font> were presenting themselves as people<font color="#CCCCCC"> you</font> could rely on<font color="#E5E5E5"> a second party quickly</font> arose to oppose the<font color="#E5E5E5"> Democrats called the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">National Republicans they chose</font> Jackson's fiercest rival Henry Clay to run against<font color="#E5E5E5"> him for president</font> Henry<font color="#E5E5E5"> Clay and Andrew Jackson hated each</font> other<font color="#E5E5E5"> clay saw himself as a great</font> American<font color="#CCCCCC"> Statesman and couldn't quite</font> understand how this<font color="#E5E5E5"> rube from the</font> Carolina<font color="#E5E5E5"> back country who'd never gone</font> to school<font color="#E5E5E5"> who'd never read a book in</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Clay's view</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> could possibly be so</font> powerful<font color="#E5E5E5"> and have such a hold over the</font> people<font color="#E5E5E5"> thereby ensuring that Clay</font> himself would never do<font color="#CCCCCC"> that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> because</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he</font> didn't appreciate<font color="#CCCCCC"> I think Jackson's</font> gifts of both charisma<font color="#E5E5E5"> and the power of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">his personality during</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> election</font> campaign<font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson and his advisers again</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">demonstrated complete mastery of the</font> media tools available to them this man was sitting<font color="#E5E5E5"> for his portrait again</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">again and again Jackson had a sense that</font> I want the American<font color="#CCCCCC"> people to know me</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">and to know what</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> I look like</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and I think</font> that's says something about<font color="#E5E5E5"> his</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">political sense he's a first in many</font> ways and he's the<font color="#CCCCCC"> first president</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that I</font> know who had a desire to<font color="#CCCCCC"> use the media</font> to<font color="#CCCCCC"> communicate</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> American people</font> on Election Day voters flocked to the polls in record numbers<font color="#CCCCCC"> and thanks to</font> Jackson's reputation as a military hero <font color="#E5E5E5">and his continuing expansion of America</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">they gave Old Hickory</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a landslide</font> victory but what Andrew Jackson read into the victory<font color="#E5E5E5"> was that he now had a</font> mandate<font color="#E5E5E5"> to destroy the Bank of the</font> United<font color="#CCCCCC"> States</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and so the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> president</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">ordered the government's money removed</font> from the bank<font color="#E5E5E5"> but even some</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> his own</font> cabinet<font color="#E5E5E5"> thought such a step was illegal</font> and Jackson had to<font color="#E5E5E5"> replace</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> two Treasury</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">secretaries before</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> finding a third who</font> would obey<font color="#CCCCCC"> Him nothing like this would</font> happen<font color="#CCCCCC"> again until Richard Nixon during</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the Watergate</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> crisis had to go through</font> three attorneys<font color="#E5E5E5"> general to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> find one</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> who</font> would fire<font color="#E5E5E5"> Archibald Cox a special</font> prosecutor<font color="#E5E5E5"> on the floor of the US Senate</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Henry</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Clay asserted</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that nothing less</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">than</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the future of American democracy</font> was at stake we are in the midst<font color="#E5E5E5"> of a revolution</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">hitherto bloodless but rapidly tending</font> toward the concentration of all power in the hands of one man for the only<font color="#E5E5E5"> time</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in American history</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the Senate centered the president people</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">throughout the nation</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> began calling</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the bank war it was a war</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in which</font> reason and economics were the casualties and<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> chief combatants were Jackson</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and the president of the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Bank</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Nicholas</font> Biddle the confrontation between Andrew Jackson in the<font color="#CCCCCC"> Bank of the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> United</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> States</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">escalated you might almost say beyond</font> the bounds of sanity from<font color="#E5E5E5"> the point of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">view of Nicholas Biddle president of the</font> Bank of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the United</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> States</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> this maniac</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">president was going to destroy the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">American economy and both sides got so</font> wrapped up in<font color="#E5E5E5"> it that they did reckless</font> things<font color="#E5E5E5"> Nicholas Biddle in an effort to</font> procure recharter actually triggered <font color="#E5E5E5">what was called a panic in those days</font> the stock market crash<font color="#E5E5E5"> and a brief</font> depression not realizing<font color="#CCCCCC"> that in doing</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">this he was proving every point Jackson</font> made about the reckless power on<font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> bank of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> United States held over</font> ordinary<font color="#E5E5E5"> Americans lives</font> finally in 1836<font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> bank's charter</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">expired and its doors were closed</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> Andrew Jackson once again emerged<font color="#E5E5E5"> from a</font> battle victorious an historian has written that every once in a<font color="#CCCCCC"> while in</font> American history<font color="#E5E5E5"> it becomes necessary to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">save American capitalism</font> from the capitalists<font color="#CCCCCC"> that left to their</font> own devices they will<font color="#E5E5E5"> so accrete power</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">that they will end up ruining the</font> economy<font color="#CCCCCC"> well</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson in some ways saw</font> that was<font color="#E5E5E5"> the beginning of that process</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">as American</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> capitalism was just</font> beginning to<font color="#E5E5E5"> develop he saw that to keep</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the system going in a democratic</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> fashion</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">as he saw it it was necessary that</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">accountability had to be there in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">system in a way that it did not seem to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">be as of 1832</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Jaxon's battles during his second term</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">in</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> office were not just political one</font> afternoon<font color="#E5E5E5"> as the president</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> was leaving</font> the<font color="#CCCCCC"> capital</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a mentally ill</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> man who</font> believed that<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> had killed his</font> father<font color="#CCCCCC"> approached him</font> the explosion of<font color="#CCCCCC"> the pistols</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">percussion-cap</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> convinced bystanders that</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the president</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> had</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> been shot but the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">gunpowder inside the pistol failed to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">ignite the assailant then drew a second</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">pistol and fired</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> point-blank into the</font> president's chest miraculously the powder<font color="#E5E5E5"> inside</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the second gun also failed</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">to ignite as a result Andrew Jackson</font> survived the first<font color="#E5E5E5"> assassination attempt</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">ever against an American president</font> then in the presidential election of 1836<font color="#E5E5E5"> Jackson's hand-picked successor</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Martin Van Buren rode old hickories</font> coattails to victory on March 4th 1837 Andrew Jackson's <font color="#E5E5E5">tumultuous presidency came to an end</font> in a sign of<font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> remarkable</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> changes that</font> had taken<font color="#CCCCCC"> place during his years in</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">office</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> he left Washington</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> not in a</font> carriage pulled by horses<font color="#CCCCCC"> as he had</font> arrived<font color="#E5E5E5"> eight years</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> before but on a</font> train car<font color="#E5E5E5"> pulled by a steam-powered</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">locomotive</font> to a reporter Jackson said after eight years<font color="#E5E5E5"> as president</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> I have only two</font> regrets<font color="#CCCCCC"> that I have not shot</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Henry Clay</font> or hanged <font color="#CCCCCC">John C Calhoun</font> the legacy Andrew Jackson left behind him was a<font color="#E5E5E5"> complicated one but if there</font> was<font color="#E5E5E5"> one key feature that would allow</font> future<font color="#CCCCCC"> generations to make sense of it</font> all it was<font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> way in which Jackson's</font> fight for the rights of the average white man pointed the way for others take rights of<font color="#E5E5E5"> their own</font> jacksonian democracy had no room in it <font color="#CCCCCC">for black people it was not willing to</font> free the slaves it had utter contempt for<font color="#E5E5E5"> the political</font> aspirations of women and<font color="#E5E5E5"> everybody knows</font> it was<font color="#E5E5E5"> utterly violent and remorseless</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to the Indians but</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> look how the victims</font> of<font color="#E5E5E5"> jacksonian democracy defended</font> themselves<font color="#E5E5E5"> they didn't go out and become</font> monarchists instead what they<font color="#CCCCCC"> did was to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">take the principles of jacksonian</font> democracy<font color="#E5E5E5"> and demand that they</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> be</font> applied to them<font color="#CCCCCC"> too</font> when you look at the feminists<font color="#E5E5E5"> they</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> used</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> Declaration of Independence to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">demand the right to vote when you look</font> at the abolitionists<font color="#E5E5E5"> they said the</font> demand<font color="#CCCCCC"> for human equality</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> good for</font> the slaves as<font color="#E5E5E5"> well when the Indians</font> wanted to defend themselves<font color="#E5E5E5"> against</font> white encroachment the Cherokees created a written<font color="#CCCCCC"> constitution and a democratic</font> government<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> their own so</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that the</font> abolitionists the feminists<font color="#E5E5E5"> the Indians</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">all responded to this aggressive</font> jacksonian<font color="#CCCCCC"> democracy not by becoming</font> monarchists but by saying we<font color="#CCCCCC"> have to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">have some too</font> Jackson spent the<font color="#E5E5E5"> remaining years of his</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">life at his beloved</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Hermitage though</font> others would one day see a<font color="#CCCCCC"> connection</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">between his quest for opportunity for</font> white man and<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> ideal of opportunity</font> for<font color="#E5E5E5"> all Andrew Jackson himself</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> never did</font> he<font color="#E5E5E5"> continued to own dozens of slaves</font> never worrying<font color="#E5E5E5"> that they toiled from</font> sunrise to midnight<font color="#E5E5E5"> with no hope of a</font> better<font color="#E5E5E5"> life</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> or giving any thought to</font> what their opinion was<font color="#CCCCCC"> of him</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> sometimes</font> when they had a funeral<font color="#CCCCCC"> for a fellow</font> slave<font color="#E5E5E5"> like at the Hermitage they would</font> say one day<font color="#E5E5E5"> your head must bow as low as</font> ours<font color="#CCCCCC"> as they sang this funeral march</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the grave one day your head must bow as</font> low as ours when they<font color="#CCCCCC"> sang</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> song</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">they're looking at Andrew Jackson the</font> master as they march along the whites thing that they're just <font color="#E5E5E5">singing a great melodious song</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> but it</font> had a deep meaning<font color="#CCCCCC"> and what</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it meant is</font> one day<font color="#E5E5E5"> you must die</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> - one thing that</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">makes all men</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> equal is death all men</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">must die equally one day your head must</font> bow as low as<font color="#E5E5E5"> house on</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> June 8th 1845</font> Andrew Jackson died America's<font color="#CCCCCC"> seventh</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">President was laid to rest beside</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> his</font> beloved wife Rachel in the<font color="#E5E5E5"> garden at the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Hermitage</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">14 years later</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson's first</font> biographer James Parton visited the grave the historian had already spent many months<font color="#E5E5E5"> reading what hundreds of</font> Jackson's contemporaries had to say about<font color="#CCCCCC"> him but the writer still found it</font> nearly<font color="#E5E5E5"> impossible to sum up old hickory</font> if anyone at the end of a year<font color="#E5E5E5"> even had</font> asked what I<font color="#E5E5E5"> had discovered respecting</font> General Jackson<font color="#E5E5E5"> I might have answered</font> thus Andrew<font color="#CCCCCC"> Jackson</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> I am</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> given to understand</font> was a patriot<font color="#E5E5E5"> and a traitor</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he was one</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">of the greatest</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> generals and wholly</font> ignorant of the art of<font color="#E5E5E5"> war</font> a stickler<font color="#CCCCCC"> for discipline</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> he never</font> hesitated<font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> disobey his superior the</font> first of<font color="#CCCCCC"> Statesmen he never devised or</font> framed a measure he was the most candid of men<font color="#E5E5E5"> and was capable of the</font> profoundest<font color="#E5E5E5"> dissimulation he was a</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">democratic autocrat</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> an urbane Savage</font> an atrocious<font color="#CCCCCC"> saint</font> discover more about<font color="#E5E5E5"> Andrew Jackson</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">explore the history of the imperial</font> presidency<font color="#CCCCCC"> and watch debates</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> about</font> Indian Removal slavery<font color="#E5E5E5"> and other</font> controversies from the Jacksonian era<font color="#E5E5E5"> at</font> pbs.org and <font color="#E5E5E5">you</font>
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Channel: Truther TV
Views: 2,524,136
Rating: 4.4502387 out of 5
Keywords: Rosicrucian, 1814, General, Federal Reserve, Rothschild, Martin sheen, 2nd bank of the united states, Ron Paul, Abraham Lincoln
Id: EGfxyeuy8u8
Channel Id: undefined
Length: 115min 5sec (6905 seconds)
Published: Mon Jun 11 2012
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