AI機械手臂超強！連結神經操控義肢，甚至能傳達觸覺？仿生學教授打造「指尖上的AI」造福世人｜科普長知識｜GQ Taiwan

you're looking at a game Cher in Prosthetics the only one today using electrodes implanted in the nerves and to have sensation the developer of this bionic system is speaking to us from Ukraine where War has led to a crisis there is more than 15,000 people with amputations in the country let's walk through every step needed to implant his bionic arm into a patient bionic basically means that is a combination between biology and electronics but traditionally prosthetic arms are pretty lowf some are purely aesthetic made in silicone but not functional then there are functional mechanical ones powered by a wire and a patient's own movements you can think about the clo or a hook that can open and close and it has a system of Gears like brakes for your bicycle then you have fancy electric prosthesis where a patient can control the fingers independently via electrodes placed on the surface of the skin but how do you keep the arm in place this is normally done with the socket something that is on your skin putting a lot of pressure it's uncomfortable and heavy so that that's why the first step in installing Dr Ortiz Catalan bionic arm is oio integration or implanting a titanium structure directly to the skeleton no integration made a a Big Splash in the medical field the first application were dental implants eventually scientists applied this to Prosthetics after discovering in the 50s that if you attach titanium inside bone the bone cells can grow directly on the titanium making a very strong attachment to the residual limb say you have a transhumeral amputation above the elbow the surgeon will place a titanium implant that looks like a screw inside the center of the bone and you leave it there for a few months in that period the bone cells grow around the titanium implant and then you place a portion of the implant that comes out through the skin and that's where you're going to connect your pris implanting into a residual limb that has been amputated below the elbow has its own challenges because there are two smaller Bones the radius and the ilna and they move independently from each other so they will move like this they will move like this this and they will also move in their own axis so we develop an artificial joint that allows for those movements to take place while preserving a natural orbit for the movement now the next step is to surgically implant the electrodes inside the body we will place electrodes in the muscles and the nerves around the residual limb electrodes on the surface of the skin are susceptible to electromagnetic interference stuff all around us like tools or computers can create noise interference radiating to the El elodes if they're merely sitting on the surface of the skin this will cause the prosthetic to become uncontrollable even just moving your arm around can throw off a conventional sensor if it lifts a little bit it generates this what's called a motion artifact if you move too fast if you sweat the prosthesis become less controllable with electrodes implanted directly inside muscles on nerves you don't have any of those problems if you have an amputation where the hand is gone you have many muscles here that help you to control the fingers of the hand so there's a lot of sources that you can use to drive the prosthesis but in the case of an amputation above the elbow you don't have as much to work with so the team has to get creative and rejigger the body's original biological wiring you have the biceps and the biceps has two heads so it's not enough information that we can extract from the muscles to drive all the missing joints so a solution for that is you can take a nerve that used to go to the hand and then you transfer it into one head of the biceps so then when the patient thinks about closing the hand this part of the muscle will contract the short head there are three big nerves in the arm the radial the oler and the median which allows you to control these three fingers basically a nerve is a collection of axons which are bundled into faes so if you think about my fingers as the bundles of the nerve what you can do is split them you take one of those bundles to connect with that muscle that is available there and then for the other ones we can borrow a piece of muscle from the legs it's called a free muscle graft and then we transfer that to the arm to connect to one of these facies next you insert a metal electrode into the muscle and connect that to the conector inside the titanium implants so it has a wire and that wire is covered by materials are biocompatible meaning that they're well taken by the body the signals that come from your brain to control your limbs travel through nerves but these organic signals are relatively weak about 10,000 times smaller than the strength of the signals generated by these new electric plugs so in a way the implanted electrodes use the muscle like a loudspeaker amplifying the signals from the brain to the muscles and to the prosthesis the implantable part has no batteries all the power happens in the prosthesis you can think about it as a USB port into the nervous system The Next Step involves training the AI in the bionic hand CPU to understand what the signals from the brain mean the way we control our limbs is by electric signals coming down through the nerves to the muscles and these come in the form of electric impulses those signals are captured by the electronics of the prosthesis so they travel down to the prosthesis where there is the brain of the prosthesis understands what those signals are but that CPU in the prosthesis doesn't automatically know what those patterns of activation mean the AI needs to be trained what we do is we tell the patient try to close your hand and then we record signals and then we say try to open your hand and we record the signals and then the team labels that action for the AI translating neural signals from the brain into code that is now understood by the tiny computer in the prosthetic arm which then engages its robotic motors to move in specific ways the next step involves training the patient using software this was actually the first time we saw the patient after the surgery we connected it to a virtual reality system those two cables coming out of the implants are sending signals wirelessly to the computer where they are interpreted and used to control a virtual limb this trains the muscles and makes the signals more distinct and reliable in preparation for when the patient gets their bionic limb but this training also addresses another challenge that arises from amputation after you have an amputation there's pain that remains from something called Phantom limb pain which is caused by the brain getting confused and imagining that the missing limb is frozen or twisting in awkward ways so I developed some technologies to treat Phantom limb pain we coupled those with virtual and augmented reality so the patient can engage the same neural resources that were used to control the hand this helps them reduce their pain this training is useful in fine-tuning the algorithms that will drive the robotic Motors but working in the virtual world is one thing without their bionic arm attached patients will do relatively well because there's no load so the final step involves fitting the prosthesis and testing in the real world patients come into the lab put on their bionic arm and perform daily tasks like packing a suitcase or picking up small objects these are tasks that can tell you a little bit about the function the patient has with the prosthesis the team then makes adjustments and runs further tests that evaluate and help improve one of the most jaw-dropping features of the prosthetic its ability to feel objects in its grasp when the prosthesis make contact with the object there are sensors in the the fingertips and then the brain of the prosthesis has also a neuros stimulator which delivers electrical pulses to the nerves and because the brain receives this data from a nerve that used to be connected to the biological limb it will interpret it as coming from the bionic hand if I have a biological receptors in my index finger that has a nerve that goes all the way up to my brain if I put an electrode along that nerve it doesn't matter where I stimulate the brain will create the sensation that's coming from the fingertip so now automatic Sensation that rises in Consciousness the bionic hand uses sensors in its thumb and index finger to send an electrical signal through the prosthetic and then along the original severed nerves straight to the brain but the information from the fingertips is not as nuanced as what a biological fingertip feels for us we have hundreds of sensors that travel in hundreds of neurons today we don't have that resolution at the neural interface we're still a long way off from the type of sensation seen in the artificial limbs in Star Wars this hand only provides provides rough Sensations but they're still useful because now a patient can feel when there's an object in their hand and if that object is slipping away but what about batteries they have to power the CPU and the motors that drive the prosthesis right you can have interchangeable batteries and whenever the the prosthesis run out of battery they just switch it a battery will normally last a full day it's very much like our phones everything is self-contained so the days of patients carrying heavy backpacks full of computers or bulky batteries are gone these days Dr Ortiz Catalan really only sees patients a couple times a year when something breaks or if he needs to fine-tune anything but these high-end bionic hands can come with a price tag of over $10,000 but hopefully like any other technology more is available the less the cost will be we created a human machine interface which means we can connect the prosthesis or we can connect to your steering wheel of your car and you can drive it by thinking about movement of the wrist you can integrate it to whatever your imagination wants cool so can we make humans stronger cyborg style there will be companies that think about human augmentation making a human jump higher run faster carry higher loads you can have one prosthesis that much stronger than a human hand but you cannot have a prosthesis that is as dexterous as a human hand that's something that we haven't achieved from the robotic side personally I got involved in prosthetic devices because I wanted to solve problems and I'm in the business of bionic medicine there's so many problems out there that have not been solved when it comes to disabilities that I feel that is more important that we focus on that

Channel: GQ Taiwan

Views: 23,436

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Id: 6bqU8Beqxbk

Length: 9min 33sec (573 seconds)

Published: Wed Jan 17 2024