Hi. I'm Rebecca from engVid and today
we have another lesson on idioms. "What?
Another lesson on idioms?" Yes, because you can never
learn enough idioms. Why? Because they're everywhere.
Right? They're at school, they're at work,
they're when you go out to parties. People are using
idioms everywhere. Also, when you're watching TV, or watching
a drama, you're watching sports, you hear them all over the place. The sooner you learn idioms, the more advanced
your English will be, the more comfortable you'll feel around people because people use
them and you understand what they're saying. Okay?
All right. So today we're going to focus on eight idioms,
not three, eight, eight-okay?-idioms that all start with the word "by". All right? So, let's get started.
The first one: "by heart". Okay? Now, first of all, I've written
all of the idioms here. These are the meanings, but they are all
mixed up, so don't look there. Okay? You need to listen to me, and then
we'll check later. All right? Let's do it like that. So, the first one: "by heart". What does it mean to know something or
learn something by heart, by heart? It means from your memory,
to know it just like that. For example, when you were a child-right?-you
learned nursery rhymes probably, little poems that people teach children, and now if I ask
you, you probably know them even though you might not have said them for years,
you know them by heart. Okay? You know them from memory. All right, good. The next one: "by hand". When you say that somebody made something
by hand, it literally means by hand, not by machine, that's the main point, so whether
it's embroidery, whether it's making something out of wood, or making something out
of stone, you made it by hand. Okay? It was not made by machine. All right. The next one, now, here there are two expressions
that pretty much mean the same thing, so you might hear someone saying: "by
chance" or "by coincidence". And what does that mean? That means something happened accidentally,
without any planning. All right? And you were walking down the street, and by
chance you met your old teacher, Rebecca, from engVid. "I remember you." Okay, all right, so that happened by
chance or by coincidence. All right? And the last one here is: "by
mistake" or "by accident". All right. So, have you ever called someone that wasn't
the person you meant to call, you were trying to call? So then you called that number
by mistake or by accident. That means you didn't plan to do it, it wasn't
on purpose, it was a mistake. All right? So, now let's review
them a little bit. So, if you did something without planning,
just happened, then which one of these idioms describes that? It would be "by chance".
Okay? There was no planning involved, it
happened by chance or by coincidence. All right. The next one, not on purpose.
Okay? You didn't make that... Dial that wrong
number on purpose. You did it "by mistake" or "by accident"
so when someone says: "Hello. Yes?" And you say: "Oh, I'm sorry,
I called you by mistake." Okay? Or: "I called you by accident." All right. The next one, if something is not made by
machine, then it is usually made "by hand". Okay?
Good. And if you know something from memory,
that means you know it "by heart". All right. Good. Okay? Let's go on, here. Now: "by the book". What does it mean when someone is the
kind of person who goes by the book? When they say "the book", they're kind of
referring to the book of rules, the book of laws. Okay? So, a person who goes by the book is a
person who follows rules very strictly. All of us know people like this. Some people are more relaxed about rules, and
some people are very strict about the rules. And those kind of people who are very strict
or who are following the rules very strictly or applying them very
strictly are called... We say they are
going by the book. All right? Got it? Good. Now, another expression, it's a very
commonly used one: "by and large". Okay? "By and large, how's
the weather today? Is it a good day where you are,
is it sunny, is it rainy"? "By and large" means on the whole,
very generally, in general. Okay? So you can use it to talk about anything at
all, you can use it to talk about something personal, something social, talk about the
weather, talk about your studies, talk about politics, the world, anything.
Okay? Next: "by leaps and bounds". "Leaps" is... "A leap" is like a big jump, and
"bounds" is also like a big jump. So, this expression: "by leaps and
bounds" means tremendously, a lot. Okay? If somebody improved by leaps and
bounds, they improved a lot. Very, very much.
Okay? And the last one:
"by word of mouth". You might have this expression in your own
language, and basically what it means is "by word of mouth" means
through people talking. Not through advertising, not
through marketing. Okay? But by people talking. How did you hear about it? By word of mouth, through
people telling each other. All right? So those are the four down here, now
let's try to match them up. Okay? So, how do you say that something happened
tremendously and quickly, very fast, very much? We say: "by leaps and bounds".
Good. How do you describe someone who follows the
rules very strictly, follows the letter of the law? That someone is going "by the book".
Okay? If you want to convey the idea of on the whole, in
general, then you could also use the expression, very sophisticatedly
you could say: "By and large, I find that", okay,
and then say whatever you find. You see that I put on a
little British accent? I love our British teachers. Sometimes when we're trying to sound really
sophisticated we put on a British accent, yes we do. Okay. All right. I like my Canadian accent, too. All right, now, what about through
people telling each other? Not through marketing, not through advertising,
through people telling each other. What's the expression for that? "By word of mouth".
Okay? So, now basically with all idioms
what do you need to do? Okay? You can watch this lesson, and you should, and
after the lesson you should practice. Okay? Go to our website at www.engvid.com, and
there you can do a quiz on this. Okay? And you really should because it's
not always enough to learn it once. It's good, very good to review it, but let's do
a little preview right here before that also. So, let me ask you: What
do you know by heart? Do you know nursery rhymes? Do you remember a
poem from school? Do you know your
prayers by heart? There are all kinds of things
that we know by heart. Okay. Have you ever made
anything by hand yourself? Have you made anything? Maybe you embroidered something, maybe you made
something out of stone for someone. Okay? All right. And have you ever met someone famous by
chance when you were walking down the street? Did you ever meet somebody by chance,
by accident without planning? Think about it. And here: Did you ever forget
someone's birthday by mistake? Yeah, usually if you forget someone's
birthday it's by mistake. Okay? You're not trying to do it, it
happened, but not on purpose. Okay? It happened by mistake.
All right? Or you might have wished somebody for their
birthday on the wrong day, so then you wished them by mistake. Okay?
All right. Now, are you the kind of person who goes by the
book or are you kind of relaxed about rules? Do you know someone
who goes by the book? Maybe a boss, maybe a parent,
maybe someone else. Okay? "By and large, are
you a happy person?" I hope you're saying yes.
Okay? All right. And what could you do to improve
your English by leaps and bounds? What could you do? Can you think of two or three things you could
do to improve your English by leaps and bounds, to improve your English
tremendously? Okay? I'm sure you could think
of some things to do. And, how did you
hear about engVid? Did you hear about
engVid by word of mouth? Did someone tell you about engVid or did
you come across it some other way? Okay? So: "by word of mouth" -- through
people talking and telling each other. All right? So, these are some ways that you can really
make these idioms your own, apply them to yourself, ask yourself, write examples
with people that you know. Okay? Because then it becomes more personal and you
can remember the idioms more easily. All right? And also, please check out my YouTube channel,
and if you want to, which would make me very happy, please subscribe so that you can get
lots of regular lessons which will help you improve your English
much faster. Thanks very much for watching.
Bye for now.
