3000 ball bearings show crystal defects with Matt Parker

I've had a lot of fun on Matt's channel making a video about clothes packing but it's very closely linked to crystal formation crystal defects and stuff like that and I've actually built something that demonstrates how crystals form and how defects form so I'm going to make a video on my channel about that and Matt you're going to stick around yes there might be some mess in it I'm all about the mouse so occasionally Matt might say some numbers or something like that sixth that's a good one one is a different number okay okay so yes now they used to be a toy that you could get in the sixties and seventies called Atomics and you can't get it anymore which is a shame because it meant that I had to spend hundreds of pounds making my own recreated actually created the - oh my goodness and so here it is it's thousands of bearing I can see where all the money went yet mostly in the etching on youtube.com fear what most involved well I just thought if someone turns this it into a gift and puts it on Facebook but at least I've got some funding and I reckon they can blow that out yeah pretty don't do that don't do that I mean I probably overkill the fact that you H get into every single ball that was the expensive pretty good um anyway look as you if you let the balls just drop like this they self arrange in lieu and lattice which is related to the video that we did on this gentleman about close packing definitely check that one out by the way and if you haven't subscribed to my channel do that also for it's almost all the time to be honest though my subscribers are probably a strict subset of that subscribers but anyway if for some reason though you got the case under my eyes we go there we go I know a bit of that I just don't do a little yeah I do sometimes when I'm talking about town mostly so anyway so the autumn we naturally fall into a regular lattice what's brilliant about it is you can see it's not perfect right and the defect in this arrangement of spheres closely matches the defects you get in real crystals in the real also this might be a good analogy for how say our Dominion atoms arrange themselves in a metal so we get this holes down yet so that's an example of a defect you might get that's called a point defect because it's happening at a point in the lattice a point where an essence should be and that's called a vacancy right this should be one that mark and you see it's nice and stable right look at some actually interestingly in a you know real crystal you could have neighboring atoms just kind of jump into on a hop into that gap yeah versus moving the problem yes I'd yeah so brilliantly you can have a hole that moves through the ladder typically atomic yeah so let's have a look at another defect because I feel lines going on yeah okay so here's a region of lattice and here's another region of lattice and these are all hexagonal packing it's all a hexagonal very efficient yeah like a honeycomb except that this region of this region are at slightly different angles they don't line up so you know you got this all like that and this was good and when they meet it doesn't mesh yeah and that happens in the real world as well it's called a grain boundary so if you've got a crystal growing over here and the crystal growing over here they collide that's what it's like where they might but here's another one that's pretty interesting let's just rejigger that okay so here let's see this one here oh yeah there is a line there it's a straight line it's a bigger gap than the rest so this crystal and this crystal they're oriented the same but for some reason they don't quite match do not lining up yeah this isn't really a perfect analogy for anything in the real world quite but it's close enough to a certain type of defect that's really really interesting it's interesting enough that I bought a whole load of bull pit bulls I'm going to actually try to build a crystal because they're starting really researching about closed packing that I just yeah I couldn't believe what I saw I know I'm and now I'm interested I mean the rest of it was great to me but closed packing that was a bit a clickbait wasn't when I just said you're not gonna believe you out how where these things are centered ah because this guy stuck how are they cute you won't believe what happens next okay the third layer of balls will make you remember your bike yeah okay we need to go into 3d for this one to work because this one is a stacking defect or a stacking fault so I'm now genuinely excited if you bring up the box right there's your box of green balls yet so I've already got our layer hacked very efficiently yes good job hexagonal packing on the first layer of green balls so to distinguish the next layer we're going to use Red Bull okay so what we're doing is like the next layer yeah as if these were atoms of some kind of crystal lattice so yeah these ones nestled into the little dips possibly created by three green balls that are touching who comes from yeah I can see why kids like playing with it yeah I don't think they do this in bubbles that what I do okay all right so we've got two layers yeah so far so good let's add this edge right there easy we're all different teams there oh okay yeah my great yellow ones like necessarily attacking everybody blue so I see honestly what the challenges yet there are like it's a little berry straightforward you see okay okay I was about to say if you put that there I can't put wine in my lattice but then I realized there's kind of a point at it yeah yeah you're gonna jerk moving back like an interesting one there so it turns out that when you put the balls down there's actually two choices or two options yeah and they're incompatible with each other so you started putting yours there I thought I went here and they come together and can't finish the lattice that we've got this gap now running through we were two bits of the crystal growing would hit here and we get what did you call this thing so this is a stacking fault what that means is where I place my balls relative to the previous two layers is different to where my lines line up with the green ones yes so mine is the same as the bottom layer yeah if you look down yeah and I look through the holes between the red balls I either see a green ball immediately do it or you don't or yet you don't you see a gap and no you went for the gap I went for the gaps where's you went for deeply pleasing alignment with the layer underneath so yes so your layer is exactly the line with the green layer mine is not I mean to make it efficient every layer has to be different to one directly below it yeah so then you've got a choice it can be the same or different to the one below that yes so and then that's it like the next layer has to be one of those three again okay there's our fourth option yeah so the way we set the blue balls here the first second and third layer are all different so we can label those a B and C correct and if you carry on thank you very much confirmation for variation there you know I ever worn on my channel why I'm here so took a lattice that goes ABC ABC ABC ABC is a face centered cubic lattice whereas what you've done with renewable or expected material it goes a be able UAV in Italy which is a hexagonal closed note we all are going correct hexagonal closed pack erect lattice yeah country your diagram yes like it okay so you have correctly labeled that you've got three options you've got a Z this is not tidy writing and see two different layers and I think of it as a triangle of options okay right and so if I switch when you would do what I was doing over here is I was just bouncing between A to B to A to B so I'm going backwards and forwards on one edge if you pick anything that backwards and forwards on a given edge you get the hexagonal close packing yeah and then if you did over here what you're doing is you're doing laps around the triangle I do regular laps around the triangle that gives you your cubic and face packing and then cubic face pack yes same thing is face centered right so what what you can do obviously is then any other combination of those right yeah so if we did another one right this will be a bit more consistent and we did ABC there's no reason we can't then go back to B and then to C and then to a and then to B and then and so you can just travel around yeah yeah you can change around wherever you want right yeah and so if you get the two cycles you get the two regular ones yeah to the rest of them you just get all fours around things happening and because there's no ultimately there's no limit yes it means there are infinitely many possible ways to create your crystal lattice by stacking spheres knowing and it doesn't matter how you go around this diagram it's the most efficient way yet practically is it doesn't change the percentage volume you're filling with a sphere yes no interesting there is another type of Fault in crystal really that's is yet so it's called an anti phase boundary so I totally I get crystal that is face centered cubic we'll go ABC ABC ABC ABC everything but maybe at some point is going to go ABC ABC ABC ABC CBS CB a CBA whoa it'll switch so you'll be going ABC ABC ABC OB a TV area yeah both of those crystals are facing two cubic but they just kind of they bump against each other and you take the mirror image basically I like doing yes so the and what's really nice is that the face centered cubic has a symmetry that the hexagonal close packing doesn't have and you can see it here so you've got because if I take away these two no one's here this one as well can you see this square oh yeah balls so you can't make a square in this one you can in this one so you've got three by three square here and vine salsa he's not good oh yeah so actually if you were reorient ate it you get a square based pyramid structure yes going that way and you get a kind of tetrahedral triangle based pyramid structure going yes actually it's very nice there's one final thing that my Atomics Ripoff does which is really really nice and we show you and so you take your crystal let it the exact things still - yeah they just I think I think I've got one balloon leaving the spare one just let your head be can't oh yes I'll just pull these out all over because a beaker and you can see that yeah they're very areas here that maybe didn't Tipitina's first question hmm I'll take two milk really guessing is PI I commanded warden excuse me the package print you get the air out of that so you put lotion it gonna be - it says on the packet are you going I'm making the packet earlier so I use just to move yeah you know it's amazing like I should put it in giant letters on my hand okay just some estimation estimation tell reconcile all of these are plus all of these how many are many that's probably 10 to their sets maybe 100 were three times ten thousand and thousand roses yeah suppose I thought by an order of magnitude I'm better yeah first time I said I was at a thousand but he says yeah it's surprising anyway I should have like gone 100 by 100 all right yeah neither got it lacks my conviction anyway what you do is for the final trick in the arsenal you get some wool I'm not going to have at here and just give it a rub yes and that charges up maybe you're porting your yeah but it but now all these sir I good yeah so they're all slightly charged which means they'd try to get away from each other so nice look at that and so what you end up with is a phase boundary so you've got this so imagine this is the liquid phase and this is the gas phase and there any equilibrium no transitions from one to the other actually that's a solid maybe this is an example of sublimation so you got solid two again straight to a gas and even these guys are kind of close packing yeah but if you touch at you then I'll try I sell I stole your electrons saying I do I do apologize they're mainly or maybe you donated electrons who don't know who knows who's keeping count I don't know I mean someone will know because someone well it'll be in the comment here it was great fun doing a video with Steve malt on your science YouTube channel about lattices and how you can get all these fantastic inclusions and effects in beads but I thought it might be nice if we also did a video on my channel about some of the mathematics behind just how efficiently you can pack these spheres in so to do that people if you want to learn more about Matt did actually make that video if you want to see it head over to his channel stand up Matt's the link is on the screen and in the description there's also loads of other blade lapse videos on that channel so don't forget to subscribe

Channel: Steve Mould

Views: 1,494,453

Rating: 4.8046556 out of 5

Keywords: explained, Matt Parker, standupmaths, atoms, latice, maths

Id: O3RsDIWB7s0

Length: 14min 40sec (880 seconds)

Published: Thu May 11 2017

Reddit Comments

[u/[deleted]]

Cool video!

On an unrelated note, have you seen Matt Parker's calculator unboxing videos? The guy is just naturally funny.

[u/Aylko]

I would totally make this if it wasn't so costly to buy 10000 2mm ball bearings :(

I wonder what the minimum amount of ball bearings are required to achieve this affect

[u/TheNekoMiko]

Brings me back to good ole inorganic chemistry..... from last semester.

[u/241632]

Nice