1 Introduction to Medieval Philosophy

hello and welcome this is a history of medieval philosophy that marked doors B this is the first introductory video to a new series the history of medieval philosophy is set up in lectures that's going to take us beginning with the work of san agustin all the way through a variety of major thinkers to William of Ockham of course including major people such as Peter Abelard Thomas Aquinas Bona venture and so and so forth so we're just this video series is going to take a look and offer you a sort of tour of medieval philosophy and what you're gonna find is it's much more sophisticated and much more interesting than you might think so what I want to do in this video is really just go ahead and begin by telling you about who some of these major thinkers are they were gonna be covering some of them were walking country but also emphasize that point out to you point out what some of the key problems aren't philosophically they're really animated the philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages so this is a history of evil philosophy so what I want to do is organize the lecture like this I want to talk a little bit about what exactly counts as medieval what are we talking about here this is a course in the history of philosophy and typically in history philosophy you have three major periods if you will at least within Western philosophy or Occidental philosophy you have the Classical period the medieval period and the bottom three including the modern period really for the absence of a active law of the Evolve talk about the clothes water them in depending upon how people want to think through the history of philosophy there's a whole different range of ways we can understand but those are the three major periods but something we're about responsible count since medieval times my own view is that instead of seeing the history of philosophy sort of these three main periods rather we should understand it as something that's continuously growing and evolving and responding to the cultural conditions in which these philosophies are being written where's this we're gonna see that there's a close close relation into the religion theology and philosophy during these periods there is there was secular work that took place it will argue for the division between theology philosophy but that by far was not the mainstream so when asked question what comes to be evil if who were these medieval philosophers I mean sort of I want at breakdown really closely following the textbook were gonna be using it in fact just to check this out to me this is the textbook pick we're using this is a great addition if you're doing that electronically then to get it it's the Kindle edition of this book and you can see it's really quite nice because you can easily jump around between the book you can take the notes you can look up words and definitions so it's a great way especially we were doing philosophy for middle ages because it's likely that many of you watching of in many philosophers today haven't really read much medieval philosophy dr. bit right now I myself without an expert in medieval philosophy but read quite a bit of it my emphasis and speciality is a modern philosophy sir so there is others out there who attend to that it's working so don't let this video be the end of you research maybe just let it be the beginning of it so but this is a great text we're going to be using it's sort of a mythology of key authors throughout now there's many many other authors even despite the fact that this book is a very very big book if you buy it in hardcopy it is either as many as much much bitching on this these problems so anyway let's sort of jump into it so we're gonna talk about movies midian philosophers are we're gonna see key problems emerge as we do this sort of summary of what some of these major thinkers are what I want you to do this year is sort of give you a sense of the evolution and the way in which medieval philosophers are consistently responding to each other but really base will see on a foundation that derives are nearly from Aristotle at play and so a and also of course the Christian is Islam playing major roles in the development but there's a true philosophy the katana philosophy and the Jewish philosophy in many ways builds upon of the Islamic the early Islamic philosophers as well as a got stated they're actually these thinkers are dialogue with each other though since it's also a religious you know there's there's a lot of the lung for these coats so we're gonna then of course just quickly talk about and I want you to think about what is this relationship here between your vision of philosophy or religion a theology let's jump in here what is medieval now there's a first part there's no exactly communit on what what counts is medieval of course medieval we're going to see refer to the Middle Ages in fact many different thinkers some thinkers say that the Middle Ages occurred between this second in the 14th centuries right roughly after the classical and early Roman period and then up to the Renaissance others argue that no it would be against the medieval period in the ninth century goes to the 14th century and and in others are you noticed with a third century to the 16th century and in fact there's other different designations of the others way of spicing it so that's first and foremost we should recognize since we do philosophy here is that this is a contrivance right this is a framework the very very we have articulated the subject that's medieval itself reveals that we have a arbitrary framework for applying to it does it mean that there is not a way in which these philosophers really cluster together in terms of not other chronology intrusive there but also in terms of their subject matter but it is a porter recognize that the history of philosophy here is being broken down into a sort of nominal categorization there's nothing natural about it in terms of the medieval the word itself comes from the latin medium a ma'am and I don't know lots of that once so I'm sure they're those of you out there watching you will gasp like the way I pronounce that so you know please be kind to me but we have the medieval here just refers to the middle age it was actually coined in the 19th century so the very notion of the middle ages of the medieval period is something that's actually quite new and as you can see it's a said wave it's part of the framework in which the moderns view the past so it was coin in the 19th century and has actually has a negative connotation and that's because the news really see it's also referred to as the Scholastic create within philosophy or that's one of the elements of medieval philosophy and then in the next incentive idea is that the ancient philosophers in America we do if you will original contributions to the subject matter I mean they were forging the deceptive matter it's not creating on what we know today to be philosophy in these Western philosophy and of course in the modern period who's really begins a new renaissance and he's debatable but wants me I think the major for your take part really ends the medieval period of Eastern philosophy because after they part you no longer have a consistent reference to Plato and Aristotle even in the approach the method of philosophy of Illinois becomes scholastic but instead a new sort of methodology takes hold in philosophy and you see that with Descartes and then that continues for and such that in the modern career you see many many original contributions in philosophy yeah some of you who know medieval philosophy to get SEC that I mean been saying that and I can understand why because the medieval philosophers did here to make original contributions but medieval philosophy primarily is built in efforts through the work of Plato or Aristotle in many ways you can't fully understand or appreciate what the video philosophers argued unless you also are on board with specific ways of seeing the world engine the Aristotle says between form and matter or in the Platonic sense if you don't have those commitments or you don't those minutes are always in some way president could be evil philosophy of course with there may be no philosophy there's also religious commitments at stake as well and so that's what makes it is distinctively different because medieval philosophy is both theology as well as secularized philosophy of the sequence it's in pleasure of Aristotle and that we also succeeded in the bollocks period so when this 20 this term is coin is primarily negative and I think we should recognize that that means who to console the middle means just in between period and I think that that does a disservice for us as students in medieval philosophy because medieval philosophy is not monolithic that sucks right we can break it down for instance in the way in which we're gonna follow of the editors of our anthology here by articulating in seeing medieval philosophy is really broken down between three major traditions and that's the Christian is vomited of the Jewish faints and widows face interactive with the philosophical cosmic philosophers we're looking at you might say this and this you might say that philosophy history philosophy is like a scream and then these faith traditions after the collapse of the Roman Empire after the collapse of civilization to devise a feudal feudalism what we see is that the Christian thing the Jewish nation alone will provide as the world matrix through its philosophical work can continue to take place maybe not we can't I'm not going to spend a lockdown on the history of the Middle Ages here but it is extremely important that we also recognize that that collapses broken in fact is absolutely essential in terms of understanding why philosophy because religious is expression within the Western and the eastern world with his longer form so these just three major traditions in we should recognize that they were opposed to each other right so the Christian thinkers will deeply indebted a twelfth speculative these longing thinkers the Jewish thinkers were dead for these long fingers and these long I think that's worth day - Christian Peters and so and what I say a dented what I mean is they're leaving each other's work and responding to it and building up agree to disagree and so there was a very lively sort of thing going on in fact in many ways I think the Islamic tradition during the Middle Ages is the most fruitful and probably affords that some of the most original contributions no we can't it will see that it made two major figures in but I think the medieval philosophers I want me to take away here his blood actually be adjusted and the second is employments because in many ways think absolutely all of the movements of the entire period both in it's curly and it's later forms so we've got these three major traditions so I'm not gonna talk a lot about these religions but it would be helpful if you're not familiar with these conditions I've to go on the Encyclopedia Britannica or take by the book here and learn about these religions and learn about their histories in particular that will be helpful for you I'm sure yeah you can see here our approach though wait wait we're gonna slice it up his words gonna look at medieval philosophy is really begin with Agustin in forgotten now strictly speaking I would probably say that at Gustav is not a medieval philosopher but he is the first major philosopher truth to offer really to really build the foundation the vehicle philosophy to keep those clocks particularly within the Christian world it also represents a neoplatonism we're going to see that Plato Aristotle is a the early period of the apostates Neoplatonic that is philosophers reading for players a new clip Plato's school and then there's Aristotelian and so Agustin we're going to start with the gussets okay Gustav isn't really a medieval philosopher he's so important to medieval philosophy we have to really begin with them and then we're gonna end with William of Occam in in feudal Europe but we're gonna see is that women often starts to me like a modern philosopher so we'll see the sort of transition from the Classical period forward so who were these thinkers and let's sort of jump into it here's a sort of time left put together now the timeline it's not really a tagline because because it's really an organization of what the book was working at so what I want you to do is dip his textbook and then you can these videos will complement that text because you go through but we can say is that roughly we're going to be looking at an early Christian philosopher sort of begin with the Dustin talking about Katrina and sound believe this and Peter Abelard we're also gonna look at Islam and philosophy and to be fair and when we look at as long as possible in Turkey came limp off for Rafi and we're gonna go to a Burroughs on the Sena who are the two biggest but there's many other thinkers but there's a lot of philosophy that were covering actually spans from the earlier periods that will Michaels make you can later created the 14th century we're also gonna do the same thing particularly some of the Jewish philosophers the in fact the part that we're not going to cover at all these philosophers in the video series but we will be talking about then sort of the most important the one I'm most familiar with here Moses Maimonides he's a really critical philosopher and would it's Howard figure into the gossipy and these didn't choose the evil philosophy so we're gonna be looking at that and then finally we'll be looking at the late Christian and then the 14th century latin philosophers those include Thomas a quiet and photo venture most importantly go to venture I don't he's not typically seen as was one of the more towering figures but that's because he's always John supposedly tell us appliance because they were contemporaries the banker knew he knew each other but they're also closed to each other and Thomas appliance was such a ferocious philosopher than nothing but a vector gets all the fairies do and then finally we'll talk in the anterior about will evocative and Duns Scotus so that's sort of the sort of generals I love you the philosopher you look at these are just major figures in philosophy too there are many many other supporting characters that go along with these things and there's a lot to the history inferring there's a lots of history I don't know and so I'm excited to see as we go through this video series of these lectures to see how I'm excited to learn more and I've read most these things but I haven't read them all either so I'm really quite excited to teach this course for the first time so let's sort of go through here I just shouldn't go quickly and maybe say a little bit about you to these thinkers the first years of gusted of Hippo he was the Bishop of Hippo and he lived from 350 for 430 roughly really at the end of the really towards the end in the collapse the Roman Empire agustin is also a African philosophy which i think is awesome so he actually he's from Africa and he lived in Italy for many years rode so on and so forth but and then eventually went back and became the Bishop of Hippo now he's considered by the way as we go through the video lectures and future videos you'll see there will go a lot more depth on this stuff this is sort of just to give you just a sort of key another couple key things where there's lots more and talked about the key works that most people read of his is the confessions which is really a sort of biography feeling that Augusta has what he talks about it how he grew up how we learn and you guys philosophical correlations about that biography all the way up to his conversion experience and so forth so that's how we know a lot of our guest is because he wrote the confessions actually it's really exciting thing to read actually because you get a sense of what the late relative I was like you get a sense of flavor of that and then my the most important philosophical work is the City of God in which we really see a bifurcation of the Lutheran theology and philosophy but we also see this notion between the world and heaven and we see essentially agustin taking Plato and we truly in the Platonic philosophy the theory of the forms etc we truly it to really give a strong found the arete achill foundation for christianity up into this period there were of course Christian thinkers official philosophers but Christianity did not have any people who are historians of religion may disagree with me but during the screen before Gustav there's not a growth less theoretical foundation theologically their beliefs there certainly there's those doctrines but it not the reasons behind all that stuff nothing established articulated and you really see that happening and agustín's entirely I'm not just the city but he's actually prolific writer and we have lots and lots of his book survives and which is even you're probably wondering how come all of his work is surviving even at the end of the poem I was in for the Dark Ages why don't you all just works lost well the answer is because after the collapse of civilization in the collapse of Roman Empire what we see is that learning breaks down institutions disappear and azipods with historical records to secure and education disappearance and a lot of things mathematics begins to disappear but basically bummers throughout the dark agents kept philosophy of life and they maintained libraries they maintained education and so because of Agustin's importance as a christian of in the way which he combines christian believes within their tradition to the philosophy Plato what we see there is that in a certain way we're able Guster's work was was saved and on top of it it provides a fabulous window for us to a healthy Plato alive but in fact what we're gonna see is that after the early Middle Ages we know it's tax world well captured well known because of the gust essentially but Ariston Steffler essentially blocks to the western world but the Islamic world was able to maintain that mellony berryy stocks we see tremendous history now that of course they knew about Aristotle he has some words but much of the corpus that we have access to today they've got that matters to you not until later the eleventh or twelfth centuries do we really see you reimagine Samaritan Aristotle so but Agustin here those are some of his key works in fact we're also going to give the teacher which is a dialogue between Augustine and his son about what it means to use the language to be very interesting on course next that's in your next video now so he's really considered one of the most important evil philosophers on st. Thomas or except st. Thomas it sort of depends on who you're talking to in terms of who's more important it requires other people in other traditions as we see them very differently and that's fine as well now what are some of the key claims that have got Stewart two kids one of them is the notion of creation ex mean though the active creation from nothing in other words that something comes from nothing right and so there's important theological reasons for like us to wants to argue is and so those are just so but it raises this fundamental poem and this is a fundamental greater between Agustin and the Christians in the early classical Greek thinkers who believed in the attorney eternality cool like I saw the world's big secret book so they never had a problem about creating they never needed a notion of creation because the world just always expect but because of the book of Genesis and the belief that God creates the world the question becomes well is there a world before God if there is that it's popular God so the ultimately got got start to be smoovzy that there is such a thing or this weekend years philosophically he wants to argue for this notion of creation connecticut's which other certainly played an axe found one fell absolutely but maybe another day these are all possible topics security picture there's also the problem of evil which is occupying it for a very long time in fact Gustin was raised a Christian and then he and then part of partly in response to the problems of people the fact that horrible things happen the world he gave up Christianity thought it was crazy and they became a made a key in which which in May 18 ISM its cos noticing that there's two major forces the light the dark who did that it's basically it's not basically but it's very similar to sort of the Jedi ontology from Star Wars and he became a beta key in but then eventually left many kinas and it came back to Christianity and so there's a problem to occupy the customers entire life in many ways he offers a very audience to come of it one of which I think he himself is never able to fully convert the keys are also he is important in terms of epistemology because he introduces this notion of how knowledge this game can be pieces came through God essentially so it all just gave to a rational expection not empirical experience but it's the mutable idea it's acknowledged that our game to dilute suspension loses defender against Medicaid as in phantoms life of so these against this idea that that's good at that so there has to only be good in his view of so you can see there's a comic a lot of the bad things his notion though is that ultimately was true this ultimate identifying table it has his theory of innovation about how ideas ended a downward now the world for him has also arranged according to number so Plato if you were Paul he'd go back to my earlier video series on the history of classical philosophy watch that I found a previous impact on context but Plato also argued that mathematics was absolutely essential because mathematics was worth it was that Max was one of the stages towards gaining knowledge of performed so that's it had to reveal the nature of being in the world actually so agustin agrees with Plato here it wants to argue that yes these ideas that the mind can actually articulated God the truth ultimately and but that the world is arranged according to number so as a consequence there is mathematical works that survive within this period that maybe not otherwise survive there's also many theological doctrines he introduces and so there's not a clean division between philosophy and theology for Agustin I mean there is and there isn't he's clear on who Plato was the philosophers but in terms of the object of study for Agustin his theological consideration inter are understood philosophically so so as a consequence his metaphysical theories of the awesome theological period so he has theological doctrines but he actually pulls from earlier philosophers for instance the notion of seminal sin which actually pulls for the theoretical idea between for the stoic philosophers good on the community so Agustin like all great thinkers it stands on the shoulders of giants who came before him now he also offers a very important account of freedom and he anticipates in many of the problems that actually occupy motocross but today such as the food of the world determinism of the problem with language and many other issues so this is very very and also the problems of dick Park I haven't caused the existence and how do we go physicist a custom talks about office in fact des cartes notion that I think therefore ever told you to go to write his first really articulate by Agustin of so this guy is engage with Peter loops thank you he's a major paper now there's sort of two cities in the city got the city of man and the City of God you can see here is that he hasn't healed his the way in his book the City of God as well as his theology his metaphysics ultimate was that was a deal photonic dualism so he he's also important this to read a bishop Ambrose who's a very important figure in late Christian theology let's move here and I'm gonna be a little bit quicker than some of these we're going to take a look at Chloe Theo's he lived here from 475 to 526 he's a laborer Roman philosopher as well he's considerably the first scholastic theologian we'll talk more about the scholasticism means they include a root word there scholar and scholarship and what we'll see is that because of the collapse of civilization scholasticism his leadership of maintaining the scholarship of the previous ages and keeping in maintaining the education of people in those things but because of the collapse of civilization at the end of the Roman Empire or the rise of the fragmented feudal systems of civilization and the loss of education what we see is that the entire education system is oriented around the study of the Bible and oriented around the study of the ancient works and that continues all the way really up until you get the printing press and then you can get your dick carts and you can get these people so in a certain way there's a way in which philosophy might interest me here governed by a lack of technology so coral aqua all the supply chains there's an interesting modern questions here police of course imported he mainly wrote commentaries commentaries of Plato and Aristotle and he provided very important cultures it actually helped the reintroduction of Aristotle in genomica 12th centuries so I believe to use his commentaries on eras talk helped the thinkers in the later Middle Ages figure out what Aristotle meant by all these things that he was arguing some of the key ideas that he also talks about he does distinguish faith for the reason but we also see one of the first major problems the medial philosophy in fact you might say it's the most important wrong and it's certainly the quantum that seems to occupy that the most and this is the problem with the beautiful source and we'll talk more about this will especially going to be a platonic philosophy work and subsequent videos so the question is here what kind of foods do universal palates so if something is universal so think here if I have an idea let's say the Pythagorean here is an idea it's universal so the question is if it's universal or think you're the Pythagorean theorem your work anywhere in the universe there at any time at the uterus so you go back to the beginning the big thing you can go to the future with the crops like the that collapse of the universe or whatever the destruction of the earth when suddenly a supernova eating or this planet so if you go to a different galaxy the Pythagorean theorem will still work it's still true it's universally true so there's one questions is how can we house it there were able to recognize that that's the universe one that's one question but the other question is if it's universal what kind of beam does this universality does it have B or not is if it does have big that you be a realist if you don't think it has being a really Universal with just the names really think then then you get nominalist we're gonna see that philosophy and abilities eventually breaks down into these two camps of realistic models but this problem here River was absolutely essential to them you can see why they're interested in as well just at the get-go because because of their tremendous importance of faithful through the Middle Ages and the importance of the police for Christian philosophy the Gospels and the Bible you can see here is that if God's infinite and God's everywhere I think God's Universal so God's Universal then that means and God has beamed and there must be some way in which universals have being but it's one thing to talk about God put the Pythagorean theorem so you can see here there's this really interesting question but many authors think and I probably agree that it occupies too much at that time anyhow it's a very important problem it really gets first introduced your pocket guys the most probably that says we see this distance between their species and genus where the genesis is the universe of the species here and how does this relationship breakdown this goes to Aristotle's physics are yet his physics as well as his logic and the way in which concepts get broken down how it does not relate to the quality universals but we visit viewers that quote they subsist in sensible things but they're understood apart from bodies we're not going to try to figure out what that means right yeah how about you will I think there's a couple videos from now we do see that we this distinguishes being which is that which is and easy to see was being from that which is so there's sort of two senses of being the difference between God being the being the creatures but the objects can exist in the world huh right so this is how so even sort of introduces this distinction of being which is interesting we'll explore it he also offers us his own philosophical definitions his work now one of the thinkers thinker I should say it's not really a thinker it's worth it just to text me out and today we're gonna it's called the pseudo-dionysius of erica kite that i'm sure i could shoot that name but first off who is Dionysius of the air per day he was a person who is supposedly there would st. Paul went to Athens so here you have to go to the book of Acts in the bottle and there's a story in which Paul the Apostle goes to Athens and he goes I'll talk of what's known today or go as Mars Hill and he gives us servants of the opinions about motives about monotheism about to be believed God and how these his here was a person who supposedly was that and was converted that to him and there's this text of it was attributed to him in the Middle Ages so in the Middle Ages he was people who or the later latest news believe this was believed to be tough getting to talk to them we learned later thought that it was actually written to the early 6th century which means there's absolutely no way that this person in history ever wrote was taxed but it is an important philosophical text so we don't really know who wrote it theological mysticism is what articulates and this is the notion that God cannot pretended and that instead there should be an emphasis on the transcendence of God and he dispelled this text will discuss the way was the language of God to be understood and here we see a very important distinction that we'll see come up again for today evening the Islamic philosophers walter aquinas which is how do we have knowledge of god's existence there's either affirmative way or there's a negative way the affirmative way the vf4 mattina is that notion then we can attribute positive characteristics to God but on the other hand since God is infinite and God can't be comprehended that means that we can't really know God in the positive sense which means that if we're gonna talk about God you need of himself or God in and of itself so we can't actually know the intrinsic nature of God but we can only we can get acknowledged about that only by mediation by recognizing what lies not so for instance if you truth if you say that God is loving then you contributed a positive characteristic of God but that's not an intrinsic at least the way which Isis to make that statement wasn't meant to be I wasn't understanding what God is it physically the writer stated one of that to abuse the characteristics what the does as Benny dogs versus saying that God is in fifth one is that me well it means that God has a milk allergy like but notion just but note to say that God has go down three is to say any something negative right so there's two ways in which knowledge of God could be articulated that's negative or the affirmative leg and so we see this introduction of mysticism which I personally missed it in so it's not a major component it's not a major flaw because it's not authentic talking but it is an important document then we'll be taking a look at Todd's sternest here um he lived for the 800 to 877 he actually form a metaphysical system that tried to fuse the Christian teachings with the Neoplatonic philosophy in a tighter way we see a Gustin pulling from this view he's a neoplatonist certainly and you see him pulling from photography but we see your telescopes really trying to just melt the tube together he affirms Christian doctrines but he also seems to emphasize a PFG istic view of God pantheism here's the vision that God is in all things pan means all or yeah all and then theism here means God Theo's means God Sol means God's at all things or something like this but of course that's not what the classic Christian doctrine is it's certainly not that what the doctrine was for the church than John's photos was writing so it's interesting here that in his fusion of Neoplatonic Posse he seems to end up by articulating things that later thinkers of the villages would see as piratical so he does argue that belief comes before understanding and so he's concerned with the way in which faith of others and he interprets many who script was metaphorical rather than literal and he also has a interesting discussion about nature so what is nature nature is either something as being a reality and of course includes God because so you can see here whereas the earlier thing earlier eventually saw tried to make a distinction between being there's God's people in this creature theme here that's going to steam starts a good no there's being and then that includes us and God so being is that nature then it's the totality of those things which are as well as a totality of those things which are not so it's the full complete things and that's what nature is let's see so this is the nerves with pampies it seems to come from this decide to use principal good SCOTUS establishes God is said to be translated but also the essence of things so a measure of knowledge about God is possible through our knowledge of nature and a key topic he discusses his predestination which really occupies the minds of the early theologians of the modern period after the fetoscope the next thing we're going to learn here is Anselm was the Bishop of Canterbury he them from 1033 to the love of God I mean he actually really refused to say argue anything is inconsistent of the custom so and so you can see in some here is a zit it gots to be in the if you will but he really is his own thinker it really offers absolutely important original contributions to the history philosophy right one thing is that it and some was always seeking to find the necessary reasons for things so his view is that there are that you know our experience the things we experience things as they are but there are necessary reasons behind us and so he was only seeking after those obviously towards metaphysics the plasmon in itself in fact the way is genre here is he frequently does his philosophy in the form of prayer so you can see the total fusion between religion and philosophy or theology philosophy for itself of course he's a priest he's uh he's the Bishop of Canterbury which Canterbury's in England accrued up from the can occur it's a beautiful beautiful place now he held that the incarnation of the treaty connects with the other students by music the Incarnation is the idea that God becomes a man the it'snot defense by name and the treaty is the notion that God has three persons but actually sworn person which doesn't make sense either and it's not for most people and food outlets modern thinkers working emotions in fact later on the Catholic Church itself would articulate the inclination to the Trinity are actually mister easy to say things which cannot be read there can be a relationship between these these doctrines and music but first it's a quite a switch saying that music conductive liberals knowledge of the treaty or the incarnation only faith king but that's not one on some pot and some pot that you can see the neoplatonism if they had selling their right because of the preference for the mind and the preference performs and ideas the Plato has you see it field three figures that ease it has to be the basis and so even these things which seem incredible must have their reasons so it looked later their notice the mysteries of things famously is the originator the ontological argument will mean this it's a reduction out of sort of learning it says that if you define God is that which nothing greater can be conceived and if you also agree that existence is greater than non-existence but it will follow that the denial of God is absurd because if God is the great there nothing could be greater than God the existence is greater than non-existence that God must also have existence that God also has existence when to say that he doesn't exist is to say that God is both that which nothing greater can be conceived and yet is that which I can can see what something greater than it what doesn't make any sense and so if you didn't catch that argument we will cover it later but that's basically the core argument we're all so we looking at peel out the large ones later philosophers with the mystery late latin period or early medieval period and he lived from 10-7 done to 1122 roughly he also whose important teacher and it's important to recognize that within the Middle Ages there is two types of curricula of the Tribune which words in which students studies would focus on grammar dialectic and rhetoric right learning essentially how the rules for reading and thinking learning how to think better and then learning how to present yourself and there's also the quadrivium which focus on arithmetic music geometry and astronomy in many ways this distinction mirrors what you might say is the humanities and Sciences distinction here in terms of the curriculum course of studying Peter Abelard is at the core of this sort of this approach in medieval curriculum quote and concerned the Autolite he was also his work concerned the ontological status of universals whether genre genera and species exists only to buy but also to be honest those that public universals and he also articulated realism the doctrine that the doctrine that you know was was about really Bentham and then this fitted in with the Neoplatonism of the Augustan and pseudo-dionysius and it had been imported in Turkey in the talkies of the Holy Trinity transubstantiation of original sin so we see herky Ramallah articulating the realism position regarding the quality principles and he sort of the first major camp if you will other those holes so you see this problem building Miller's we're going to talk a lot about why that is we also gave theology it's modern conceptual sense so he recognized the difference between philosophy as a secular enterprise in terms of what can be known according to human cognition however defined in Verge's theology which concerns the logic of how articles of faith or things of Revelation to be understood and systematize and organized so theology becomes separate but but it's most important actually the logic of Annette have another key ocular more logically to the other subject actually he does run an important book here on the four books of sentences where he begins dark together an important set of advances in logic so in fact logic although logic put it this way although we've had a major advancements in logic for the big modern period we can't discount the fact that there was a logic logical work being done in the villages to it you know I haven't read these very very important figures you know you can take a look at the video channel and and that kind of scares them logic hero Albemarle is a very important figure at conduct involved one of his key ideas miss that man creates man was created by God in the image of divine logos I would see this emphasis on you know gonna scoop you out of God's work and we're gonna talk a lot about because that's an important Christian idea as well as an important Greek idea the word is Greek logos but eventually to the person of Jesus Christ within Christian with the new Christian religion he is actually referred to as the logos and the Greeks also used the term logos to refer to the universality of reason it's those can be very interesting to take a look at that it also those differences okay now let's take them to talk quickly about some of these long philosophers we're good all far Rafi and if I mispronounce as I apologize it's certainly not my intent live from 870 tonight one things I want to emphasize here I'm just going to take a quick note partially a cultural note we're living in it today you know it's 2018 well as I'm recording this video but today there's tremendous strife within Islamic world internally as well as between the Western world er than Islamic law if you want to splice and parse out the world like this or between a view of the Islamic culture and Western secularized culture there's been tremendous amount of tension and at least within the Western world I think that this has led to a false view of the importance and really the magnificence of his love of culture when least within the Western world so I live in the United States and I really don't think that most of my country day women really have a good appreciation for as long as contrary this is longer than Italy and also the tremendous advancements because in the Middle Ages as Europe was essentially in total free fall claps what we see and it's super system takes over of what we see in Islamic world is advancements in science Perry we see hospitals open surgeries beautiful mathematics astronomy a tremendous amount of amazing work is going on sadly today Baghdad has become the focal point of violence and really tragedy but Baghdad in this period that period all therapy these philosophers is an amazing for topless and probably the most advanced place in the world the most advanced city in the world so hopefully as you've studied Islamic philosophy the villages you'll start to gain this greater appreciation for his long philosophy or discover it for the first time it's really rich and a beautiful thing but let's talking he's the first major Islamic philosopher and he advocates Aristotelian ISM remember I mentioned with we see Neoplatonism in the Christian world and it is modern world we really see Aristotelian is and he offer argue of many commentaries on Aristotle which we've come very important for other Christian thinkers later in order for them to understand Aristotle that we need author avi but he prayed who's praised for his work on logic so there's tremendous advancements of this period in logic and science and mathematics if you combined here what kind of numbers do we use for our own mathematics notice we use I want to say two Arabic numerals but that's not the right words for my apologies but we use the notation system that was developed in the Islamic world not the Western world we don't use global Google to do mathematics so and he was praised for his work on logic and his most distinctive contribution to his long philosophy was really his political thought his political philosophy we'll be reading that he argued for the essential unity of Plato Aristotle so his view wasn't that plato was one thing taught one thing an airsoft one another but really the big boat thought the same thing but articulated from two different perspectives and he focused on logic natural philosophy ethics and Aristotle but he was played his part of his political work really is derived from Plato's reflections and the metaphysics of his is where we see Aristotle as well as Plato be fused together God or Al Farabi is identical with the Neoplatonic he won the most importance of creative forms and Al Farabi develops this doctrine of elevation work God contemplates himself and from this correlation there arises Ilyn eyes and further forms of an banana duck to continue our and eventually include the celestial sphere so all far Ravi has this nose of it in God's tunnel collation of himself oneness is one which noticed the emphasis of what God in his lot of faith here you can see how his long thinker and be able to articulate in this manner continue this way there from God's contemplation God's senior contemplation of the scene units arise is creation it won't smear Rises this notion of agent you know that the government bodies and this notion of a generic will be discussed throughout the entire career and man is a social interval of inevitably out of all of that innovation but the man obtains this happiness within this state right in notice here that within Islam within the Islamic empire of this period the politics of the religion are fused they're the same there's no difference here and you can see all far lobbies a major figure who ultimately builds upon and helps us understand that the next person here is even seen them I'm gonna in the lot Christian thinkers would refer to him as Avicenna and so most of the literature in the Middle Ages will actually use the term Abyssinia so that's what I'm familiar with but he was an Islamic philosopher and that's sort of how this is Latin being um he lived from 982 1037 he's probably the most important Aristotelian Islamic philosopher so far Robbie is important in terms of his fusion of Aristotle's introduction Aristotle to Islamic thought like here we see a set of really going tomorrow in fact Thomas a place often frequently close at the center because he's such a brilliant thinker an interpreter of Aristotle but he was also sort of a if you will Renaissance man because he was a physician he was a scientist he was a public figure he was a philosopher so he was really one of these amazing few years that his own life he maybe wasn't known for his philosophy as well as he's good for other things but certainly his impact on philosophy his impact on education throughout the Middle Ages cannot be understood under it cannot be over emphasized anyone should say is that in the Christian world these thinkers weren't known really the American 12th century so this work is happening independently of the Christian world though though of course they know of each other they know what's going on but their different access to different texts as a consequence he tend to focus on problems of nature needs to he played he ultimate is heavily criticized by later his lot of thinkers in fact even refer to the heretic right some of the reasons he was criticized because what he already proved beliefs that were actually incompatible with his name but philosophically they seemed like the correct conclusions so they said you frequently have you know it's incompatible conclusions to Islamic doctrine he's also seem to be criticized for potentially surrendering his theology to crucial philosophical plays so it's interesting yet also take a look at the history of Islamic empire and there's periods of greater and lesser seculars of it so he was writing it was greater period secularism and layer he he heavily criticized he was well known in the Christian world as I mentioned cold being is the first concept acquired by the body of his and though the world provides a clue to it introspection is quite adequate for its discovery so so he has this emphasis on the reason it's is very important famously introduced this notion of the flying man idea in order to argue that being is the first principle of all things right he says imagine there's a person who's from reality who's flying and they're their arms are separated they can't touch they can't touch them styles they can't move and basically is giving the example it says some of the total sensory deprivation it gets even kids smell it touch anything I mean and at the Senate says they would still know they exist so therefore the knowledge of being is something which is immediate chew us as beings and we don't need a notion clung to it so he look there's a key concept because we're going to talk a lot about but the knowledge of God is ultimately acquired negatively so through the via via negativa now the next thing we're going to look at here or the next important figure is all Kazami who lived from typically five to eleven eleven and he he's sort of if you will Islam's Agustin and when I was writing this I don't mean that as an insult or to diminish his llama philosophy but the role that Agustin plays for Christian philosophy of all Kazami plays for his long philosophy so of course this part we're gonna really have decided to talk a lot about custom but the I want you to put that in here to sort of emphasize its importance and I think he would have taken that as a compliment you know he's not a Christian but I think he knew who a custard was and I'm sure he appreciated we appreciate that out of them and if that isn't salty my apologies right but he was a spokesman for Aristotelian is enough so again it's Aristotle you see that it's really performing that Islamic world but he refutes certain Aristotelian doctrines in order to defend particular his deployment doctrine so he was actually a well-known critic and skeptic of pure secular philosophy and also a critic about the sinner and in fact the book that we're gonna be looking at here is his text the incoherence of philosophers now the irony here is he is a philosopher and he's articulating philosophy but it's a philosophy to which the theology has the primary place and it appears that the philosophical ideas and the philosophical arguments are always in service to that theology and whether or not that's where the implements of philosophy begins for them and he creepy actually gives a critique of twenty primary important claims that are held by Aristotelians oh yeah very because he noticed there the heat he liked Aristotle being critiqued Aristotle's food so you can see the way in which at Dustin sort of took the similar Plato's ideas and you tried to make sense of Christian thinking we see all dissolving doing southern silver using Aristotle and he had a very very high regard for mathematics of course that's not amazing a high plate the history at this time in his work is concerned with the tensions between philosophy and the Islamic faith and then why the next most important philosopher the village's is within Islamic or Lee's address or even Roush T and he lived from 11:26 to around 1198 and he really represents the climax of the Aristotelian isn't within the Islamic world and then sort of the end of Aristotelian ISM within the Islamic world and he wrote many many commentaries on Aristotle that's why he was given lots of babies because he was so long red and he actually gets known as the color tater in fact ere acquaintance will whatever you read acquaintance and tell the supplants refers to the philosopher he's referring to Aristotle and if he refers to the commentator he's referring to live in Russia right so the Christian world that European world is absolutely indebted philosophically to these Islamic thinkers and so for those given our modern circumstances people should recognize that indebtedness it also recognized that we have a duty a g-tube Islamic form here so he wrote these commentaries he saw his goal is cleansing the banner to her petitions of aerosol that had developed over time and there's many many other thinkers here he was a critic about the cinah rightsir episode as long as the kids did sort of but that's because I was said I think his world of a secular he's not a secular that'd be wrong but I was sent home today he's willing to go where the others are he's willing to go where it's inconsistent with theology that's not the case here with that Burroughs instead his view is that he wanted to argue the individual substances exist and that the mind distinguishes the essence from existence and so he's also respond to this problem of universals but we'll see this very very important distinction from modern philosophy and particularly for existentialism between essence and existence now he wrote on astronomy and even in he defended Aristotle's era saw his picture of the earth centric model so for those of you are familiar of Aristotle's cosmology was the idea the earth was the center of universe and if the planets and the Sun and the stars were rotating around us it's actually more complicated they people really explained it didn't quite work mathematically but the in many ways these thinkers in his long career were able to actually need to fits mathematically leads to some degree hairstyles Bob so they can actually have a predictive quality to it so they didn't have the correct cosmology scientifically that he would talk about but but they advanced aerosols cosmological and he offered a better father than that a physical proof for God's existence this is the proof from the sesame and contingency you can take a look like videotaped all this is proof of God's existence where I go over this but one way to get to a gross and our own videos we will review it again he understood that God's providence is actually as nourishment to find intellect and so there's reason we don't looks like the world operates according to reason and that's because it's governed by this divine intellect so he understands God's providence God's power over the world in this way and he composed many works actually including one of Medicine's was a prolific writer he actually in his life even though Hughes Islamic you have to Road Islamic empire extended all the way to spin so he actually didn't court know that Sofia I'm seen a Spanish teacher so another thinker here is talking about the Jewish philosophers of Cydia and Cydia now we're part of the Jewish philosophers in many ways the Jews philosophy in the Middle Ages builds upon Islamic philosophy more so than the Christian thinkers and he bit from 80 82 to 92 these really consider the Father medieval moderate the medieval Jewish philosophy and he pees in his works on the doctrines of the Muslim dialectical theologians anybody who's primarily focused on a philosophical interpretation regarding the interpretation of scriptures within the Torah so he develops a very important book called the book of doctrines and believes and the reason isn't one because before this there really wasn't a systematic set of doctrines that were philosophically or theological articulated for the Jewish faith now he opposed the philosophical pluralism of the Muslims and Christian work of his own day and argued that it led to false opinions doubts religious skepticism because in this period in this period particularly in the Islamic world there's so much work boneyard there's so many different ideas they cedilla Tophet this leads a whole bunch of falsity is give too much stuff going on so he has this emphasis to unify no but it not to unify his love of thought but to unify to take those insights of Islamic philosophy and unify them into the set of doctrines for the Jewish day now his work as therefore structured as a sort of directly refuting skeptic skepticism the United Stated tickets for cruise for the creation of the world by God now another thing we're going to take a look at your Solomon in Gabriel Kabir all know I'm seeing at home so my apologies even from 10:22 1051 and he actually was a neoplatonist so he doesn't follow along with Aaron stop here he's really a pure philosopher he's not just a theologian because the actual Aarti it's a complete metaphysical oil of two logical system and then he has this notion of fountain of life which we make out of matter and form which does has some resemblance to Aristotle Plato but he's a neoplatonist now his ultimate principle is that God is the first essence now in there only from the divine will of his first essences essence to these other substances get there matter of form so in the highest principle within the world are universal matter a universal form now in his own life who's actually more well noted celebrated for his poetry that his philosophy but he's a really interesting feature and really represents a not so much a theological of approach to these metaphysical questions but really has philosophical through and through approach but probably the most important figure the one I'm most familiar with periods Moses Maimonides he lived from 11:35 to 1204 his most important work is the guide of the perplexed and here he follows the teachings of Aristotle but in his work is heavily influenced by Al Farabi as well as at the center now he didn't write on Eric's Allah says the rather sought to apply Aristotle to the teachings of the Jewish tradition and he used what he called the method of indirection and we're gonna see this and this is why it's there's he's a good guide of the class where the guide was written for only qualified students so he didn't believe that you should necessarily teach all of his philosophy to any person within the religion but only two people who are really qualified to understand what's being articulated which Plato and Aristotle would agree with something like that most likely as well where before you can really study philosophy you have to have some baseline education and so you have to have the right students at least probe of oddities and so he uses this method it's very interesting and he's really the first Jewish finger to establish the full set of dr. Mabuse the Jews should be and so he's really sinful they're really builds off previous work but really establishes today would still consider very much I think canonical for instance these principles were than the articulates these are the principles for the Jewish faith in your achievements that there's a God that God is unity dies incorporeal God's eternal God is the only thing to be work that worship there's prophecy and there's the superiority of Moses his prophecy to that of the other prophets there's a divine origin the cateura the Eternity of the Torah God's knowledge of human deeds there's the notion of reward of punishment and then there's the notion of the days of Messiah and the resurrect for the dead and these stipulate the primary principles of the Jewish faith for Maimonides poorly at least in the Scholastic tradition now the thinker here Jewish nearest Levi bankers shown and he lived from 12 and 8 to 13 44 and here we see this is when we see the Jewish philosophy really shifts from the Islamic empire back to the Christian world and this is because if during the 12th century that the major universities of Mirth within Europe civilization essentially is back and you see University of Paris Oxford University and others begin to emerge during this period and you also see a Dominica the Islamic empire by this period is sort of past its heyday it's no longer in the golden era that once was not say that there wasn't good work being done but we see this sort of shift from June's philosophy to Christian Christian context because here you have to remember that the Jewish philosophy has no homeland to discredit but there's no Israel there's no centrality so Jewish philosophy is a philosophy that's in a diaspora and so it's in motion it's very interesting didn't but we here we see that they begin writing in Q instead America it's Aaron Baker consequently they need new commentaries on Aristotle Plato were composed by these two speakers the asmik began to translate all of his previous philosophy Islamic as well as a chat works that we get a translated of Hebrew so suddenly we see intimacy of re-emergence of Aristotelian ism after Maimonides a key word here is is the war of the Lord and he begins to a push elastic method we'll talk about what's colossus as it is really because classicism really emerges of this period in a way that wasn't there previous day and that's because it has to do with the curriculum of the university system and also the system that they created now the goal of life according to his the acquisition of heat electrode virtues but he addresses many tolerance six of these main toxins the immortality swamp the prediction of the future and dreams divine knowledge of particulars divine providence celestial bodies and in the 90 of creation so another thinker here that we're going to talk about another church near its hostile Prescott's and he lives we have documented his for around four to twelve but after Maimonides aristotle begins to spread through the Jewish intellectual world because remember the Christian world is also doing the same thing they are having had all these texts they're translating and all these commentaries from the Islamic forum we thought Aristotle that they're reading the twelfth century now in 1412 all of that work is done and you really have Aristotelian ISM as the primary philosophy now has died he's a critic of the Philosopher's though he writes once knows the light of the world and he includes actually many arguments it's Aristotle and he presents his own set of documents they're actually different from my qualities and he develops arguments regarding the metaphysics of space itself in place so it's very interesting he argues for the actuality of infinity in existence so this thinker he's almost a renaissance thinker for Jewish philosophy but when he begins to art today is really a a rebuke against scholasticism and towards something different now this presence to sort of Lake Christian philosophy they don't venture boated so this is again sort of what does the Christian will come in after the twelve hundreds in 1217 in 1274 we see bone adventures at st. Bonaventure he's a Franciscan monk and priest and we see his philosophy really emphasizes loves with those that feel theologian of love but in his view he's caught between on the one hand as the persistent Franciscan of the order of church so the Catholic Church has orders that priest joined a sort of kind and when it emphasized different things have different rights and traditions the Franciscan were emphasizing peace to poverty privately intellectuals philosophers ISM but Frank but Bonaventure here is a Franciscan but is also an intellectual junkets so he sort of represents this tension within the Catholic faith between these life have sympathy for poverty in the intellectual world of the Catholic faith you can sort of see that today between the difference between Francis Pope Francis and then Pope John Paul the second well the one had pope john paul ii really emphasizes the intellectual memphis news francis as a present i actually i don't know if these offenses kid I don't think he is actually but he emphasizes Francis emphasized the notion of poverty in simple life so it's in to see I think it may raise you might be as we look at how Pope Francis ta he's related to both Avengers philosophy know there is a question though and he's sort of opposed to a client's will see he's dip a little classify though as a philosopher maybe he's fallen a disgusted or maybe he's just picking where he wants he seemed to be really sort of original thinker actually but obviously he calls out of Agustin's work but he's not fully on board he opposed Aristotelian ISM though and he actually posed Aquinas Aquinas actually really brings Aristotle's philosophy to full fusion with the Catholic faith and within Christian theology he actually voted venture advocate Lee called exemplar ISM and this is something like the Christian version for this benedict forms he develops a theory called call illumination theory and he sought to orient philosophy towards theology and then to orient theology towards mysticism so he had his interesting relationships going on also there's siger of Brabant from 1240 and 1284 and unlike acquaintances would seek to harm it as Christianity Aristotle of siger of Brabant sought to interpret Aristotle purely philosophical fashion so we can see here the emergence finally in the medieval world work people were you have thinkers who are teeka fully sort of heirs secularized interpretation of Aristotle he taught at the University of Paris he taught note the notion that the reason leads us to the conclusion that their lead turnout at the world that there's the unity of between passive and active you know like this is something of Aristotle's philosophy the notion of collective immortality determinism and the absence of freewill beings all of these opposed Christian doctrine but he argued them nevertheless and he allowed the conflict between secular philosophy that his teachings to go we didn't think you had to resolve the two together so we see this the merchants were sort of modern secular tradition and in its divergence for Christian theological philosophical tradition now Aquinas is the tyrant figure above all turn your wages at least I think so and he went from twelve twenty five to twelve started before and he is this amazing prolific author he wrote so much but he made on so many topics but he's consider really little supporters of beautiful Christian Oscar's he's not to harmonize the teachings of aerosol with Scripture and with the duster his primary work is the student logica which is actually a manual for pacific huge it's written and informed participation to disc attention to is very particular genre it really emphasizes argumentation easily it really does not emphasize emotional rhetoric at all it's actually the speeches was a method that used to teach their students and they had a lot to memorization all oral or conversation skills and things like this we will talk about that we get there but the entire stupid is written in this format so leads to it really basically for every claim that the Aquinas makes and Asuma he gives multiple arguments for it made out succinctly so it's it's a really amazing set of work that applies to college he already pretty stinks between philosophy theology done so the in think about it the altar is a difference here so he thought the reason God spoke marketed once we had the articles of faith that gives us further so any thought you can distinguish the two it's not the same subject and there's value from natural philosophy it's different in the value of theology the central concept in his work is goes with who will talk about that we thought through his work but he aren't even natural Foss he can lead to a natural knowledge of God but he denied for instance the ontological argument of a itself and so he's also in a constant dialogue with the earlier peoples of the Catholic faith and their earlier Christian thinkers today he's actually considered the official doctor of the Catholic Church so if you're Catholic this is your philosopher because these canonical stuff so so he's very very important thinker even to this day now one thing to Mitch is the condemnation of 1277 during the early 1200s the church was condemned the church did contain various theses by aristotle and there was a backlash against the emergence of sort of secular philosophy and secular teachings and invention in this before looking at Aristotle was a pagan and eventually the teachings of Aristotle and University of Paris where a players will eventually all of these guys were working and teaching in 1277 deficient Tempe are condemned 219 propositions that came from Aristotle and they were forbidden to teach those propositions and this actually included elements of the point accessibility work so even though Aquinas is the official doctor and philosopher accountant Church his own work itself is also censored during this period and this is really important to the period because it also represents its significant philosophic as well as historically now in really late thinkers here we get John Duns Scotus from 12 he lived from 1265 to route 1308 and here we see again the problem Euler's of who become you the problem Universal three emerged and SCOTUS is considered a realist so from Hana universals were real things in existence but by the later Reformation done scope nominalism would take home and Duns Scotus would actually come in native term in fact you can see he's wearing this little hat you've made a horrific notes with a dunce cap well there are dunce and it comes from this guy actually it's not really fair to him because in his own lifetime used noticing is an electrolyte and a welder philosopher and thinker theologian but if not he was about 10 years after his death it was as a person I forgot I was but there was there was a person who famously committed a crime but he used dunce notices philosophy as his defense against this club and then those people became known as dunces and so eventually just took on this really negative term so ironically to Duns Scotus here today he continues to this day that his name is basically a derogatory term and that's for the to hat but you can see here is wearing the Adam style by the later Reformation that are done suppose would become their church now in his own life he he was a realist and he sought to defend Augustine's philosophy so he's sort of a backlash against the rise of the Quietus is Aristotelian ISM and he argued for the free will he re first took a concept of volunteerism and such they didn't work for the will to be free it must became one some sense of choosing other than it does and the act of the will must not be determined by the hillock therefore nature will have two different things and so he tries to articulate a philosophy to make sense of the emotion of the argument that there's free will which again ruurd that's a big topic for Agustin now the final philosophy here we're gonna end up to you here in just a moment is William of Ockham and even from 1287 to 1347 and he was indomina list and so nominalism in canada's Gandia that only the name is that which is common among many particulars there is no real reader first of all so when I say that all trees mean sunlight right I'm making a universal claim there but that claim doesn't actually for anything real there's only particulars I have just naming the confluence of particulars and his notion I didn't simply refused to multiply entities for the sake of multiplying them so the systematic deployment of technical devices from the logic of terms he articulated with today we noticed the law of proximity or Occam's razor that's the idea that all things being equal the simplest solution tends to be the correct solution so how often does he says listen what's the simpler solution you did what I say that without reading clear is universal it's somehow that has being which real know the simplest solution is that no those are just names for things and barren therein is how they have to do to Barsotti simply a nominal universality so that means that plurality shouldn't be positive without necessity and this goes squarely against many of the teachings of the time and so what we see here is that William lahmacun begins to really articulate a method for thinking for yourself and it goes towards the notion of simplicity so we see this sort of methodological epistemological development often as well as a whole bunch of other interesting questions so for instance one of the questions that they were debating the type 3 is can God create Square triangle right because that seems impossible because squares are universally things with four sides triangles are universally things with three sides so a triangle is not the same thing as a square but if God has all power and God is infinite then can God create a square triangle it's interesting here because Aquinas argues that God cannot not because God doesn't have all power but because the question self isn't making sense so he would argue that God cannot create square triangles such the triangles are always helping sides as a universal proposition you can always be sure to note that's not what aqua argues aquamarines didn't know God is all-powerful and that means that God's power is such that I can do whatever he wants including creating square triangles that is how could three because three-sided figure because because it at the same time a four-sided figure well we can't understand that because we're not God but here's the thing is remember as a nominalist we say that squares have foresight all squares at four sides but that's because we're referring to the way in which we named these polygons right that's nominalism which means that the God can creates for ourselves we can't think those but that depends on names get in the way but our names are but our names the names we have two things are not universal whereas God ears so whatever bakken sort of really has this sort of turns the table out of place in that argument so there's a whole bunch of interesting puzzles that emerged philosophically as a consequence okay so what are some of the key problems we've seen that really then we're gonna want to pay attention to and really take note of in the next couple of lectures long a nice trick video philosophy is what we're going to really want to emphasize and notice that the unification of our song played out in to be religious traditions of Christianity Islam Judaism is really a central question in the central problem if you will a central task of these thinkers of the second things missing problem of universals realism and dominance is really quite important and as we go through you'll see it leads to a whole bunch problems as well as claims that could be and also the relationship in the order between faith and music is a central problem we see with the Ministry of medieval philosophy another thing is oh yeah here's the same question what is the relationship between philosophy religion the old philosophy all these thinkers have their own view but ultimately hopefully you will have dark to that you're you to begin to maybe understand better that look the relationship in general is between philosophy and theology so this is the first video just two introductory video on the history of medieval philosophy I know it's been a bit of a long video but now you have a full tour of where we're headed and what some of the things are coming in terms of a general introduction thank you very much for watching it I'll see you guys

Channel: Mark Thorsby

Views: 6,735

Rating: 4.8620691 out of 5

Keywords: Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, Augustine, Aquinas, Avicenna

Id: yCH94sw9u3I

Length: 80min 3sec (4803 seconds)

Published: Fri Aug 31 2018